Anatomy and Physiology II Student Outline – … and Physiology II/Lectures_APII...Anatomy and Physiology II Student Outline – Respiratory System Page 6 iv. Tonsils (see diagram

Anatomy and Physiology II Student Outline – Respiratory System

Page 1

The Respiratory System

1. Introduction

• “Respiration” – Definitions

A. Cellular Respiration

B. External Respiration

C. Internal Respiration

D. Ventilation (Breathing)

Anatomy and Physiology II Student Outline – Respiratory System

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i. Inspiration ii. Expiration

2. Primary Functions

A. Gas Exchange

3. Secondary Functions A. Sound Production B. Air Pumps C. Emotional Expression D. pH Regulation

4. Respiratory Anatomy

A. Nose (see diagram in text and know locations)

i. Internal and external Nares

ii. Nasal Bones / Cartilage

a. Nasal Bones

b. Frontal Bone

• Frontal Sinus

Anatomy and Physiology II Student Outline – Respiratory System

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c. Ethmoid Bone

• Ethmoidal Cells (or Sinuses)

• Cribriform Plate and Olfactory Foramina (See handout)

* Note also Septal Cartilage

• Perpendicular Plate of Ethmoid

* Note also Septal Cartilage

• Superior and Middle Nasal Chonchae

d. Inferior Nasal Chonchae

d. Vomer

e. Sphenoid Bone

• Sphenoid Sinus

Anatomy and Physiology II Student Outline – Respiratory System

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f. Maxilla

• Maxillary Sinus

• Palatine process of Maxilla

g. Palatine Bone

• Horizontal Plate of Palatine bone

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• Hard Palate

iii. Soft Palate

iv. Nasal Mucosa

a. Epithelia of Nasal Mucosa B. Pharynx (see diagram in text and know locations)

i. Nasopharynx

• Eustachian (Auditory) Tube

ii. Oropharynx

• Fauces

iii. Laryngopharynx

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iv. Tonsils (see diagram in text and know locations)

a. Lingual Tonsils

b. Palatine Tonsils

c. Pharyngeal Tonsils

C. Larynx

i. Structure

a. Thyroid Cartilage (Adam’s apple)

b. Cricoid Cartilage

c. Arytenoid Cartilage

ii. Epiglottis

iii. Vocal Cords

a. Glottis

b. Vocal Cords

iv. Sound Production

D. Trachea

E. The Respiratory Tree

• Conducting Portion

• Respiratory Portion

i. Primary Bronchi

a. Lung

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ii. Secondary (or Lobar) Bronchi

a. Lobes of Lung

iii. Tertiary ( or Segmental) Bronchi

a. Bronchopulmonary Segments of Lobes

iv. Bronchioles

a. Terminal Bronchioles b. Respiratory Bronchioles

v. Alveolar Ducts vi. Alveoli

a. Alvolar Sac

b. Septal Cells (Pull out your handout on “Surfactant”)

• Lung Surfactant

• Alveolar Surface Tension

c. Alveolar Macrophages

F. Lungs: Lobes and Pleurae

i. Location

• Thorax

ii. Anatomy

• Apex and Base

a. Lungs

• Right Lung

Anatomy and Physiology II Student Outline – Respiratory System

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* Superior, Middle, and Inferior Lobes

• Left Lung

* Superior and Inferior Lobes

* Cardiac Notch

b. Lobes

c. Bronchopulmonary Segments

d. Lobules

iii. Pleural Cavity

a. Visceral Pleura

b. Parietal Pleura

• Lubricant

• Lower air pressure

(Pull out your handout on “Lung Inflation”)

c. Collapsed Lung

5. Nerve System

A. Parasympathetic System

B. Sympathetic System

6. Blood Supply

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• Right Ventricle

• Left Atrium

7. Breathing Mechanics

• Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing)

A. Muscular Control of Breathing

i. Inspiration

a. Diaphragm and External Intercostal

b. Diaphragm Contracts, Lowers Diaphragm

c. Abdominal Muscles

ii. Expiration, Passive

a. External Intercostals & Diaphragm

b. Extrinsic Elastic Recoil

c. Intrinsic Elactic Recoil

iii. Forced Expiration, Active

a. Internal Intercostal Muscles

b. Abdominal Muscles

8. Volumes of Air in the Lungs • Respirometer

A. Residual volume B. Tidal Volume

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C. Inspiratory Reserve Volume D. Expiratory Reserve Volume. E. Pulmonary Capacities F. Inspiratory Capacity G. Functional Residual Capacity H. Vital Capacity I. Total Lung Capacity J. Anatomical Dead Space

9. Factors Affecting Gas Movement and Solubility

A. Partial Pressure (Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure) (See Handout)

10. Gas Exchange Facilitation

A. Partial Pressure

i. External Respiration

ii. Internal Respiration

B. Surface Area

C. Membrane Thickness

D. Solubility and Size of the Molecules

11. Transport of Oxygen in the Blood

• Hemoglobin (Hg)

• Oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)

A. Temperature Effect (See graph in text)

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B. Increased CO2

and Acid Effect (See graph in text)

• Note Effect of CO2 on pH

CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-

12. Transport of Carbon Dioxide in the Blood (See handout)

A. Plasma

B. Carbaminohemoglobin

C. Bicarbonate Ion

i. Chloride Shift

13. Carbon Monoxide

14. Control of Ventilation

• Eupnea

A. Medullary Rhythmicity Area (See downloadable handout !! )

i. Inspiratory Area

ii. Expiratory Area

C. Chemical Control

i. Auto-regulation of Alveoli

ii. Carotid and Aortic Bodies

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iii. Sensors and reflexes

iv. Pulmonary Stretch receptors

15. Other Activities of the Respiratory System

A. Coughing Reflex

B. Sneeze

C. Hiccup

D. Snoring