Phyllanthus in liver dysfunction

PHYLLANTHUSIN

LIVER DYSFUNCTION

ABHISHEK [email protected]

Natural Products as Medicine

• From the existence of human race, nature has provided him all he needs.

• Drugs are no exception.• Various treditional systems viz Indian, Chinese,

African, etc are rich with the drugs and all being natural in origin.

• Till today many of the drugs belonging to natural origin are in use.

• They have also served as inspiration for drug discovery.

LIVER DYSFUNCTION

• Liver is the heaviest gland and second largest organ of the human body.

• Primary functions of liver include Detoxification, Energy production, Energy storage, Nutrients conversion, Immunity, Hormonal balance, Digestion, Fat regulation etc.

• Liver dysfunction is a condition in which liver is not working efficiently and/or is overloaded with toxics or slugs.

• Continued….• Other diseases of liver includes acute or chronic

Hepatitis, Cirrhosis, Tumors, Hematochromatosis, Wilson’s disease, Sclerosing cholingitis, Primary biliary cirrhosis etc.

LIVER DYSFUNCTION

PHYLLANTHUS

• Phyllanthus is a large genus of shrubs, trees and rare herbs of the family Euphorbiaceae, comprising more than 600 species.

• of which P.accuminatus, P.amarus, P.pulcher, P.niruroides, P.anisolobus, P.orbiculatus, P.emblica, P.oxyphyllus, P.flexuosus, P.raticulatus, P.fraternes, P.simplex, P.mullernus, P.urinaria, P.mytrifolis, P.virgatus, P.niruri and P.watsonii were investigated for their phytochemical and pharmacological properties.

• The genus is found in almost over all warmer parts of the world.

INTRODUCTION

Phyllanthus niruri• Biological source: It consists of all aerial parts of the

plant Phyllanthus niruri, belonging to family Euphorbiaceae.

It contains not less than 0.25% of total phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin on dried basis.

PHYLLANTHUS

• Geographical source: Plant is indigenous to the Amazon rainforest and other tropical areas, including South East Asia, Southern India and China.

• Plant is found abundantly throughout india mainly in Maharashtra, UP, Punjab, Bihar, Orisa, AP, and some parts of MP, karnataka and Bengal.

PHYLLANTHUSPhyllanthus niruri

Description:• Among the Phyllanthus species, P. niruri is a small

erect annual herb growing up to 30–40 cm in height.

• Its leaves are7–12 cm long and they are alternate, sessile oblong.

• It has small off-white-greenish flowers, which are solitary, auxiliary, pedicellate, apetalous and monoecious.


• Historical use as medicine:• P. niruri has a long history in herbal medicine

systems such as Indian Ayurveda, Traditional Chinese Medicine and Indonesian Jamu.

• The whole plant is used as remedies for many conditions such as dysentery, influenza, vaginitis, tumours, diabetes, diuretics, jaundice, kidney stones and dyspepsia.


• Historical use as medicine:• Contineued…• The plant is useful for treating hepatotoxicity, hepatitis

B, hyperglycemia and viral and bacterial diseases.

• P. niruri has been used in Ayurvedic medicine for over 2000 years and has a wide number of traditional uses for jaundice, gonorrhoea, frequent menstruation and diabetes.


• Phytochemistry:• Many of the active constituents to which the

biological activity of P. niruri has been attributed include lignans, tannins, coumarins, terpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and phenylpropanoids.

• these are found in the leaves, stem and roots of this plant.

• Common lipids, sterols and flavonols also occur in the plant.



Chemical class Phytochemicals present

Flavonoids Rutin, quercetin, quircitrin, astragalin, catachin

Terpenes Limonene, p-cymene, lupeol,

Coumarins Ellegic acid, methyl brevifolincarboxylate

Tannins Rependucinic acid, geraniin, corilagin

Saponins Diosgenin,

Lignans Phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin,niranthin,

nirtetralin, phyltetralin, linletralin, isolintetralin,

cubebin, urinatetralin

Alkaloids Norsecurinine, nirurine, phyllanthine, phyllochrysine


Pharmacological effects and responsible constituents

phytochemicals Effects

Tannins Reverse transcriptase inhibitor, antihypertensive, antifungal

Saponins Anti fungal, cardiovascular

Alkaloids Antispasmodic, antimalarial, antimicrobial,

phytochemicals Effects Lignans Hepetoprotective,

antigenotoxic, anti HIV, antiinflammatory

Flavonoids Blood vessel strengthener, anti-oxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, anti leishmanial, antidiarrhoeal, diuretic,

Terpenes Anticarcinogenic, antioxident, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory

Coumarins cancer chemopreventive, vasorelaxent,


• Mainly Lignans are responsible for Hepetoprotective and anti-hepatitis activities.

• Constituents contribute at most to its hepetoprotective activity are phyllenthin and hypophyllanthin.

• Both have exhibited a significant protection against CCl4

- and galactosamine-induced elevation in liver transferase enzymes levels and significantly increased protein levels.


• They have also reported to inactivate hepatitis B, both in-vitro and in-vivo.

• Phyllanthin possesses anti-viral activity against HIV by inhibiting reverse transcriptase.

• Phyltetralin, nirtetralin and niranthin exhibited anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting carrageenan-induced pawoedema and neutrophil influx



Structures of lignans:

• Summery:

• P. niruri has many effective traditional uses for a wide variety of diseases.

• The phytochemicals exhibited different structural characteristics with various pharmacological actions:– lignans had excellent hepatoprotective and anti-

viral properties.


• Summery:• Continued…– Terpenes exhibited anti-cancer, as well as anti-

microbial activity.– Flavonoids showed anti-oxidant activity.– Alkaloids exhibited anti-spasmodic activity.

• There have been no side effects or toxicity reports from many years of research.


• References:– Kokate C.K., Purohit A.P., Gokhale S.B., ‘Pharmacognosy’,

edition 43rd, 2009, Nirali Prakashan, Pp 13.89-13.91.– Bagalkotkar G., Sagineedu S.R., Saad M.S., Stanslas J.,

(2006) Phytochemicals from Phyllanthus niruri Linn. and their pharmacological properties: a review, JPP, 1559-1570.

– Srirama S., Deepak H.B., Senthilkumar U., Ravikanth G., Gurumurthy B.R., Shivanna M.B., Chandrasekaran C.V., Agarwal A., Uma Shaanker R.,(2012) Hepatoprotective activity of Indian Phyllanthus,Phar.Bio., 948-953.


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Phyllanthus in liver dysfunction

Health & Medicine