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4.07

Cutting-Edge Technologies for Web Professionals

The Oracle PHP ConnectionHow to Get Well Connected and

What the Future Holds Once You Are

PHP Databases Special

MaxDB on the Web with PHPAn Introduction to the MaxDB PHP Interface

Slony Replication by ExampleBuilding the Slony Cluster

Ruling the Turf with PHP and IBM DatabasesCapitalize on the Best of Both Worlds

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Table of Contents

www.php-mag.net

06 Whats New in the PHP Community

23 Slony Replication by Example

Building the Slony ClusterThe ability o providing copies among instances o the

database engine is known as replication. This article talks

about Slony, which is the most popular orm o master-

slave replication used on PostgreSQL today.

by Robert Bernier

05 The Oracle PHP Connection

How to Get Well Connected and What

the Future Holds Once You AreIn this article we take a look the connection methods

used or PHP and Oracle database using the PHP OCI8

extension. Specifcally we cover non-persistent and

persistent connections while oering some suggestions

or choosing the right approach. In addition we will cover

some upcoming eatures in the next major release o the

Oracle database to signifcantly improve scalability o

PHP applications.

by Richard Rendell

PHP Databases Specia

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April 2007 Issue

16 MaxDB on the Web with PHP

An Introduction to the MaxDB

PHP InterfaceThe article presents an introduction to working with

the PHP interace rom MaxDB. It is intended or PHP

users and developers already amiliar with the use o PHP

extensions and, perhaps, with MaxDB itsel. This article

tells you what you need to install MaxDB PHP, how

you can use its eatures and how you can convert your

MySQL applications to MaxDB PHP.

by Thomas Simenec

37 Ruling the Turf with PHP

and IBM Databases

Capitalize on the Best of Both WorldsWith the release o ibm_db2, PDO_IBM, and PDO_

INFORMIX extensions, IBM has provided a simple

to use, high perorming, and very stable database

connectivity layer to the PHP community. The article

attempts to highlight the IBM value proposition and

provides a perspective straight rom the gatekeepers

o these oerings to enable development o robust,

enterprise class web applications using PHP and IBMdatabases.

by Srini Bhagavan, Kellen Bombardier

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The Oracle PHP Connection PHP Databases Special

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PHP applications o all types and sizes are being built

using the Oracle database. Using the ree Oracle Express

Edition (XE) and the equally ree SQL Developer or

JDeveloper, getting up and going with Oracle has never been

more accessible--or cheaper! Whether you are building aprototype, or a business critical PHP application the initial

step to using all that database technology is to connect to

it. The choice o connection method and how you manage

database connections in the PHP application can have a

dramatic eect on perormance. So here we will explore

the ways in which you can connect to an Oracle database

rom your PHP application, including the types o Oracle

connections, environment variables and semantics o each

connection method. Finally we will take a look at scalability

o PHP applications and the Oracle connection pooling

approach specifcally developed to increase perormance o

multi-process clients such as PHP.

OverviewWhen I initially got involved in our PHP eorts one o the

most interesting aspects was discovering what customers

were actually doing with PHP and Oracle. Customers were

showing us their wow actor with Oracle and PHP long

beore well, those other wow guys. Heres just some o

The Oracle PHP Connection

By Richard Rendell

In this article we take a look the connection methods

used or PHP and Oracle database using the PHP OCI8

extension. Specifcally we cover non-persistent and

persistent connections while oering some suggestions

or choosing the right approach. In addition we will coversome upcoming eatures in the next major release o the

Oracle database to signifcantly improve scalability o PHP

applications.

How to Get Well Connected and Whatthe Future Holds Once You Are

the categories and types o PHP applications our customers

are building using the Oracle database:

Enterprise portals

Content and Records ManagementTrading and web commerce

Multimedia

Spatial

OLAP and Business Intelligence

Lie Sciences

Pharmaceuticals

Education

Data warehousing and mining

Some o these applications contain over a million lines o

PHP code and at least as many users. Also, several open source

projects have chosen to add Oracle as a supported database. Mostrecently the olks at Drupal were kind enough to write about

their experiences doing exactly that in the Oradrup project [1].

Since this article is on PHP connections toOracle databases, an exposure to PHP andthe PHP OCI8 extension is desirable.

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.......Common to all these PHP applications is the need to connect

to the Oracle database in a high-perormance and scalable way.

Many o these applications are business critical and need to

service thousands o users in a very short time period so the

question o scalability is never too ar away. In certain cases

the scalability o PHP and Oracle could use some improvement

and we have responded to those customers with some new

unctionality around connection pooling scheduled or the next

major database release. More on that later. For now, lets begin

by looking at the connection methods and explaining what we

have today beore introducing the new stu.

Types of Oracle ConnectionThere are basically three ways to connect to an Oracle

database rom a PHP application; all routines are contained in

the PHP OCI8 extension:

A standard connection

Unique connections

Persistent connections

Lets take a look at them.

Standard ConnectionsFor basic connection to Oracle use PHPs oci_connect()

unction. You can call oci_connect() more than once in a script.

I you do this and use the same username and database name,

then you get a pointer to the original connection.

$c = oci_connect($username, $password, $dbname);

Multiple Unique ConnectionsTo get a totally independent connection use oci_new_

connect() unction. Each connection is separate rom any other.

This lets you have more than one database session open at the

same time. This can be useul when you want to do database

operations independently rom each other.

$c = oci_new_connect($username, $password, $dbname);

Persistent Connections

Persistent connections can be made with oci_pconnect()unction. Persistent connections are not automatically closed

at the end o a PHP script and remain open or reuse in other

scripts. This makes them ast. Limits on the number o persistent

connections can be set, and connections can be automatically

expired to ree up resources. The parameters or tuning persistent

connections are discussed later.

$c = oci_pconnect($username, $password, $dbname);

Oracle Database Name Connection StringsThe $dbname connection string in the earlier examples

is the name o the database that you want to attach to.It can be local or remote. Having an invalid connection

string can lead to the Oracle error: ORA-12514 TNS:

listener does not currently know o service requested in

connect descriptor.

The database name can be defned in one o the ollowing

ways:

Oracle is proposing enhancements tothe open source PHP OCI8 extensionso that PHP can leverage the poolingfunctionality. The OCI8 extension would

be modified to use the DRCP by gettingconnections from the pool and releasingthe connection at the end of the script orwhen the connection is not in use by theapplication.

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An Easy Connect string

A ull connection string

A database alias

Easy Connect stringThe Easy Connect method isas its name suggesteasy,

especially when compared to the other methods. I you are

running Oracle XE on the same machine as the PHP-enabled

web server, you could connect to the HR schema with:

$c=oci_connect(hr,hr_password, //localhost/XE);

The Easy Connect string is a JDBC-like syntax: [//]hostname[:

port][/service_name]

The port deaults to Oracles standard port, 1521. The

service_name deaults to the same name as the host computer.The // prefx is part o the syntax and is not a PHP line

comment.

You can use this syntax to connect to Oracle8i, Oracle9i

and Oracle10g databases as long as PHP is linked with Oracle

10g libraries. Zend Core or Oracle uses the appropriate Oracle

libraries. More inormation on the Easy Connect syntax can be

ound at:

http://download-west.oracle.com/docs/cd/B19306_01/

network.102/b14212/naming.htm.

Full Database Connection StringThe second method o defning a database name is using a

ull Oracle Net connection string, that gives total exibility overthe connection. See Listing. 1

When in doubt, you can copy the connection string used by

other Oracle tools and users i you have access to them. The

syntax can be more complex than the example in Listing 1,

depending on the database and Oracle Net eatures used. For

example, by using the ull syntax, you can enable Oracle Net

eatures like load balancing and tweak packet sizes. The Easy

Connect syntax doesnt allow this exibility.

Database AliasThe third option is to store the ull connection string in a fle

called tnsnames.ora and reer to it in PHP using an alias. See

Listing 2.

In PHP you would use the alias MYA to connect to the

database:

$c = oci_connect($username, $password, MYA);

PHP needs to be able to fnd the tnsnames.ora fle to resolve

the MYA alias. The directory paths that Oracle searches or

tnsnames.ora depend on your operating system. The search pathalways includes the directory specifed by the TNS_ADMIN

environment variable and a deault location.

In a standard install the deault tnsnames.ora is in:

$ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/tnsnames.ora

In Oracle XE or example, $ORACLE_HOME is in:

/usr/lib/oracle/xe/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/server

.....I you have compiled PHP yoursel and are running it

with the Oracle libraries in a standard install, then you wouldtypically have ORACLE_HOME set and the deault tnsnames.ora

# tnsnames.oraMYA = (DESCRIPTION =

(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = myhost.mydomain)(PORT = 1521))

(CONNECT_DATA =(SERVER = DEDICATED)(SERVICE_NAME = MYDB.MYDOMAIN)))

Listing 2: Entry in tnsnames.ora file

$db = (DESCRIPTION =(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = myhost.mydomain)(PORT = 1521))(CONNECT_DATA =(SERVER = DEDICATED)(SERVICE_NAME = MYDB.MYDOMAIN)));

$c = oci_connect($username, $password, $db);

Listing 1: Full Oracle Net connection string

Note: Do not set environment variables in

a PHP script with putenv(). It causes hard totrack errors as the behavior is not consistentfor all OCI8 functions.

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fle will automatically be ound without needing to set TNS_

ADMIN.

In Zend Core or Oracle, the ORACLE_HOME variable

is generally not set when Apache starts, so the deault fle will

not be ound. Instead, set the TNS_ADMIN variable.

Oracle Environment Variables forConnections

I you need to change Oracle environment settings like the

language and territory conventions, or are confguring and

building PHP yoursel, you will need to set some environment

variables in the shell that starts the web server. The OCI8

extension always needs to fnd Oracle libraries and message

fles. Not fnding the fles can lead to errors like Error while

trying to retrieve text or error ORA-12154. This message

means that an error ORA-12154 occurred (which is one

problem, in this case a connection problem). It also means that

OCI8 couldnt even fnd Oracles message fles to get the text

describing the error (a second problem). The solution or both

problems is oten the same--to set the environment correctly.

Another potential source o problems is having multiple

installations o Oracle. Finding mismatched versions o

Oracle libraries and fles can lead to PHP returning the

Oracle error ORA-12705: Cannot access NLS data flesor invalid environment specifed. The bottom line is that

your environment should be set correctly and consistently.

Environment variables must be set in the shell that starts

Apache so when the OCI8 extension is frst loaded it has access

to the correct values.

To connect to a remote database, or when PHP is linking

with ORACLE_HOME binaries, you may need some or all o the

ollowing environment variables to be set:

ORACLE_HOME

ORACLE_SID

LD_LIBRARY_PATHNLS_LANG

TNS_ADMIN

The NLS_LANG and TNS_ADMIN variables are most likely to

be required or Zend Core or Oracle. Zend Core or Oracle

modifes apachectl and adds LD_LIBRARY_PATH. (This may not be

required in a uture version o Zend Core or Oracle i Oracle

links the Instant Client dierently). This allows the Zend Core

or Oracle GUI Console to be reused to start Apache.

I you are using a tnsnames.ora fle and speciy network aliases

or the connection string with Zend Core or Oracle, you may

need to do something similar with TNS_ADMIN so the Zend

Core or Oracle Console can restart Apache correctly. I you

start Apache manually, set the environment in a calling script

(see Listing 3).

This example assumes /usr/local/apache/conf/tnsnames.oraexists.

TNS_ADMIN points to the directory containing the tnsnames.

ora fle. You may come across connections that do not speciy a

connection string:

$c = oci_connect($username, $password);

This works when ORACLE_SID is set to a local database on

the host running PHP. I you confgure PHP yoursel and have

problems, check the output rom the phpinfo() unction. Look at

the Environment section and make sure the Oracle variables are

set to the values you expect.

Closing Oracle ConnectionsAt the end o each script, connections opened with oci_

connect() or oci_new_connect() are automatically closed. You can

also explicitly close them at any time by calling:

oci_close($c);

Any uncommitted data is rolled back. I a long running

script only spends a small amount o time interacting with the

database, you may want to close connections to ree resources

or other users.

#!/bin/sh

TNS_ADMIN=/usr/local/apache/conf

export TNS_ADMINecho Starting Apache#export > /tmp/envvars/usr/local/apache/bin/apachectl start

Listing 3: start_apache.sh

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Connections opened with oci_pconnect() will not be closed by

oci_close(). This is similar to the way persistent resources work in

other PHP extensions. Idle persistent connections can be set to

expire.

The oci_close() unction was a no-op prior to the re-

actoring o OCI8. That is, it had no unctional code, and didnot actually close a connection. You could not explicitly close

connections even i you wanted to! This has now changed, but

you can revert to the old behavior i necessary with this php.

ini setting:

oci8.old_oci_close_semantics = 1

Semantically, oci_close() works by reerence counting.

Only when all reerences to the PHP connection are

inished will the database connection actually be closed. In

this example $c1 and $c2 are the one database connection

(because oci_connect returns the same connection resourcewhen called more than once in a script), but only at the

end o script is the database connection really closed. See

Listing 4.

In Listing 4, the second query ails, but the third succeeds.

Although the reerence counting algorithm keeps the database

connection physically open, the connection resource in $c1 is

not usable ater oci_close ($c1) is executed.

Connection Management inScalable Systems

Oracle achieves its well-known scalability in part through amulti-threaded architecture. PHP instead has a multi-process

architecture. This dierence means care is required when

designing scalable applications.

Using persistent connections is common or web sites that

have high numbers o connections being established. Reusing

a previously opened connection is signifcantly aster than

opening a resh one. Large sites should benchmark persistent

PHP connections and Oracle Shared Servers also known as

Multi Threaded Servers (MTS). Shared Servers reduce the

numbers o processes needed to handle database requests.

Make sure that you understand the lietime o your

applications connections. Reuse connections where possible,

but dont be araid to create new connections and close them

as needed. Each connection will take some Oracle memory, so

overall load can be reduced i idle connections are closed with

Apache process timeouts or with the php.ini parameters to

expire persistent connections.

For sites with hundreds o connections a second, tune the

cache size o an internal sequence generator, sys.audses$. A

starting point is to change it to perhaps 10000:

SQL> alter sequence sys.audses$ cache 10000;

This is also recommended i you are using Oracle RAC

(Real Application Clusters).

With Oracle RAC you can adjust the algorithm that decides

which Oracle node handles each new connection. Set the listener.

ora parameter

PREFER_LEAST_LOADED_NODE_ to OFF to use

session based load balancing.

This is documented in Note 220970.1 on Oracles Metalink

support site.

Session-based load balancing takes into account the number

o sessions connected to each node and then distributes new

connections to balance the number o sessions across the

dierent nodes. This can help when there is a connection storm

Listing 4: close.php

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and the normal allocation metrics do not get a chance to get

updated ast enough. For both RAC and non-RAC database,

the DBMS_SERVICE package lets you speciy workloadmanagement goals. This is a detailed topic; reer to Oracles

manuals or more inormation. Finally, make sure that your

applications are as efcient as possible, which should minimize

the length o time connections are held.

Now that pretty much covers the best practices with

current technology, but to scale perormance beyond what we

have today or multi-process clients like PHP, Oracle is adding

a server side connection pool, which will manage a pool o

active connections ready to go.

Pooling Software ObjectsIn general pooling objects is an optimization that is widely

adopted in many scenarios. Pooling an object makes sense i

the object is:

Required or a relatively short duration

Expensive to create every time it is required

Expensive to tear down when not required

Expensive to maintain all the time (even when not required)

because it consumes resources

Pooling such objects enables the user that needs the objectto quickly access it rom the pool and release it back when the

object is not required, thereby enabling other users to reuse

the pooled object. This typically improves system perormance

dramatically.

Pooling Database ConnectionsDatabase connections generally satisy all o the earlier

mentioned criteria. Database connection establishment

involves creation o the network connection, spawning an

associated operating system process/thread, perorming the

requisite authentication, creation o the session involving

session private contexts or SQL statement, and so on. Tearingdown database connections is also expensive. And needless to

state that unnecessarily maintaining them when not required

just eats up precious resources on the database server. That

explains why database connection pooling greatly helps high

trafc web applications where connections are needed or

short durations. Most multithreaded systems that talk to a

database oer some orm o database connection pooling.

Currently PHP Apache processes, being single threaded,

are unable to pool opened database connections, each process

uses its own connection. PHP users are let with two options

either repeatedly create and tear down the connection or keep

the connection around. The ormer option is typically called

non-persistent connections and the latter is called persistent

connections. Neither o these options really achieves pooling.

Oracle Database ResidentConnection Pooling

The next major release o Oracle will have support or

Database Resident Connection Pooling (DRCP) that perorms

pooling on the database side. We announced this eature at

Oracle OpenWorld in 2006. This allows process-oriented

architectures such as PHP to take advantage o database

Richard Rendell is Senior Director o ProductDevelopment in the Linux Engineering division andis responsible or PHP activities at Oracle. Richardhas worked at Oracle or over 17 years occupying arange o positions in sotware development, businessdevelopment, product management, consulting andeducation. Richard established Oracles AustralianProduct Development Center in 1992 initially takingresponsibility or SQL*Plus which is now amongseveral products developed at the Australian Center.With a ocus on open source or the last 6 years histeams have delivered the JDeveloper PHP extensionand co-led the Zend Core or Oracle project with AndiGutmans at Zend.

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connection pooling in the absence o a middle tier connection

pooling process. Since DRCP is server side unctionality, it can

be leveraged across middle tier processes and middle tier boxesby all clients that want pooling o database connections. That

will allow very high trafc web sites to scale better and the cool

thing about the Oracle DRCP eature is that it is not just limited

to PHPany database client could use it.

DBA View of DRCPThe DRCP is optionally enabled by the DBA on the database

side. The DRCP is confgured by speciying the minimum and

maximum number o connections allowed. The DBA can also

confgure inactivity timeout settings and speciy the number o

cursors to be cached per connection. All o this is achieved by

calls to a new PL/SQL connection pool package. Starting the

pool brings up the minimum number o pooled connections and

DRCP dynamically sizes the number o connections in response

to load. There will be some DBA views available or monitoring

DRCP activity and perormance as well.

Client Side View of DRCPOn the client side, the client needs to speciy :POOLED

in the Easy Connect string that directs the client to the pool

instead o getting a dedicated server connection:

hostname:port/service:POOLED

For users who use TNS style connect strings, there is an

equivalent option:

(SERVER=POOLED)

All clients connecting as a certain user; or example, SCOTT

can then share other SCOTT connections rom the pool.

At the Oracle C interace level, there is an additional

parameter called connection_class that allows or urther sub-

pools within a users pool. This allows or separation o distinctapplications that may connect as the same user to the database.

The connection_class can be specifed programmatically in the

OCI connect calls.

PHP User View of DRCPOracle is proposing enhancements to the open source

PHP OCI8 extension so that PHP can leverage the pooling

unctionality. The OCI8 extension would be modifed to use the

DRCP by getting connections rom the pool and releasing the

connection at the end o the script or when the connection isnot in use by the application. For example the oci_pconnect()

call will get the connection rom the DRCP and an explicit or

implicit indication that the connection is not in use will release

the connection back to the pool.

The proposal includes an additional php.ini setting that

allows or identifcation o all Apache servers that run the same

application:

oci8.connection_class=NAME

This allows Apache instances to share connections rom

the same sub-pool on the database side, thereby achieving

pooling across middle tier instances. The aim is to provide the

connection pooling advantages with minimal confguration on

the PHP side.

More InformationFor more inormation on the proposed oci8 changes, or i

anyone is interested in contributing to the oci8 enhancements

or specifcation, please contact either mysel at richard.rendell@

oracle.com or Christopher Jones at christopher.jones@oracle.

com.

ConclusionConnecting to the Oracle database and maintaining high-

perormance connections is critical to high trafc web sites and

business critical PHP applications. Through eedback rom our

customers and developers Oracle is creating a highly scalable

architecture or multi-process clients such as PHP. We sincerely

appreciate the eorts o all who have helped defne and

refne this unctionality. I would especially like to thank Luxi

Chidambaran and the Oracle OCI development team or their

long-standing support o PHP and development o the DRCP

architecture. Look or urther announcements at the next major

release o the database.

Resources & References

[1] http://www.oracle.com/technology/pub/articles/pedros-drupal.html

Oracle Technology Network: http://www.oracle.com/technology[2] Oracle 10g Release 2 Documentation:http://www.oracle.com/technology/

documentation/database10gr2.html

[3] Oracle PHP Developer Center: http://www.oracle.com/technology/tech/php/index.html

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