Ph.d thesis

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Tourism today is not only an entertainment activity, but is also being recognized as an industry. Tourism also is an activity that promotes goodwill and fellowship around the world and is a great educational asset. It is no less and economic activity and its industry ranking is the second in the world, next to oil industry.

Tourism is an inseparable combination of economic and socio-cultural issues. It has a tremendous potential for earning foreign exchange, generating employment, increasing tax revenue and promoting business activities like transport, fruit production, agriculture, crafts, hotel industry, entertainment and productive services.

1.1 CONCEPT OF TOURISMTourism, in its purest sense is essentially a pleasure activity in which the money earned in one’s

normal domicile is spent in the places visited. According to ‘Dictionnaire Universale’ the term ‘tourism’ means organized touring there is no universally accepted definition of tourism and even now the term is defined tourism as ‘ a collective term for human movement and its attendant activities caused by the exteriorization and fulfillment of the desire to escape that is, more or less latent in everybody’. This definition received the first prize from the Academic International de Tourism at Monte Carlo in 1952. But it seems to lack the precision and is not very useful for analytical seems to lack the precision and is not very useful for analytical purposes. Bernecker provided a more workable definition of tourism. According to him, ’Tourism’ is the sum of the relations and services connected with a temporary and voluntary change of residence for Non-commercial or non-professional reasons’ On analyzing this definition , it is found that the ‘change of residence’ of a tourists must be (i) voluntary,(ii) of a temporary nature and (iii) for a non-commercial of non-professional purpose.

It may be noted, however, that the above definitions define tourism in the narrow sense of ‘pleasure travel’ only and, therefore do not include travel for business, religious purposes, education or culture. Sometimes, there is a need to define tourism in a wider sense. Obviously, all forms of travel are not tourism. A person coming daily to the place of work in the city is not a tourist. But, if on any weekend, the same person takes his children to the city, museum, or zoo, he will be regarded as a tourist. By the same logic, a student going abroad to pursue higher studies is not a tourist. He is more likely to have a student visa rather studies is not a tourist visa and his period of stay will usually continue up to the completion of his studies. But the same student may turn into a tourist when he spends his holidays by visiting the places of interest the host country. Even a person attending a summer school away from his usual place of residence would not be a tourist in the narrow sense, since the purpose of his temporary change of residence is not pure recreation. But in many studies relating to international tourism, students from abroad are regarded as foreign tourists. Similarly, a journalist going to cover the Olympic Games should not be termed as a tourist

in the narrow sense, although such visitors are on par with other tourists fro the consideration of foreign exchange earned by the host country. Nowadays , business officials travelling internationally are also called ‘business tourists’ although they are not tourists according to the above definitions.Another feature of tourism that is not adequately brought out is how long should be the duration of stay of a tourist. As a usual practice, a stay of at least 24 hours is considered necessary to distinguish a tourist from a day-tripper. For statistical purpose, a fortnight minimum is commonly accepted for domestic tourism, but stays of only 24 hours are universally recognized in the case of international tourism. But there is hardly any justification for adopting two different criteria for international tourism (IT) and domestic tourism(DT).

Realizing the growing importance of collecting tourist statistics, the League of Nations in 1937 defined the term ‘foreign tourists’ as ‘any person visiting a country, other that that in which he usually resides, for a period of at least 24 hours’ . according to this definition, following persons were to be considered ‘tourists’. Persons travelling for pleasure for domestic reasons, for health, etc., Persons travelling to meetings or in a representative capacity of any kind (Scientific,

administrative, diplomatic, religious, athletic, etc.) Persons travelling for business purposes, Persons arriving in the course of a sea cruise even when their stay is for less than 24 hours.

Taking all these considerations in to account, it is not difficult to see why the most popular and widely accepted definition of tourism is the one defined by the World Tourism Organization (WTO). According to this definition, ‘A tourists is a person who travels to a place other than his usual place of residence and stays at hotels or other accommodation establishments run on commercial basis (or in any rent-free places) for a duration of not less than 24 hours and not more than six months at a time, for any of the following purposes:

Pleasure (holiday, leisure, sports, etc.) Pilgrimage, religious or social functions, Study and health, Meetings Business.

Tourism is people –oriented. It is concerned with the people who desire going away from their own house on short-term temporary visits. A visitor is any person who visits a country other than that in which he has usual place of residence, for any reason other than following an occupation remunerated from with in the country visited. Tourism arises out of visits of tourists and flourishes when the number of tourists increases. A tourist is a temporary visitor who make at least one overnight stay by staying for at least 24 hours in the country that he visits. The WTO has categorized the term ‘visitor’ into two: (i) tourists, and (ii) excursionists. All those visitors who stay for less than 24 hours in the country visited are commonly called ‘excursionists’

1.2 DEFINITIONS OF TOURISM:

In 1942, two Swiss Professors Walter Hunziker and Kurt Krapf technically defined ‘tourism’ as ‘the totality of the relationships and phenomenon arising from the travel and stay of strangers, provided and is not connected with a remunerated activity’. According to this definition, the three essential characteristics of tourism are:*tourism involves travel by non-residents,*stay of a temporary nature in the country visited, and *the stay is not connected with any remunerated activity.

The term ’tourist’ is derived from the word tour. According to ‘Webster’s Dictionary’ “ a journey at which one returns to the starting point, a circular trip: usually for business, pleasure or education during which various places are visited and for which itinerary is usually planned”

Oxford Dictionary tells us that the term ‘tourist’ was used as early as 1800 A.D Dictionnaire universal treats tourists as a person who makes journey for the sake of curiosity; for the fun of travelling or just to tell others that he has travelled.

The 19the century Dictionnaire universal treats tourists as a person who makes journey for the sake of curiosity; as he has nothing better to do.

Committee of Statistical Experts if the League of Nations (O.E.C.D. Tourism committee 1973) defines and International tourists as any one visiting a country other than that which is his usual place of residence for more than twenty four hours’

The World Tourism Organization (WTO) explains domestic tourist as ‘traveler’ visiting a destination in his country of residence for at least twenty four hours, but less than one year for the purpose of recreation Holidays, Sports, Business, Meeting, Conventions, Study, Visiting friends or relatives, Health, Mission work or religious.

According to National Tourism Resources Review commission (1973) of the U.S.A., the term ‘tourist’ refers to any one who travels away from home for at least 80 kms (50 miles) one way for any purpose other than to commute to work, regardless of the duration of the trip.

The U.S Travel Data Center and U.S. Bureau of the census (1978) defines a visitor as any one who travels at least 160 kms (100 miles) one way from home except for purpose commuting to work and regardless of the length of stay.

In Canada, both ‘Statistics Canada’ and Tourism Canada use minimum distance criterion of 80 kms for including a respondent as tourist is their Canada Travel survey. But in Ontario state Ontario Travels Survey (1983) use of 40 kms 25 miles one way distance criterion for defining a tourist is in practice.

In the United Kingdom, the British tourist Authority (1980) paid importance to a tourist trip rather than tourist, in its definition.

The ‘Department of tourism’ and ‘The Ministry of Tourism’ Government of India (1985) while collecting data on tourists has stated that International visitor is any person holidaying with foreign passport, visiting the country, and the main purpose of whose visit is other than exercise of an activity remunerated, from with in the country or establishment of residence in the country.

It also defines the domestic tourists as ‘a person who travels within the country to a place other than his usual place of residence and stays at Hotels or other accommodations establishment run or commercial basis or in Dharmashala’s or Agrashala’s or Choulteries etc, or stay with friends and relatives and uses sight seeing facilities or pilgrims for a duration of not less than twenty four hours or one night and not more than six months at a time for any of the following purpose;

1. Pleasure (Holidays, Leisure, Sports etc)2. Pilgrimage, Religious and Social functions)3. Business, Conferences and meeting and 4. Study and health.

1.3 IMPORTANCE OF TOURISMThe development of tourism as an industry is being given emphasis by most countries of the world. Tourism has been playing its due role in India and has made a record growth. A recent study by the National Council for Applied Economic Research (NCAER) has revealed that tourism’s contribution towards GDP is 5.9 per cent and towards employment 9 percent. There is an imperative need to promote tourism in a big way. India’s success could attract more and more tourists for eco-tourism, religious tourism, historical tourism, medical tourism etc. Every single state has some unique characteristics, which could interest tourists in one way or the other. The ‘Incredible India’ campaign has been quite successful and has driven the growth of tourism in the country. It captures the underlying spirit of the country, it culture, tradition and spirituality.

The development of tourism as an industry is being given emphasis by most countries of the world. Tourism has been playing its due role in India and has made a record growth. A recent study by the National Council for Applied Economic Research (NCAER) has revealed that tourism’s contribution towards GDP is 5.9 percent and towards employment (both direct and indirect) 8.78 percent. There is an imperative need to promote tourism in a big way. India’s success could attract more and more tourists for eco-tourism, religious tourism, historical tourism, medical tourism etc. Every single state has some unique characteristics, which could interest tourists in one way or the other. The ‘Incredible India’ campaign has been quite successful and has driven the growth of tourism n the country. It captures underlying spirit of the country, its culture, tradition and spirituality. As a result, tourists arrivals have increased dramatically. During the Tenth Plan period tourist arrivals grew by a phenomenal 78 percent while foreign exchange earning million tourists were recorded in 2008. The opening up of air transport and emergence of low-cost carriers has greatly helped to boost up tourist arrivals to this country. Most of the tourism traffic is in towns to the country. New Delhi is the first in foreign tourist arrivals, as the cities are seen major tourist destinations or at least as having the potential to become one. In order to attract tourists and their expenditure, cities compete with each other regionally nationally and internationally.

In Moutinho’s view (2000)the tourism industry mainly consists of private firms small business organizations across a broad spectrum of sectors include accommodation, transport and attractions. At the same time it is widely approved the public sector plays a major role in the successful development of tourism particular destination. According to Moutinho, public sector intervention is needed guarantee that all the associated tourism benefits, both economic and social maximized and any potential problems minimized.

The capacity of tourism to promote economic expansions stems for the fact that an export industry, it induces new spending with in the local economy. This new direct spending generates new jobs and secondary economic activity as anew dollars ripple spending generates new jobs and secondary economic activity as new dollars ripple throughout the economy. In addition to these possible economic benefits, proposed of tourism redevelopment argue that in celebrating local culture, these projects engender a sense of civic pride and cultural ascendancy that may elicit feeling solidarity and well being in the local populance. They also maintain that tourism redevelopment may result in enchanced services, improved infrastructure, and greater opportunities for entertainment and recreation.

The globalization, privatization and the technological development made possible for cheaper air travel which resulted in dramatically changing the tourist traffic world. Tourism signifies meeting the other people’s mix of cultures and values’, leisure industries’. ‘it is a business of ideas.’ Work with pleasure’ etc.

The influencing factors of tourism development can be seen on tourism demand some of them may be seen as below

Economy(e.g. from BPO development, exchange rates to perceived risk of losing the job)

* Economy

(e.g the industrial parks and taxation, environment)

* Crisis and threats

(e.g terrorism or naxalism, epidemic diseases, earth quakes)

* Demographic Change

(e.g . age structure, migration, educational level)

* Technology

(e.g transport, communication, information)

It crates employment and develops in multidimensional phenomenon and “labour intensive service industry” Therefore tourism is defined as people who travel for pleasure or traveling out of curiosity.

1.4 SCOPE OF TOURISMGiven the importance of planning and development issues in tourism, such as optimizing

the sector's contribution to socio-economic development, sustainability and resource-use planning, capacity planning, strategic infrastructure planning and forecasting, structural activity re-alignments, the implications of advances in information technology and the relationship between globalization and tourism, this journal focuses on bringing together researchers and practitioners, individuals and organizations interested in both the theoretical and the practical aspects of planning and development. Tourism Planning & Development aims to provide a forum for the publication and dissemination of new and original theoretical and applied research on tourism planning and development issues through fully refereed research papers. At the same time, it also aims to encourage international dialogue through viewpoint articles or shorter pieces designed to stimulate ideas and discussion and/or to present work in progress that has not been developed to a stage suitable for publication as a fully refereed paper. In particular, it seeks to encourage contributions from new researchers and or work new geographic or socio-cultural settings .

The contextual scope for Tourism Planning & Development is considerable; planning and development issues extend from the macro to the micro level, from global concerns to those associated with the individual organizations, specific destinations or certain social groupings, while the conceptual scope encompasses issues and techniques from, for example, multivariate forecasting to the application of phenomenological research to particular tourism contexts. The unifying element of these two arenas is planning and development.

1.5 TOURISM AS A SERVICE INDUSTRYTourism’s potential impact on economy, environment and people are now fully recognized. It is multifaceted. It is an industry creating jobs, earning foreign currency and generating tax revenues. According to a study conducted by a group of American experts-Wharton Econometric Forecasting Associates (WEFA) travel and tourism is the largest industry in the world in terms of employment and ranks in the top two or three industries in almost every country of the world on a very real measure. Though the industry has not acquired that status in India, with the country having only a minuscule share of global tourism, it still has emerged among the foremost contributors of earnings in foreign exchange. Tourism also stands out as an ever therefore, peace and détente. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru too reminded us in the early 1950’s that ‘we should welcome a guest and send back a friend’ Tourism is labor-oriented and labor-intensive industry, providing direct and indirect employment several times more than the normal manufacturing industries. Several types of business firms such as hotels, motels, restaurants travel agents, tour operators, gift shops, transporters, etc., earn bulk of the tourist dollars. Various other secondary allied business firms, for instance, construction firms, suppliers of foods and beverages, taxi-drivers, photographers, hairdressers, doctors, dentists, etc., also benefit out of it. The range of jobs created by tourism extend from unskilled to skilled tasks.

1.6 GEOGRAPHY AND TOURISM

The geographical components of the tourism are:

1. Accessibility and location,2. Space,3. Scenery

(i) Land forms e.g mountains canyons, coral reefs, cliffs, etc.,(ii) Water, e.g rivers, lakes, waterfalls, geysers, glaciers, sea,(iii) Vegetation, e.g forests, grass, lands, moors, deserts, etc.(iv) Climate: sunshine, clouds, temperatures, rain and snow,(v) Animal life, *birds, game reservations, zoos. *hunting and fishing. (vi) Settlement features, *Towns, cities and villages, *Historical remains and monuments, *Archaeological remains,(vii) Culture, e.g way of life, traditions, folklore, magic, arts and crafts,Tourism in its broadest senses can do more to develop understanding amoung people, provide jobs, earn foreign exchange and raise living standards than any other economic forece known. It plays an important role in promoting international understanding, business relationships and the world peace.As per the recommendations, of the World Tourism Organization made in 1993, tourism has three different features, namely

Domestic tourism, Inbound tourism, Outbound tourism

Domestic tourism involves the ‘residents of the given country travelling within the country’ Inbound Tourism refers to the ‘non-residents travelling in the given country’ and Outbound tourism refers to the ‘residents of a given country travelling in another country’. These three bring forth further three combinations. Internal Tourism is concerned with domestic tourism and inbound tourism, and International Tourism stands for inbound and out bound tourism.

Geo tourism is defined as tourism that sustains or enhances the geography character of a place its environment, culture, aesthetics, heritage, and the well being o sifts residents.There are many fundamentally geographical aspects to tourism:

Tourism occurs in places. Tourism begins in a place of origin and is consumed in destination places Tourism transforms and environment of these places in ways that are distinct from non-tourism

processes.

Tourism involves the movement of people, goods, services, ideas and money over space. Tourism presents a distinct way that people view, understand and relate themselves to the

world.According to Robinson (1976), the attractions of tourism are to a large extent geographical in their character. On the other hand, Pearce (1979) identifies six major areas of specialization fro the perspective of geographical interest in the study tourism: the spatial aspects of supply, the spatial aspects of demand, pattern movement and flows, the impact of tourism, the geography of resorts, and mode tourist space. After the careful study of the components of tourism as proposed by Peters Robinson, we many conclude that transport, locale and accommodation are the basic ingredients of tourism. Geographical Elements of Tourism are Location, Geographic Scenes, Accessibility of place, Climate and Weather, Wildlife, Vegetation, Cultural Land scape etc.

Historical and Cultural Factors which are other elements in Geographical view:

Historical and cultural factors seen to be powerful attractions for many tourists for instance Staratford-on-Avon draws a number of people because of its association with Shakespeare. Similarly is the case of Taj Mahal in India. The basic tourism motivators may be grouped into a. Physical motivators, which are related to physical relaxation and rest, such as different

sports and specific medical treatment, all are related with the individual’s bodily health and well-being.

b. Cultural motivators, which mostly depend on individual’s desire to travel to foreign country in order to learn about their people and cultural heritage expressed in their traditional art, literature, folkore.

c. Interpersonal motivators, which are related to individual’s desire to visit relatives or friends or to meet new people and to seek new relationships, or simply to escape from the routine of daily life.

d. Status and prestige motivators, which are identified with the needs of personal esteem and personal development through travel for business or for professional interests and education .

1.7 RELATION BETWEEN TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY

TOURISM AND HOTEL INDUSTRY

Tourism is accelerating growth by employment generation and foreign exchange earning and opening new areas comparing a number of factors. What have always been considered the separate industries, are now integral part of much larger industries of tourism. The most important one is the Hotel Industry. In this view it will be noteworthy to consider the report of Lok Sabha Committee (1975-

76) that; since the hotels constitute the most important and infect a basic element of tourism infrastructure. The committee feels that the various measures taken and efforts made for tourism promotion will not produce the desired results if the hotel accommodation in the country lags behind. Tourism industry where it has been rightly said-‘No Hotels No Tourims’ thus hotel industry is essential part of tourism. Thee expansion of tourism brought inevitable development of the hotel industry. As hotel have significant contribution to make towards tourism trade it is closely linked with tourist industry for it is responsible for 50 percent foreign exchange earnings. Tourism plays and important role in the development of hotel industry. The guest who comes in the country to know culture and religion they resides in hotels (say five star, Heritage hotels etc.) which do provide the glimpses of our culture. The impact of tourism on hotels is clearly seen by their enormous. Sophisticated modern techniques. The modern Hotel Industry has become highly sophisticated and equipped with refined and systematized technology.

The tourism industry generates itself sufficient additional resources for inter-linkage inputs and additional economic activity. The hotel industry has inbuilt expansion system, dynamic through its internal cash generation on slow depreciating assets as a result of which could be beneficial without undue diversion resources from other priority areas.

Impact of Tourism on Hotel Industry

Hotels are the core and essential part of tourism, the largest industry in the world. The hotel industry has been growing its importance from economic and socio-economic point of view. The impact of tourism on hotel industry focused primarily on economic and socio-cultural aspect. The impact made by tourism therefore depends upon the volume and profile characteristic of tourists (their length of stay, their preference, purpose of visit travelling styles etc.) together with the characteristic of the Hotel Industry styles (facilities amenities provided, its structure, cuisine etc.) is equally important as it determines the degree of its strength to tourism and tourism development.

1. Economic Impact: International tourism is an invisible export that it creates a flow of foreign currency into the hotel industry thereby contributing directly to the economy of the state as well like other export industries. This inflow of revenue creates industry turnover, household income, employment generation and government revenue. The generation process does not stop at this point however. Some portion of the revenue received by the hotel industry, human resource and government creating further rounds of economic activity. Domestic tourism has somewhat similar economic impact upon the host segment. International tourism brings foreign currency into the whole industry, while domestic tourism redistributes domestic currency. Money earned in other segments is spent with in the host community so as to create additional resources, job opportunities for semi-skilled and unskilled human resource at tourist destinations. Economic impact of tourism has diversified the economy by creating separate industries-like hotel industry moreover, tourism seems to be more effective than other industries improving infrastructure. Indeed it is in this industry that tourism can make its most significant impact by providing monetary incentive for the continuance of the industry and by creating market for state produce.

2. Socio-cultural impacts: In addition to the economic impact tourism also imposes socio-cultural impacts on the industry. The culture (the cuisine, the folk, the art, the history) of host communities is often an important factor in attracting tourists to a particular destination. Many tourists are interested in experiencing a culture, which is different from their own indeed the existence of difference between the host culture, and tourist culture is the principle, which stimulates the tourism industry. The culture of the host destination can take many different forms but most examples fall in to one of the two categories:a. Customs relating to host destination.b. Aspects of the everyday life, their history and religion. The first category includes arts and

crafts, folk, dance, customs and festivals, colorful ceremonies and carnivals. The second category include not only the local but also the national traditions and customs.

The hotel industry caters to natural, homely environment and warmth. Hotel industry caters to art and history, archaeology, handicraft, literature, music, dance, philosophy of the state. Some of the impacts of tourism on hotel industry are beneficial but some can be considered to be harmful say such effect may be on culture of the host destination known as trivialization.This terminology can be explained as the degradation and commercialization of the host culture where the economic and socioculture impacts are favourable they can also be explosive. Likewise the impact is seen in the feasts festivals which tourist are encouraged to attend rather they are being high jacked and encashed by the hotel industry. With good planning however, tourism can provide an impetus for the preservation of ancient cultures, but too often the local way to cheap imitations to satisfy the needs of the visitors and to obtain money with least possible effort.Another impact on moral standards of the host population creates deprivation and frustration when they cannot achieve the higher levels as foreign tourists. In extreme cases crime, prostitution, gambling and drug traffic are being catered by hotel industry. As human resource plays a vital role in the hospitality industry education and training of the resource is must. So it encourages education and training of Human Resource as the industry have to cater to the best products of tourism industry to the tourist. For this the hotel industry has certain duties and responsibilities for resource of the industry.

Tourism and Hotel Industry

Ellsworth M. Statler- The Henry ford of the modern hotels says, ‘The guest is always right’ some might contradict this but this statement reflects the ultimate challenges being faced by hotel professional to provide services that meet ever changing need and demands of the guests.

Enterprises known as the travel and tourism industry. The travel and tourism industry is a vast group of business with one goal in common providing necessary or desired products and services to traveler.

Many hotel properties provide food and beverage service, recreational service and more such facilities. As per international standards there are, as estimated 10 million guest rooms available to tourists around the world. According to World Tourism Organization (W.T.O) Madrid, Tourism has now become the world’s largest industry, ahead of automobiles and petroleum products. Further, with regards to employment, as per the world tourism and travel council report, travel and tourism industry is the largest worldwide. As per the WTO report 1,593 million tourist arrivals were recorded all over the world during 2003, registering a 4.6 percent increase over 2000. International receipts rose to 2,423 billion, registering a 7.6 percent growth. India, however, commanded just 0.39 percent of the global tourist arrivals and just about 0.51percent of the total receipts.But it is also notable that this substantial contribution of 0.39 percent to Indian economy was equivalent to foreign exchange worth Rs 13,000 crore. Beside, the tourism sector provides direct employment to 80 lakh people and indirect employment to 2 crore people.

The Indian Tourism Industry has been defined to include the following segment.

1. Hotels restaurants resorts and other tourist complexes providing accommodation, food and catering services to tourists.

2. Travel agencies and tour operators.3. Units providing facilities to tourist on culture adventure wildlife experiences.4. Surface water and air transport facilities to tourist on culture adventure, wildlife experiences.5. Leisure, entertainment, amusement sports and health units of tourists.6. Convention and seminar units.

1.8 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMTourism has changed all walks of life, Irrespective of the age and sex factor, it is the industry that strengthens the economy of the country and fills up the exchange reserves of the nation. It is a way through which the country projects itself to the world.Tourism t this brings together all ways of life and as people, we join hands with each other and know many things. Culture is shared between each other. Social life becomes known economic aspects are understood; and more than all, we come to know the way the life is maintained by others, new things are learnt and old are polished. This is possible only if you have better approaches to boost tourism. The study restricts its area to the Bellary district and Goa, for knowing the methods used for tourism development the study also suggests strategies for future development.

1.9 OBJECTIVES

THE MAIN OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ARE:

1. To understand the conceptual framework of tourism as an emerging service industry emphasis on its professionalization;

2. To review the development of tourism industry in India with special reference to Bellary district and Goa;

3. To consider the conceptual frame work of marketing strategic for service industry, in general, and the tourism industry, in particular;

4. To understand the existing state of affairs of tourist services in the study area with a view to assess demand supply status for the tourist services;

5. To chalk out essential elements of marketing strategies;6. To understand further the issues and challenges of marketing of tourist services;7. To assess and analyze the trends and the seasonal fluctuations in the number of tourists arriving

in Bellary and Goa;8. To arrive at conclusions and make suggestions on the basis of the findings of the study for the

formulation and development of a tourist policy.9. The relative growth of two places as tourist centrs10. To know the problems faced by tourists in the two places11. To identify the potential tourist attractions in Bellary district and Goa.12. To study existing tourist places of study area.

1.10 HYPOTHESIS

1. Hampi is a ruined capital of the then Vijaynagar empire with many monuments still providing a hint to their glorious past.

2. The Virupaksha temple was and still is a famous temple attracting devotees from places far and near.

3. The annual fair of the main deity-lord Virupaksha, when thousands of devotees gather, reveals the fact that the holy temple continues to be the place of attraction even after the collapse of empire.

4. Hampi had at an international attraction for tourist in the historic past at the time of the peak of its glory.

5. The present sight of imperial city reveals the transitory nature o f the powerful empire.6. The transport facilities to Hampi from Hospet are adequate and satisfactory.7. The facilities for lodging in Hampi are proper.8. The tourists from many nations, especially from western countries; come to Goa through out

the year.9. Tourist expenditure is likely to influence the income and employment in Bellary distirict and

Goa,

1.11 METHODOLOGY

Primary datas are collected at Goa and Bellary districts by interviewing the tourists with the help of Questionnaire. The localities in both places were also interviewed by the same method. In addition to this primary data, we also collected data from the organizations Associated with the Tourism at Goa and Bellary districts.

Data collected from field work were substantial and they are arranged, organized and processed. The Results are presented in the form of tables, graphs and diagram’s. The simple but effective statistical methods of analysis are used for processing the data. The results have been interpreted so as to have clues for the planning and development of Tourism in the study places.

1.12 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

a. Most of the star category hotels, posh restaurants and lodges did not entertain and accept questionnaire on the ground that prior permission was necessary from the top management.

b. A large number of India and some foreign tourists did not respond to the questionnaire and some of the responses of the tourists were very casual. As a result, there may be some errors while tabulating the data for the purpose of calculations.

c. Some of the local businessmen and residents were non-cooperative while disseminating information as they suspected ill motive behind this exercise.

d. The study area is limited to Goa and Bellary district-only.e. Reluctance of the tourists (in some cases) to provide their income records is also a limitation

of the study.

1.13 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Tourism as an academic subject has been studied in recent past. The American Geographers showed their interest in the 1930’s e.g M.C Murry (1930), Brown (1935), Carlson (1938) Jone’s (1933) and Eiselen (1945). In Britain the study of sea resorts was conducted by Gilbert (1939 and 1949) while in France by Miege (1933) and in Germany by Poser (1939), but, most of the literature started coming to light after the second world war, especially in the 1970’s and 1980’s.

Tourism, as a field of research in academic arena has a recent origin. Therefore, many academic subjects such as Political Science, Sociology, Geography, Economics, Anthropology, History, Management and so on contribute for the subject matter of tourism. Most of the literature that is available on tourism is purely Management-oriented and geography of tourism is subset of Magagement-orented studies and is viewed from different perspectives. In view of this limitation, the review of literatures may not necessarily highlight the geographical studies of tourism exclusively.

CHAPTER –II

2.1 THE LOCATION OF INDIA IN THE WORLD

INDIA

India officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājyais a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.

Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilization and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.

The Indian economy is the world's eleventh-largest by nominal GDP and third-largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the fastest-growing major economies; it is considered a newly industrialized country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, illiteracy, corruption, and inadequate public healthcare. A nuclear weapons state and a regional power, it has the third-largest standing army in the world and ranks ninth in military expenditure among nations. India is a federal constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system consisting of 28

states and 7 union territories. India is a pluralistic, multilingual, and multiethnic society. It is also home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats.

Geography of India

India comprises the bulk of the Indian subcontinent and lies atop the minor Indian tectonic plate, which in turn belongs to the Indo-Australian Plate. India's defining geological processes commenced 75 million years ago when the Indian subcontinent, then part of the southern supercontinent Gondwana, began a north-eastward drift across the then-unformed Indian Ocean that lasted fifty million years. The subcontinent's subsequent collision with, and subduction under, the Eurasian Plate bore aloft the planet's highest mountains, the Himalayas. They abut India in the north and the north-east. In the former seabed immediately south of the emerging Himalayas, plate movement created a vast trough that has gradually filled with river-borne sediment; it now forms the Indo-Gangetic Plain. To the west lies the Thar Desert, which is cut off by the Aravalli Range.

The original Indian plate survives as peninsular India, which is the oldest and geologically most stable part of India; it extends as far north as the Satpura and Vindhya ranges in central India. These parallel chains run from the Arabian Sea coast in Gujarat in the west to the coal-rich Chota Nagpur Plateau in Jharkhand in the east. To the south, the remaining peninsular landmass, the Deccan Plateau, is flanked on the west and east by coastal ranges known as the Western and Eastern Ghats; the plateau contains the nation's oldest rock formations, some of them over one billion years old. Constituted in such fashion, India lies to the north of the equator between 6° 44' and 35° 30' north latitude and 68° 7' and 97° 25' east longitude.

India's coastline measures 7,517 kilometres (4,700 mi) in length; of this distance, 5,423 kilometres (3,400 mi) belong to peninsular India and 2,094 kilometres (1,300 mi) to the Andaman, Nicobar, and Lakshadweep island chains. According to the Indian naval hydrographic charts, the mainland coastline consists of the following: 43% sandy beaches; 11% rocky shores, including cliffs; and 46% mudflats or marshy shores.

3. Major Himalayan-origin rivers that substantially flow through India include the Ganges and the Brahmaputra, both of which drain into the Bay of Bengal Important tributaries of the Ganges include the Yamuna and the Kosi; the latter's extremely low gradient often leads to severe floods and course changes. Major peninsular rivers, whose steeper gradients prevent their waters from flooding, include the Godavari, the Mahanadi, the Kaveri, and the Krishna, which also drain into the Bay of Bengal; and the Narmada and the Tapti, which drain into the Arabian Sea. Coastal features include the marshy Rann of Kutch of western India and the alluvial Sundarbans delta of eastern India; the latter is shared with Bangladesh.] India has two archipelagos: the Lakshadweep, coral atolls off India's south-western coast; and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a volcanic chain in the Andaman Sea.

Demographics of India

2.2 THE LOCATION OF KARNATAKA IN INDIA

Situated in the southern part of India, the province of Karnataka spreads over the Deccan Plateau. At 300 B.C., it had formed the southern tip of Mauryan Empire. Its boundaries enlarged or receded swaying to the drum beats of history and today it accounts for a sixteenth area of India and has a population of about 45 million. Its language is Kannada and its people are known as Kannadigas. The three distinct regions are a narrow coastal area along Arabian Sea; high hills, the Western ghats; and sprawling plains towards the east.

The name of the land Karnataka has come from ‘karinadu’ meaning the land of black soil say the scholars, and some others hold that ‘karunadu’ also means beautiful country; either way the land is celebrated as beautiful throughout its ancient literature.

The water soaked western strip across the Arabian sea is humid and warm in summer, water soaked in Monsoon, profuse with coconut grooves and paddy fields cress crossed by strips of silvery streams and sparking stretches of sand.

The hilly uplands of Malnad, one of the wettest regions of the world, where the bamboo flourishes wild and areca, teak, rosewood and matti are grown. It is also the home of the stately gaur and langur. In its southern reaches frequent kheddas are held to capture roaming groups of elephants. Also the swift deer and the deadly tiger, whose eyes burning bright in forest night, roam animatedly in the forests.

The east of the ghats is strikingly bare. This elevated stretch is supposed to be the oldest land on the earth where ancient rocks of earth are seen jutting in and out odd shapes. Rivers like Cauvery, Sharavathi and Ghataprabha pass through upgraded valleys and resulting in water-falls and occasional rapids. The torrential fall of these rivers have been harnessed to generate hydro-electric power in area where black coal is scarce.

Bangalore , the capital of Karnataka today has become an Industrial Metropolis. It is also called India’s science city. Sophisticated industries in the public sector employ thousands and thousands of workers. It is also called the electronics city because most of the country’s basic electronic industries are based here. It is the fastest growing city in Asia.

Air craft-building, telecommunication, aeronautics, machine manufacture, etc, have taken giant strides here. Bangalore was known for its salubrious climate which however is now being debated because of the accelerated progress of modern industry. It was called an air-conditioned city and a pensioner’s paradise but with these advances it is to be seen how long it could retain these epithets.

Karnataka captivates anyone who sets eyes on her. It was the great Mauryan Emperor Chandragupta who traversed all the way from Magadhs to distant Sravanabelagola (Karnataka) to lay his remains in his remains in this land before entering the kingdom of God. To sum up in the incomparable words of Shakespeare-‘ age cannot wither her charm, nor custom stale her infinite variety’’.

Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west Goa to the northwest, Maharashtra to the north, Andhra Pradesh t the east, Tamil Nadu to the southeast, and Kerala to the southwest. The state covers an area of 191,791 km (74.051 sq mi) or 5.83% of the total geographical area of India. It is the eighth largest Indian state by area, the ninth largest by population and comprises 29 districts. Kannada is the official and most widely spoken language.

Though several etymologies have been suggested for the name Karnataka, the generally accepted one is that Karnataka is derived from the Kannada words karu and nadu, meaning elevated land. Karu nadu may also be read as Karu nadu may also be read black cotton soil found in the Bayaluseeme region of Karnataka. The British used the word Carnatic (sometimes Karnataka) to describe both sides of peninsular India, south of the Krishna River.

With an antiquity that dates to the Paleolithic, Karnataka has also been home to some of the most musical bards patronized by these empires launched socio-religious and literary movements which

have endured to the present day. Karnataka has contributed significantly Carnatic(Karnataka music) and Hindustani traditions. Writers in the Kannada language have received the most number of Jnanpith awards in India. Bangalore is the capital city of the state and is at the forefront of the rapid economic and technological development that India is experiencing.

HISTORY

The origins of Karnataka emerge through the mists of antiquity. Celebrated in lore and legend, and array of dynasties that marched through this land is thrilling. The grandiloquent temples, the sturdy Indo-Arabic edifices, the Gomata colossus stretching itself to the very sky in all its naked glory, transport one into a historic dream sequence. It is here the Vedantic trio radiated through their lofty teachings and Basava preached for a life of good conducted and self-surrender and Haridasas pleaded for spiritual vision in celestial songs celebrating the glory of bhakti. It is also a land filled with aroma of jasmine and sandalwood and has mines producing gold.

Through the mists of antiquity enveloping the origins of Karnataka, we find that it was celebrated in lore and legend. It is claimed as the birthplace of puranic heroes, Parasurama and Hanuman. The earliest references to this land were made in mahabharatha, Ramayana and Jain legends. Its two thousands years of history reveals a profuse growth of its language, literature, art and culture, the first poetical classic Kavirajamarga of emperor Nrupathunga describes the land as stretching between Godavari and Cauvery. The area has shrunk now but his description of the people as –‘valiant fighters, poets, rulers- beautiful, gentle, noble, virtuous, proud, fierce, wise and of superior intelligence’’ is amply borne out by history.

GEOGRAPHY

The state has three principal geographical zones the coastal region of Karavali, the hilly Malnad region comprising the Western Ghats and the Bayaluseeme region comprising the plains of the Deccan plateau. The bulk of the state is in the Bayaluseeme region, the northern part of which is the second largest arid region in India. The highest point in Karnataka is the Mullyanagiri hills in Chikkamagaluru district which has an altitude of 1,929 metres (6,329ft). some of the important rivers in Karnataka are the Kaveri, the Tungabhadra, the Krishna and the Sharavathi.

Karnataka consists of four main types of geological formations the Archean complex made up of Dharwad schists and granitic gneisses, the Proterozoic non-fossiliferous sedimentary formations of the kaladgi and Bhima series, the Deccan trappean and intertrappean deposits and the tertiary and recent laterites and alluvial deposits. Significantly, about 60% of the state is comprised of the Archean complex which consist of gneisses, granites and charnockite rocks. Laterite cappings that are found in many districts over the Deccan Traps were formed after the cessation of volcanic activity in the early tertiary period. Eleven groups of soil orders are found in Karnataka, viz. Entisols, Inceptisols, Mollisols, Spodosols, Alfisols, Ultisols, Oxisols, Aridisols, Vertisols, Andisols and Histosols. Depending on the

agricultural capability of the soil, the soil types are divided into six types, viz. Red, lateritic, black, alluvio-colluvial, forest and coastal soils.

Karnataka experiences four seasons. The winter in January and February is followed by summer between March and May, the monsoon season between June and September and the post-monsoon season from October till December. Meterologically, Karnataka is divided into three zones coastal, north interior and south interior. Of these, the coastal zone receives the heaviest rainfall with an average rainfall of about 3,638 mm (143 in) per annum, far in excess of the state average of 1,139 mm (45 in). Agumbe in the Shivamogga district receives the second highest annual rainfall in India. The highest recorded temperature was 45.6 degree c (114 degree F) at Raichur and the lowest recorded temperature was 2.8 degree C (37 degree F) at Bidar.

About 38,724 km (14,951 sq mi) of Karnataka (i,e, 20% of the state’s geographic area is covered by forests. The forests are classified as reserved, protected, unclosed, village and private forests. The percentage of forested area is slightly less than the all –India average of about 23% and significantly less than the 33% prescribed in the national forest policy.

DISTRICTS

There are 29 districts in Karnataka-Bagalkote, Bangalore Rural, Bangalore Urban, Belgaum, Bellary, Bidar, Bijapura, Chamarajanagar, Chikkaballapur, Chikkamagaluru, Chitradurga, Dakshina kannada, Davanagere, Dharwad, Gadag, Gulbarga, Hassan, Haveri, Kodagu, Kolar, Koppal, Mandya, Mysore, Raichur, ramanagara, Shimoga, Tumkur, Udupi and Uttara Kannada. Each district is governed by a district commissioner or district magistrate. The districts are further divided into sub-divisions, which are governed by subdivisional magistrates; sub-divisions comprise blocks containing panchayats (village councils) and town municipalities.

As per the 2001 census, Karnataka’s six largest cities sorted in order of decreasing population were, Bangalore, Hubli-Dharwad, Mysore, Gulbarga, Belgaum and Gulbarga are the most populous districts, each of them having a population of more than three million. Gadag, Chamarajanaga and Kodagu districts have a population of less than one million.

GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION

Karnataka, like other Indian states, has a parliamentary system of government with two democratically elected state legislatures, the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council. The Legislative Assembly consists of 224 members who are elected for five –year terms. The legislative Council is a permanent body which consists of 75 members with one third of its members llion every two years.

The government of Karnataka is headed by the Chief Minister who is chosen by the ruling party members of the Legislative Assembly. The Chief Minister along with the council of ministers, drives the legislative agenda and exercise most of the executive powers. However, the constitutional and formal

head of the state is the Governer who is appointed for a five year term by the President of India on the advice of the union government. The citizens of Karnataka also elect 28 members to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Indian parliament. The members in the state assembly elect 12 members to the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Indian Parliament.

ECONOMY

Karnataka, which had an estimated GSDP (Gross State Domestic Product) of about Rs 2152.82 billion ($51.25 Domestic Product ) of about Rs 2152.82 billion ($51.25 billion) in the 2007-08 fiscal year, is one of the more economically progressive states in India.

The state registered a GSDP growth rate of 7% for the year 2007-08. Karnataka’s contribution too India’s GDP in the year 2004-05 was 5.2% Karnataka was the fastest growing state over the past decade in terms of GDP and per capita GDP growth of 56.2% and per capita GDP growth of 43.9%, Karnataka now has the sixth highest per-capita GDP of all states. Till September 2006 Karnataka received a Foreign Direct Investment of Rs 78.087 billion ($1.7255billion) for the fiscal year 2006-07, placing it third among the states of India. At the end of 2004, the unemployment rate in Karnataka was 4.94 compared to the national rate of 5.99%. For the fiscal year 2006-07, the inflation rate in Karnataka was 4.4%, compared to the national average of 4.7%. As of 2004-05, Karnataka had an estimated poverty ratio of 17%, less that the national ratio of 27.5%.

Nearly 56% of the workforce in Karnataka is engaged in agriculture and related activities. A total of 12.31 million hectares of land, or 64.6% of the state’s total area, is cultivated. Much of the agricultural output is dependent on the south west monsoon as only 26.5%of the sown area is irrigated.

Karnataka is the manufacturing hub for some of the largest public sector industries in India, including Hindustan Aeronautics limited, National Aerospace Laboratories, Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, Indian Telephone industries, Bharat Earth Movers Limited and Hindustan Machine Tools, which are based in Bangalore. Many of India’s premier science and technology research centers, such as India’s premier science and technology research centers, such as Indian Space Research Organisation. Central Power Research Institute, Bharat Electronic Limited and the Central Food Technological Research institute, are also headquartered in Karnataka. Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals limited is an oil refinery located in Mangalore.

Since the 1980’s Karnataka has emerged as the pan-Indian leader in the field of IT (information technology). As of 2007, there were nearly 2,000 firms operating out of Karnataka. Many of them, including two of Indian’s biggest software firms, Infosys and Wipro are also headquartered in the state. Exports from these firms exceeded Rs 50,000 crores($12.5Billion ) in 2006-07 ,accounting for nearly 38 % of all IT exports form India. All this has earned the state capital, Bangalore, the sobriquet Silicon Valley of India’s largest biocluster, with 158 of the country’s 320 biotechnology firms being based here. The state also accounts for 75% of India’s floriculture, an upcoming industry which supplies flowers and ornamental plants worldwide.

2.3 THE IDENTIFICATION MAP OF BELLARY DISTRICT

BELLARY DISTRICT

Bellary is a district in Karnataka state, India.

Geography

Bellary district is spread from south west to northeast and is situated on the eastern side of Karnataka state. The district is 14 degree 30 and 15 degree 50 north latitude and 75 degree 40 and 77 degree 11 east longitudes. The geographical area is 8447 km. this district is bounded by Raichur District on the north, koppal District on the west, Chitradurga District and Davanagere district on the south, and Ananatapur District and Kurnool District of Andhra Pradesh on the east. The normal rainfall is 639 mm.

ADMINISTRATION

Bellary comes under the administrative control of Gulbarga division and development jurisdiction of H.K.D.B, Gulbarga. It has 2 revenue sub divisions, Bellary subdivision and Hospete subdivision, which in all have seven taluks. The Bellary subdivision has 3 taluks, while there are four taluks in Hospet subdivision. There are 27 hoblies, two CMC’s revenue villages, and 436 thandas/habitations.

As per 2003 census the population of the district stood at 2,245,000. The rural population constitutes 70%. The density of population is 196 per Km., which is much lower than the state average of 235 per km. However the decimal growth rate for 1981-91 was 26.92 % which is higher than the state growth rate of 21.12% the scheduled cast/scheduled tribe population constitute 28% of the total population. The sex-ratio as 965, which is slightly higher than the state average of 960.

ECONOMY

The major occupation of this district is agriculture and 75% total labor force is dependent on agriculture for its livelihood. The important crops grown are cotton, jowar, groundnut, rice, sunflower, district is as under. The Canal network irrigation is Tungaghadra Dam. The canal network account for 64% of irrigated

area. The important rivers are Tungabhadra, Hagari and Chikkahagari. The western taluks of the district are dogged with scarcity conditions with the failure of rains during successive years. However during the current year and preceding year heavy rains have created havoc in the district leaving many in lurch.

Bellary district is rich in natural resources which need to be tapped to a great extent for overall development of the district. This district is endowed with rich mineral resources. It has both metallic and non-metallic minerals. The metallic minerals include iron ore, manganese ore, redoxide, gold copper and lead. The non-metallic minerals include andalusite, asbestos, corundum, and clay, and dolomite limestone, limekankan, moulding san, quartz, soap stone, granite and red ochre.

The metallic minerals are abundant is only three talukas, Sanduru, Hosapete and Bellary in the order of mining activity intensity. The annual production of Iron ore is anywhere between 2.75 to 4.5 million tones, and manganese ore between 0.13 million tones to 0.3 million tones. Bellary presently is the second fastest growing city in the state of Karnataka after Bengaluru. The real estate prices have already started to shoot as more and more industries are finding their way into this city. Bellary to its credit has the second largest single rock mountain in the world.

2.4 THE IDENTIFICATION MAP OF GOA.

GEOGRAPHIC PROFILE

The small and picturesque land of Goa is known as the tropical paradise of tourists, the golden gateway of commerce and the little giant in the manufacturing sector. In the West it is called the Rome of the East and in India it is known as Kashi of the Konkan (Anonymous).

Goa is situated about the midway on the West Coast of India, within the latitude of 15 degree 48’N and longitude of 74 degree 20’ E 73degree 40 ‘E. total geographical area of the state is 3702 sq. Kms. With a width of 65 kms in the east west direction and a length of 105 kms from north to south lie Belgaum and Karwar disistricts of Karnataka state. In its west lies the Arabian Sea.

Goa has a hilly terrain, specially, on its eastern side lies the southern ends of Sahyadri range hills. It has a number of rivers which are of immense importance for the developmental activities of the state are: Terekhol, Mandovi, Zuari and Talpona. In terms of topography Goa falls into three distinct areas:

1. The Western Ghats.2. The Midland Region.3. The Coastal Region

1. WESTERN GHATS: In the east of the state lie the foothills and some of the peaks of the Sahyadri ranges of Western Ghats. Famous main peaks are Sansagad (1166 m); Catlanchimauli (1107 m); Vagiero, (1067 m) and Morlemchogad(1036 m). Another high point ‘Dudhsagar’ is the site of a waterfall in this region.

2. MIDLAND REGION: Between the Western Ghats and the Coastal area lies this region. This is Goa’s hinterland. It is mostly made up of plateaus, with elevations between 30m. and 100m. in some areas they extend upto coast line itself. Almost all of them had been used as fortresses. This region is used for cultivation of different crops. Iron and manganese ores are also found in this region.

3. COASTAL REGION: This region forms a very small percentage of the total area of the state. It is best known to the tourists coming to Goa. The tidal stretches of rivers, sometimes extend even upto 40 kms; and have mangroves inside providing a habitat for birds and marine animals. The low lying area, known as ‘Khazanas’ are reclaimed by building embankments. These help in fish farming and making of salt. Goa’s set upto in India is shown in map 2.1 and its topography is given in map 2.2.

ADMINSTRATIVE SETUP

Goa was liberated pm 19th December, 1961 along with Daman and Diu. It was a Union Territory from 1961-1986, and became the 25th state of India on 30th May, 1987 when statehood was conferred on it. From 1987 Daman and Diu were separated from Goa.

From the administrative point of view, it has two districts viz, South Goa and North Goa, each headed by a Collector, with their headquarters at Margao and Panaji respectively. In all, there are eleven talukas and for the collection of revenue and to assist the administration, each taluka is headed by a Mamaltdar. The following is the list of talukas:

South Goa 1. Salcete 2. Mormugao 3. Sanguem 4. Quepem 5. Canacona

NORTH GOA:

1. Tiswadi2. Bardez3. Pernem4. Bicholim5. Satari6. Ponda

There are 360 revenue villages, 13 municipal towns and 18 census towns. The state of Goa has a legislative assembly with a strength of 40 elected members as on date. It has also three elected representatives, two in the Lokasabha representing South Goa and North Goa respectively and one in the Rajya Sabha. The Governor is the head of the state. He is advised by the Council of Ministers,

headed by the Chief Minister. Panaji is the capital of Goa. It is a beautiful picturesque town situated on the left bank of river ‘Mandovi’.

2.5 GEOGRAPHY OF BELLARY DISTRICT

Bellary is spread from southwest to northeast and is situated on the eastern side of Karnataka state. The district is 15° 30’ and 15°50’ north latitude and 75° 40’ and 77° 11’ east longitude. The geographical area is 8447 km².

This district is bounded by Raichur District on the north, Koppal District on the west, Chitradurga District and Davanagere District on the south, and Anantapur District and Kurnool District of Andhra Pradesh on the east.

2.5.1 TOPOGRAPHY

The existing topography of the lease area is a hill slopes and proposedExpansion will alter the topography in the core zone. There will be 6 m high benchesIn the manganese ore float deposit. The topography of the buffer zone shall not be affectedAnd the existing approach road shall be used for all future mining operations.

2.5.2 CLIMATE

Bellary is located at 15.15°N 76.93°E. It has an average elevation of 445 meters (1459 ft).] The city stands in the midst of a wide, level plain of black cotton soil. Bellary has a semi arid climate. As the city lies in the rain shadow region of the Western Ghats, it receives little rain from the southwest monsoon. Temperatures remain high throughout the year, but the months from March to June are especially hot, with high temperatures reaching 45 °C (110 °F) frequently. The months from November to February are relatively mild, with average temperatures of around 22 °C (71 °F).

2.5.3 RAINFALL

The city receives about 24 inches (610 mm) of rain every year mainly in the months from August to October

2.5.4 TEMPERATURE

Bellary District Maximum Temperature in summer: 48 deg C

Bellary District Minimum Temperature in winter: 11 deg C

2.5.5 DRAINAGE

As the proposed mining activities are confined to the hill slopes above the level of the Springs/seepages the drainage pattern is not likely to be affected. However, during heavy Rains descent of water from the mining area has to be controlled so as not to form new Drainage channel. The control is also required so as not to allow flowing of screen/debris. Into the drainage channels which otherwise could lead to blocking of natural channels. Lessee will construct check dams, gully plugs and retaining walls in nallas, drains and foot of the material dump to avoid wash off the material from the lease area and also in worked out area good plantation will be made for stabilisation.

2.6 GEOGRAPHY OF GOA

PHYSICAL FEATURES

LOCATION

Goa has a total area of 3.702 sq kms and geographically, its position is marked by 15 degree 48’ oo’’ N and 14 degree 53’54’’ N latitude and 74 degree 20’ 13’’ E and 73 degree 40’33’’ E longitude. In the north, Goa has a common boundary with Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra and Kolhapur district also from the same state; to the west, Goa has a 100 km long coastline washed by the waters of the Arabian Sea; and, to the east, Goa share a boundary with Karnataka State and its districts of Belgaum, Dharwar and North Kanara.

TOPOGRAPHY

A major portion of Goa’s landforms have basaltic outflows of the Deccan Lavas and having flat topped summit levels with terraced flanks and wide valleys with sides rising as a succession of steps rather than smooth slopes. On the eastern side, the Sahyadrian scarp is steep perhaps due to a peculiar natural process which created the western flank of the Sahyadri as a whole. In fact, the topograpghy of the basalts, in their detail is attributed to weathering and water erosion on a somewhat intense scale combined with impact of seasonal changes. As a result of this, residual hill features with rounded summits like the Chandranath Hill and smaller knolls are, often noticeable in the mountain tracts of Goa, further, laterisation, due to tropical moist climate with seasonal changes bring out a significant feature of the Goan landscape. And, in both the high and low level plateau of the Sahyadnan region, laterite caps are associated with iron and manganese deposits which, in turn, contribute to the economic development of Goa State. Another important aspect is the alluvia deposits along the course of Goan rivers on the coastal plains.

COASTLINE

Goa’s coastline is a scenic combination of bays and headlands broken by large estuaries of the Mandovi and Zuari rivers, coupled with minor streams. Of the Bays, the Baga, Calangute and Colva are long curved stretches of white beach sands and palm fringes which seem to be Goa’s magnet, drawing tourist to this land of scenic beauty.

Goa’s fine, long beaches have green patches of coconut plantations, grasses and scrubs which thrive on salty soil and lateritic bluffs. And, moving north to south, one could find some of Goa’s more important promontories such as the Tiracol, Chapora, Aquada, Caba, Marmugoa and Cape Rams: this landscape also has the ruins of centuries old structures , now in a state of disuse. Dona Paola, at the southern end of the Cabo overlooks the estuary of the Zuari and provides a location of natural, visual beauty and offers ferry connections across the Zuari estuary’s mouth, mainly to the Marmugoa harbor. The promontory below which the Marmugoa Harboour has been built is a largish, extensive tableland where Goa airport is located, also.

In this region, the cliff-and-beach landscape changes to beelts of fertile alluvium, through sandbars and abrupt lateritic slopes and these are rich cultivable lands, good for lateritic slopes and these are rich cultivable lands, good for agricultural purposes and also for fishing. It is here that several economically well-off villages have sprung up, e.g Querim, Morgim, Calangute, Nerul, Benaulim and Carmona. While economic prosperity of these villages is, no doubt, due to the people who live there, prosperity is also attributable to a large number of persons returning to these lands, after retirement; the bond between the Home and Goa is a unique feature of Goa and the Goan people.

IRON ORE

Goa’s iron ores are classified as; massive ore, heeded ore, platy ore, brecciated ore, mixed ore, earthy ore, laminated ore, concretionary ore, powdery ore. Thee average iron content of Goan iron ores is approximately 59 percent while silicon dioxide averages 3 percent aluminium oxide around 6 percent, manganese at 0.26 percent and combined water content of about 5.76 percent . The location of these iron ores is in a general NW-SE direction from one end of Goa to the other spanning a distance of 95 km

this stretch commences near Naibag in the NW near the Goa-Maharashtra border and moves southwards towards Saiguinim in the SE close to the Goa-karnataka border. Goa’s total reserve of iron ore is estimated to be in the region of 800 tons.

RIVERS AND LAKES

Apart from Goa’s long stretches of beautiful beaches that are washed by the Arabian Sea, Goa has other sources of scenic splendor in the form of lakes and many river. The lakes behind and close to the beaches are largely due to diversion of estuarine streams by sand bars and filled in alluvium on flats behind the sandbars; these lakes tend to be marshy and several can be sound at the Sal Basin, south of Margao. Thee lakes found in the interior are impounded ones and are valuable for irrigating ricew fields and betel nut gardens. Goa’s important lakes are: Maem, Chimbel, Calapur, Cacora and Curchotem. Goa has many rivers and streams that drain this picturesque land: of these, the more prominent ones are : Terekhol, Chapora, Mandovi, Zuari, Sal, Talpona, Galgibag.

GROUND WATER

Goa has a large area coverage of laterite and a few outcrops of pre-cambrian rocks which occur even at depths ranging from 15 to 27 metres. In Panaji, the bed rocks occur at 22m below ground level and depths elsewhere as shown; Betim 27m, Nerul 15m, Mopa plateau 15 m, curchorem 15 m

Ground water is generally restricted to domestic use since its quality is good, except near the coastal lowlands, where a mix of sea water leads to a problem of salinity.

Plant life

With Goa holding a notable position in the tourist map of India, there is perhaps, natural tendency to look at Goa merely in terms of it being a ‘Tourist Paradise’’ and, in turn, overlook other areas where nature has made a significant contribution to Goa/s natural wealth, e.g plant life, Birds, Animals, Forests, etc.

An excellent combination of tropical climate, relatively high humidity, fertile soil, inland lakes and rivers coupled with a natural drainage system literally presents to Go lush greenery, evergreen and semi-evergreen forests which as a consequence, become obvious and natural habitats for birds animals, insects and reptiles.

WEATHER AND CLIMATE

The state of Goa is within the tropics. To its west it has the Arabian Sea while, in the east are the Sahyadri (Western Ghats) where the average height is in the range of 1 km. This State has a tropical-maritime, monsoon climate. Being close to the Arabian Sea and generally having spells of good monsoon (south-west), the climate is on the pleasant side, although it could become somewhat uncomfortable, in the absence of winds, during pre-and post-monsoon months. Also, Goa really has no line of demarcation between the winter and summer months- the former being from January to February and the hot

weather being from March to May. The south-west monsoon generally hits Goa in early June and carries on till around September.

The monsoon bursts over Goa in early June and by the end of September/early October it withdraws: during its tenure over Goa, the monsoon gives rise to annual rainfall in the vicinity of 350 cm. However, towards the Western Ghats, the rainfall tends to be a little more and is around 400 cm annually. From available records, some parts of Goa have had extensive rainfall, e.g Colem had rainfall of 563.0 mm on the 24th August 1934.

In this context, it should be mentioned that Goa- like other coastal areas of India- sometimes faces the brunt of cyclonic storms disrupting life, leading to considerable damage to property and lives.

Temperature : variations in temperature in Goa are minimal. The month of May is the perhaps goa’s hottest month when the temperature is around 30 degree C while the ‘cool’ month of January touches temperature lows around 20 degree C. however, oddly enough, the day temperatures tourch the lowest during the monsoon months of January and February. This, however, is not the case when one considers night temperatures; the ‘cold weather’ months, this time, are true to expectations, Might temperature generally hovers around 20 degree C in Jan/Feb.

Humidity : With a proximity to the Arabian Sea and with so many rivers and lakes, humidity in Goa is relatively high, mainly around 60 percent.

Clouds: The months of November to March give Goa light clouded skies but prior to the onslaught of the monsoon, the skies are over cast and increases, sharply, in their cloud formation. These heavy clouds are part of the monsoon and, consequently, when the monsoon starts to recede,cloudiness decreases.

2.7 FLORA AND FAUNAFLORA:

(a) CORE ZONE : The core zone area is located on hill slopes. The hill slopes due to highvelocity winds do not sustain growth of trees. The flora is generally shrubs and grasseswith occasional small trees. There is no adverse impact on core-zone flora due to theproposed expansion.(b) BUFFER ZONE: As the mining activity will be limited to the core zone, no impact onthe flora of the buffer zone due to proposed expansion activities is anticipated and noresidential area is planned. The buffer zone flora will be un-disturbed due to theproposed expansion. No direct impact of mining activities on the vegetation of the areawas observed.

FAUNA: The adverse impacts on fauna are mainly due to:• Deforestation• Human Activity & Noise• Land DegradationThe area is not a significant faunal habitat. No endangered or endemic species are found in

the area. No land degradation or deforestation shall take place in the buffer zone, as themining activity shall be limited to the ML area. Thus, the impact on the fauna of the bufferzone due to the mining activity will be minimal. The green belt will be developed all aroundthe boundary, to avoid inverted entry of any animals in to the lease area. No endangeredspecies of the fauna has been sighted in the area and as fauna can move to the surroundingareas, no significant impact on their survival is anticipated. Fauna is observed in the studyarea include Crow, Batair, koel, Nilkanth, Kabutar, Teetar, Uloo, Cheel, Mor, Tota, Bulbul,Shikra, Buzzard, Blue jay, Shrike, Whistling teal, Gidh , Maina , Egred, Bbrahmany and Kite.

2.8 TRANSPORTATION LINKS OF GOA TRANSPORT

As is well known, transport and communication system are important contributors to the economic wellbeing of a society and, as could be expected, Goa has developed its own systems which form part of the all-India network.

However, the old trade routes in Goa were through Keleghat which touched, on its way, Sanquilm, Bicholim and Mapusa, Ponda and Durbate and the route to Digui tourched on its way, Sanguem, Quepem, Paroda, Margao and Bali.

Another route went through Pernem at the mouth of the Tiracol river. Mapusa’s trade was facilitated by the River Betul. These trade routes had a donkey as the beast of burden.

ROADS

Road transport is an important mode of transport and for Goa, roads serve as feeders to inland waterways, especially for transporting iron ore. For inter-state transport by road, Goa’s roads have connections with those in the neighboring states of Maharashtra and Karnataka. The construction of roads in Goa received considerable encouragement during the post-Liberation period; and by the time Goa celebrated the Silver Jubilee Year of ‘Freedom’, Goa had an average road length per kilometer as high as 167 km as against the all-India figure of 47 km.

TRANSPORTATION LINKS OF BELLARY DISTRICT

Road

Bellary is well connected by road to different parts of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Goa. The following are the major highways passing through the city :

National Highway 63, connecting Ankola in Karavali Karnataka (west coast) to Gooty in Andhra Pradesh.

This is a major route for the mining trucks transporting Iron and Manganese ore from the Sanduru hill ranges to the sea port at Mangalore and Karwar. This highway also connects the city to Hubli, Hospet and Hampi.

State Highway 19, connecting Bidar to Srirangapatna.

This highway connects the city to Raichur, Gulbarga and Bidar in the North and Bangalore and Mysore in the south.

State Highway 132, connecting the city with Adoni, Kurnool, Vinukonda, Guntur, Vijayawada.

The city is served by the North East Karnataka Road Transport Corporation (NEKRTC), offering travel services to almost all parts of Karnataka, many parts of Andhra Pradesh, Chennai, Pune and many parts of Maharastra. Additionally, a sizable number of private businesses offer travel services to important destinations.

The main inter-city bus station is located in the now empty Nalla Cheruvu (Telugu – Black Lake or Tank) basin. This is a new improvement over the older bus stand located near Gadigi Chennappa Circle. The old bus stand still serves state owned buses connecting rural locations and city buses.

A truck stationing facility, located in the Nalla Cheruvu basin, serves lorries and hauliers.

4.2 Railway

During British rule, Bellary was served by The Southern Mahratta Railway, connecting Bellary with Hubballi on the west and Guntakallu on the east, and thus to Madras.

Currently, two railway stations serve the city, both built during British rule. The city station (Bellary Junction) and the Cantonment station (Cantonment). The city is served by the Hubli–Guntakal line and the extended Bellary–Rayadurgam–Chitradurga line and falls under the jurisdiction of South Western Railway. Bellary is well connected by Rail to Bangalore, Raichur, Anantapur, Hindupur, Tirupati, Hubli, Guntakal, Adoni, Guntur, Vijayawada, Howrah, Pune, etc. Guntakal is an important junction near Bellary from where trains to Delhi, Chennai, Mumbai and to most of the places in India are available.

4.3 Air

Bellary Airport

The civilian Bellary Airport, located at the far end of the Cantonment area, has previously been serviced by Vayudoot and Air Deccan, linking Bellary with Bangalore, Goa and other nearby destinations. However, the services have been limited and inconsistent, with currently no commercial service available from this airport.

Vidyanagar Airport

Bellary is currently served by Vidyanagar Airport, located at the JSW Steel Ltd. complex, Toranagallu in Sanduru Taluk, 40 kilometres from Bellary. Bangalore based Charter airline, Taneja Aerospace and Aviation Ltd (TAAL), operate sightseeing charter flights to Hampi and Mysore since October 2002.

International Airport

A new international airport is being planned by the Infrastructure Development Corporation of Karnataka (iDecK), to be constructed near Sanganakallu on the north-eastern end of the city, around Chaganur and Siriwar villages. Nodal agency Infrastructure Development Department, Karnataka Government, has identified 1,000 acres (4.0 km2) for the airport.

The contract for the development and operation of this greenfield airport has been awarded to Chennai-based MARG Limited, which has incorporated a special purpose vehicle, MARG Krishna Devaraya Airport Pvt. Ltd. In addition to terminal buildings, runways and control towers, MARG will develop access facilities and build utilities.

2.9 Socio-economic features of Bellary.

2.9.1 GROWTH OF POPULATION

An official Census 2011 detail of Bellary, a district of Karnataka has been released by Directorate of Census Operations in Karnataka. Enumeration of key persons was also done by census officials in Bellary District of Karnataka.

In 2011, Bellary had population of 2,532,383 of which male and female were 1,280,402 and 1,251,981 respectively. There was change of 24.92 percent in the population compared to population as per 2001. In the previous census of India 2001, Bellary District recorded increase of 22.41 percent to its population compared to 1991.

2.9.2 DENSITY OF POPULATION

The initial provisional data suggest a density of 300 in 2011 compared to 240 of 2001. Total area under Bellary district is of about 8,439 sq.km.

2.9.3 SEX WISE COMPOSITION OF POPULATION

Average literacy rate of Bellary in 2011 were 67.85 compared to 57.40 of 2001. If things are looked out at gender wise, male and female literacy were 77.24 and 58.28 respectively. For 2001 census, same figures stood at 69.20 and 45.28 in Bellary District. Total literate in Bellary District were 1,486,230 of which male and female were 853,834 and 632,396 respectively. In 2001, Bellary District had 980,483 in its total region.

With regards to Sex Ratio in Bellary, it stood at 978 per 1000 male compared to 2001 census figure of 969. The average national sex ratio in India is 940 as per latest reports of Census 2011 Directorate.

2.9.4 LITRACY OF STUDY AREA

Literacy in general plays a vital role in the overall development of any society. The literacy rate as per 1996 estimates was 51% in the district as compared to State literacy rate of 63%. The Total Literacy Campaign (TLC) had been launched in this district during 1993. 4.11 lakh illiterates were identified in the erstwhile Bellary district in the age group (9-35) years. The internal and external evaluation studies revealed 52% success rate and recommended for Post Literacy Campaign (PLC). The P.L.C.and Kannada Nadu Sakshara Nadu programmes have also come to an end and at present Adult Education centres are functioning. The continuing education programme project of Rs. 650.00 lakh has been submitted to the Govt. of India for approval.The pupil teacher ratio works out at 1:51 at Primary School level as against the existing norms of 1:40.In the context of massive industrialisation taking place in this district education sector assumes more significant role.The present infrastructure is just inadequate to meet the demand created by the new industries for technical, skilled and semi-skilled man power. While highly technical posts are filled up at open competition, preference is given to locals only in the lower cadre posts. These posts demand certain basic technical knowledge for which the present educational institutions needs to be increased and upgraded.

2.9.5 OCCUPATION

Animal Husbandry plays a vital role in determining the agricultural economy of the State. The main occupation of more than 75% of the rural population in this State is agriculture and its allied activities Agricultural activities are predominantly dependent on drought power provided by Animal Husbandry Sector. Production from the domesticated animals and poultry, like milk, meat, wool and eggs has become subsidiary occupation of the farmers in the State.

2.9.6 CULTURAL ASPECTS

Thingala Sobagu - A Cultural Program:

This is one of the popular programme which is organised every month by the Department of Kannada and Culture. The objective of this program is to introduce the well known artists of other districts in the state to the citizens of Bellary and also to provide an opportunity to the upcoming artistis in the state there by encouraging them. Many welknown artists in the state have performed in this program and the response is also very good for these programmes from the citizens of bellary. This programme will be normally conducted in 'Open Theatre' at 'Cultural Complex' or in Dr.Rajkumar Park.(Kuntegudda Park was renamed in memory of the great artist Late Dr. Rajkumar).

2.9.7 RURAL AND URBAN OCCUPATION

The Rural Development and Panchayath Raj (RDPR) department is a major department functioning for the Rural Population. The department is implementing various schmes for the follwing causes.

Improvement of Rural Infrastructure. Development of Rural Roads Rural Water Supply Rural Sanitation Minor Irrigation Poverty Alleviation Rural Energy Programmes

One of the major responsibilities of the Department is in the realm of implementing the provisions of the Karnataka Panchayath Raj Act, 1993 to achieve democratic decentralization in the governance of the State's rural areas. The Department coordinates the process of the establishment of Panchayat Raj Institutions under the above legislation and monitors their functioning in order to ensure that Panchayat Raj Institutions in the State function as viable and vibrant institutions of Local Self Government. 3 tier structure of Panchayat Raj Institutions

27 Zilla Panchayats 175 Taluk Panchayats 5659 Grama Panchayats

2.9.8 INDUSTRIES

Steel industry

The city is surrounded by numerous iron and steel plants, owing to the availability of huge deposites of Iron and Manganese ore in the Sanduru hill ranges and surroundings. The following is an abridged list :

Bellary Steels and Alloys Limited (BSAL), Navakarnataka Steels and Shatavahana Ispat are on the outskirts of the city.

JSW Steel Ltd is a unit of Jindal Steels located at Toranagallu in Sandur taluk, 30 km from Bellary. JSW has further announced an investement of 15,131 crore (US$3.02 billion) on capacity expansion and a captive power plant. Additionally, Jindal Saw Pipes plans to set up a steel plant in Bellary at 130.88 crore (US$26.11 million)

The Arcelor Mittal group and Brahmani Industries Karnataka Ltd. have signed individual MoUs to invest in Steel plants in the district to invest 30,000 crore (US$5.99 billion)and 36,000 crore (US$7.18 billion)respectively, each to set up 6 million tonne per annum integrated steel plants with captive power plants on site. The projects of both companies will be located in and around Bellary district and will provide employment to 10000 and 25000 people respectively.

Bhushan Steel will be setting up a 6 million tonne per annum integrated steel manufacturing facility in the district, at an investment of 27,928 crore (US$5.57 billion).

Textiles and garments

Sarees

The growth of the famed cotton and silk Ilkal saree is attributed to the patronage provided by the local chieftains in and around the town of Bellary. Additionally, the nearby town of Rayadurgam, formerly in Bellary district, but now in Andhra Pradesh, is also renowned for its silk and cotton sarees. Similarly Molakalmuru, a town in Chitradurga district but much closer to Bellary than its district headquarters, is known for its silk sarees branded by the town's name. However, Bellary itself has no saree manufacturing industry.

Cotton processing

With cotton being one of the major agricultural crops around Bellary historically, the city has had a thriving cotton processing industry in the form of ginning, spinning and weaving plants. The earliest steam cotton-spinning mill was established in 1894 AD, which by 1901 AD had 17,800 spindles, and employed 520 handsThe city continues to thrive in this sector with one spinning mill and numerous cotton ginning and pressing mills, hand looms and power looms.

Garment manufacture

Bellary has a historic garment industry dating back to the First World War period, when the Marathi speaking “Darji” (tailor) community with its native skills in tailoring migrated from the current Maharashtra region to stitch uniforms for the soldiers of the colonial British Indian Army stationed at Bellary. After the war, the community switched to making uniforms for school children and gradually, the uniforms made here became popular all over the country. Currently, Bellary is well known for its branded and unbranded denim garments, with brands like Point Blank, Walker, Dragonfly and Podium being successfully marketed nationally and internationally. There are about 260 denim garment units in Bellary with nearly 3000 families working in these units. The Karnataka State Government has proposed to build an apparel park at Bellary at the cost of 27 crore (US$5.39 million), setting aside 154 acres (0.62 km2) of land for the purpose at Mundargi and Guggarahalli villages on the south of Bellary city.