C C RAIN’S RAIN’S P P ETROPHYSICAL ETROPHYSICAL P P OCKET OCKET P P AL AL LECTURE 6 – QUANTITATIVE 1 LECTURE 6 – QUANTITATIVE 1 Practical, Integrated, Practical, Integrated, Quantitative Quantitative Petrophysical Log Analysis Petrophysical Log Analysis Presented By: Presented By: E. R. (Ross) Crain, P.Eng. E. R. (Ross) Crain, P.Eng. www.Spec2000.net www.Spec2000.net c. 1978 – 2009 c. 1978 – 2009
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THIS IS A SAMPLE LECTURE AND IS THIS IS A SAMPLE LECTURE AND IS PURPOSELY INCOMPLETE – THE FULL PURPOSELY INCOMPLETE – THE FULL LECTURE CONTAINS 47 SLIDES.LECTURE CONTAINS 47 SLIDES.
Shale, Porosity, Water SaturationShale, Porosity, Water Saturation
PermeabilityPermeability
Cutoffs, Net Pay, Mappable PropertiesCutoffs, Net Pay, Mappable Properties
Productivity and ReservesProductivity and Reserves
Build Spreadsheet for Exercise #1Build Spreadsheet for Exercise #1
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SHALE VOLUME - SHALE VOLUME - Calibrate to core description, Calibrate to core description, thin section point counts, or X-ray diffraction data.thin section point counts, or X-ray diffraction data.
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PARAMETERS:PARAMETERS: for sandstone for sandstone A = 0.62 M = 2.15 N = 2.00A = 0.62 M = 2.15 N = 2.00 for carbonates for carbonates A = 1.00 M = 2.00 N = 2.00A = 1.00 M = 2.00 N = 2.00 for fractured zones for fractured zones M = 1.2 to 1.7M = 1.2 to 1.7
NOTE: A, M, and N should be determined from NOTE: A, M, and N should be determined from special core analysis if possible.special core analysis if possible.
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CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PALCRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL8.03 Saturation from Simandoux8.03 Saturation from Simandoux
SIMANDOUX SATURATION MATHSIMANDOUX SATURATION MATH
1: C = (1 - Vsh) * A * RW@FT / (PHIe ^ M)1: C = (1 - Vsh) * A * RW@FT / (PHIe ^ M)2: D = C * Vsh / (2 * RSH)2: D = C * Vsh / (2 * RSH)3: E = C / RESD3: E = C / RESD4: SWs = ((D ^ 2 + E) ^ 0.5 - D) ^ (2 / N)4: SWs = ((D ^ 2 + E) ^ 0.5 - D) ^ (2 / N)
PARAMETERS:PARAMETERS: for sandstone for sandstone A = 0.62 M = 2.15 N = 2.00A = 0.62 M = 2.15 N = 2.00 for carbonates for carbonates A = 1.00 M = 2.00 N = 2.00A = 1.00 M = 2.00 N = 2.00 for fractured zones for fractured zones M = 1.2 to 1.7M = 1.2 to 1.7
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CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PALCRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL8.04 Saturation from Dual Water8.04 Saturation from Dual Water
DUAL WATER SATURATION MATHDUAL WATER SATURATION MATH
PARAMETERS:PARAMETERS: for sandstone for sandstone A = 0.62 M = 2.15 N = 2.00A = 0.62 M = 2.15 N = 2.00 for carbonates for carbonates A = 1.00 M = 2.00 N = 2.00A = 1.00 M = 2.00 N = 2.00 for fractured zones for fractured zones M = 1.2 to 1.7M = 1.2 to 1.7
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CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL
8.068.06 Irreducible Water Saturation Irreducible Water Saturation
IRREDUCIBLE WATER SATURATION (SWir) - IRREDUCIBLE WATER SATURATION (SWir) - the fraction of the effective porosity that contains the fraction of the effective porosity that contains water that will not flow out of the rock.water that will not flow out of the rock.
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BUCKLES’ NUMBER – BUCKLES’ NUMBER – the product of porosity the product of porosity and water saturation is a constant, if pore geometry and water saturation is a constant, if pore geometry does not change.does not change.
From log data:From log data:KBUCKL =KBUCKL =PHIe * SWaPHIe * SWain good oil zonein good oil zone
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CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PALCRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL8.06 Irreducible Water Saturation8.06 Irreducible Water Saturation
IRREDUCIBLE WATER SATURATION MATHIRREDUCIBLE WATER SATURATION MATH
1: KBUCKL = PHIe * SWe (in a CLEAN zone that 1: KBUCKL = PHIe * SWe (in a CLEAN zone that produced initially with no water, or from core data)produced initially with no water, or from core data)
1. Use the shale corrected complex lithology model to calculate porosity for the following cases, 1. Use the shale corrected complex lithology model to calculate porosity for the following cases, assume all zones are clean (no shale) and oil bearing:assume all zones are clean (no shale) and oil bearing:
a. Limestone rock, Sandstone units log PHIN = 0.19 PHID = 0.12 ___________a. Limestone rock, Sandstone units log PHIN = 0.19 PHID = 0.12 ___________
b. Sandstone rock, Sandstone units log PHIN = 0.16 PHID = 0.15 ___________b. Sandstone rock, Sandstone units log PHIN = 0.16 PHID = 0.15 ___________
c. Dolomite rock, Limestone units log PHIN = 0.20 PHID = 0.11 ___________c. Dolomite rock, Limestone units log PHIN = 0.20 PHID = 0.11 ___________
d. Limestone rock, Limestonestone units log PHIN = 0.16 PHID = 0.15 ___________d. Limestone rock, Limestonestone units log PHIN = 0.16 PHID = 0.15 ___________
e. Sandstone rock, Limestone units log PHIN = 0.12 PHID = 0.19 ___________e. Sandstone rock, Limestone units log PHIN = 0.12 PHID = 0.19 ___________
2. Assume water bearing sandstone with total porosity of 0.25 and deep resistivity of 2.5 ohm-m. 2. Assume water bearing sandstone with total porosity of 0.25 and deep resistivity of 2.5 ohm-m. Show all steps and calculate water resistivity, [email protected] all steps and calculate water resistivity, RW@FT.
3. Assume a water catalog value. RW@25C, of 0.20 ohm-m. What is the RW@FT if surface 3. Assume a water catalog value. RW@25C, of 0.20 ohm-m. What is the RW@FT if surface temperature is 20’C, formation temperature is 70’C. Show all mathematical steps. temperature is 20’C, formation temperature is 70’C. Show all mathematical steps.
4.4. Assume a clean sandstone has a total porosity of 0.20 and deep resistivity of 25 ohm-m. Use Assume a clean sandstone has a total porosity of 0.20 and deep resistivity of 25 ohm-m. Use the RW@FT from Question #2. Show all steps and calculate water saturation SWa from the the RW@FT from Question #2. Show all steps and calculate water saturation SWa from the Archie equation.Archie equation.
5. Assume the zone in Question #4 is at irreducible water saturation. What is Buckles Number for 5. Assume the zone in Question #4 is at irreducible water saturation. What is Buckles Number for this zone. Using this value, what is the irreducible water saturation for the sandstone in this zone. Using this value, what is the irreducible water saturation for the sandstone in Question #2.Question #2.
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6. Formation Factor (F) is:6. Formation Factor (F) is:
a. resistivity of a water filled rock divided by resistivity of the water in the rock (R0/Rw)a. resistivity of a water filled rock divided by resistivity of the water in the rock (R0/Rw)
b. porosity divided by resistivity of the water filled rock (PHIe/R0)b. porosity divided by resistivity of the water filled rock (PHIe/R0)
c. porosity raised to the power of M (PHIe^M)c. porosity raised to the power of M (PHIe^M)
d. resistivity of partially saturated rock divided by resistivity of same rock full of water d. resistivity of partially saturated rock divided by resistivity of same rock full of water (Rt/R0)(Rt/R0)
7. Resistivity Index ( I ) is:7. Resistivity Index ( I ) is:
a. resistivity of a water filled rock divided by resistivity of the water in the rock (R0/Rw)a. resistivity of a water filled rock divided by resistivity of the water in the rock (R0/Rw)
b. porosity divided by resistivity of the water filled rock (PHIe/R0)b. porosity divided by resistivity of the water filled rock (PHIe/R0)
c. porosity raised to the power of M (PHIe^M)c. porosity raised to the power of M (PHIe^M)
d. resistivity of partially saturated rock divided by resistivity of the rock full of water d. resistivity of partially saturated rock divided by resistivity of the rock full of water (Rt/R0)(Rt/R0)
8. Define Irreducible Water Saturation.8. Define Irreducible Water Saturation.