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Petronas TowersMenara Berkembar PetronasPetronas TowersPresented
By Deepika Dhilip Reg No:2014804005The Petronas Towers, also known
as the Petronas Twin Towers (Malay: Menara Petronas, or Menara
Berkembar Petronas), are twin skyscrapers in Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia.
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Record height - Tallest in the world from 1998 to 2006General
informationConstruction period : 3 years i.e. march 1993-march
1996Type - Commercial offices, Retail, Hotel, Parking for 6,650
carsArchitectural style - PostmodernLocation - Jalan Ampang, Kuala
Lumpur, MalaysiaHeight Architectural - 451.9 m (1,483 ft)Roof -
378.6 m (1,242 ft)Top floor - 375 m (1,230 ft)Technical
detailsFloor count - 88 (+5 basement floors)Floor area - 395,000 m2
(4,252,000 sq ft)Lifts/elevators - 78Design and
constructionArgentine American ArchitectCsar Pelli.Twin
skyscrapersinKuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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The 88-floor towers are constructed largely of reinforced
concrete, with a steel and glass facade designed to resemble motifs
found inIslamic art, a reflection of Malaysia'sMuslimreligion.The
Petronas Towers feature a diamond-faceted facade consisting of
83,500 square meters (899,000sq.ft.) of stainless steel extrusions.
In addition, a 33,000-panel curtain wall cladding system resides
within the towers.the stainless steel element of the towers entices
the illustrious sun, highlighting the magnificent towers, they are
composed of 55,000 square metres (590,000sqft) of 20.38-millimetre
(0.802in) laminated glass to reduce heat by reflecting harmful UV
rays.The towers feature a double deckerskybridgeconnecting the two
towers on the 41st and 42nd floors.The bridge is 170m (558ft) above
the ground and 58m (190ft.) long, weighing 750 tons.The main bank
ofOtisLiftsis located in the center of each tower. All main lifts
aredouble-deckerwith the lower deck of the lift taking passengers
to even-numbered floors and upper deck to odd-numbered floors. To
reach an odd-numbered floor from ground level, passengers must take
anescalatorto the upper deck of the lift.On the top of each tower
is a pinnacle standing 73.5 metres (241ft) tall.Each pinnacle is
composed of 50 unique parts making up the main components: the
spire, mast ball and ring ball. Together these parts weigh 176
tons.The interiors of the towers highlight the Malaysian cultural
inspiration to the design through traditional aspects such as
fabric and carvings typical of the culture, specifically evident in
the foyer of the entrance halls in the towers.
Introduction
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A tall building requires an efficient vertical transportation
system typically comprising passenger lifts, service lifts and
fireman lifts. The number of passenger lifts is generally
determined by the population of the building, type of building
occupancy, population during peak period, number of floors and
heights, and building location in relation to public transport
services. More specifically it depends on the quality of service,
round-trip time, flow rate, interval for lifts, lift travel and
lift speeds. Generally when the building becomes taller, additional
lifts are required to accommodate the additional population. The
lift arrangement has a major impact on the size and internal layout
of the service core which, in turn, affects the net rentable floor
area. Therefore an economic design should aim at striking a proper
balance between the passenger handling capability and rentable
floor space.For a tall building, the vertical transportation system
is usually based on the multi-zone system in which the building is
divided into a number of lift zones such as low, mid and high
zones. Prospective passengers take lifts at the main lift lobby to
reach a destination floor.However, for a super tall building, the
size of the service core becomes excessively large. In order to
keep the service core within a reasonable size while maintaining an
acceptable level of response time, the sky-lobby system may be
adopted as a solution.Passengers take shuttle lifts to the
sky-lobby and then transfer to other lifts to higher
floors.Vertical Transportation System
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Another solution to keep the service core within a reasonable
size is the double-deck lift system. Two lift cabs are stacked
vertically in a common lift frame and thus increase the passenger
handling capacity. When compared with the conventional lift system,
this significantly reduces the number of lift shafts, but new users
may find this system confusing unless there are adequate
directional signage's. In addition, it may also be used with the
sky-lobby system to further reduce lift shafts at the lower floors.
The best example of this system is the 88-storey Petronas Towers (
1 and 2 )in Kuala Lumpur in which the vertical passenger
transportation system is divided into lower floors (floors 8 37)
and upper floors (floors 44 - 83) with sky-lobbies at floors 41 and
42. Within both the lower and upper floors, it is further divided
into low, mid and high lift zones. Lower and upper floors are each
served by twelve double-deck lifts and sky lobbies are served by
five double-deck shuttle lifts. In many Asia Pacific cities, the
passenger lift is not considered as a means of escape in case of
fire and thus a firemans lift is required to serve all usable
floors.In addition, a building also normally requires one or more
service lift for transportation of goods to various floors. In
order to reduce the number of lift shaft, one of the service lifts
is often designed for dual-use as a fireman/service lift.
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Each tower has one central core for all lifts, tower exit stairs
and mechanical services. Satellite bustle stairs have
non-structural walls, since they would be less effective cores (see
Figure 3).For the PETRONAS Twin Towers, two virtually solid walls
running North-South, and one running East-West, provide `Webs', for
the core `cantilever beam', making the core quite stiff and
efficient.As a result, it carries slightly more than half the wind
overturning moment at the foundation. To resist wind the core has
thick, heavily reinforced corners (see Figure 4). The overall core
varies from about 23 m (75 ft) square to 19622 m (62673 ft) in four
steps, with outer walls varying from 750 mm (30 in.) to 350 mm (14
in.) and inner walls a constant 350 mm (14 in.) to avoid
complications with lift shafts and the self-climbing forming
systems.Above level 70, corners of the core drop back to avoid
`pinching' office circulation against the perimeter columns.
Concrete grade varies in three steps from 80 to 40 Mpa, matching
tower column grades (see Figure 5).CORE
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VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION PLANCentral CoreCentral core in each
tower, accommodate lifts, exit stairs, mechanical servicesTwo solid
walls running n-s and e-w- web cantilever beams projecting-makes it
stiff takes more than half the twisting moment.Highly reinforced
thick corner walls- resist wind.Core varies from 22 sq m to 19 x 22
m in four steps Outer walls 750 to 350 mmInner walls constant 350
mm- to avoid complication with lift shaft concrete grade drops from
80 -40 mpa as it accents
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VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION PLAN
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VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION PLAN
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SKYBRIDGEA double-deck bridge spanning 58.4m (190 ft.) connects
the two towers at the sky lobby elevator transfer stations on
floors 41 and 42, 170 m (558 ft.) above grade, for easy circulation
between upper tower floors with a minimum of lift transfer and
possible crossover exiting through the other tower, reducing the
required size of exit stairs below (see Figure 8).Because of the
great height and span, structural steel was used for lightweight
and easier construction. Although single-span trusses could have
been used, a two-hinged arch and continuous floor girders offered a
shallow walkway structure, minimized expansion joint movement
(joints move at both towers), self-centering action from restraint
at the arch crown and a strong visual identity. The skybridge
design considered the effect of complex tower movements on joints
and members, including vertical midspan movements due to tower
deflections, the aerodynamic response of the 1.1m (3.6 ft.)
diameter pipe legs, fatigue, the response to sudden loss of
support, creep and shrinkage movement and compensation, and bridge
facade panel movements.
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Lift systemThe main bank of Otis Lifts is located in the center
of each tower. All main lifts are double-decker with the lower deck
of the lift taking passengers to even-numbered floors and upper
deck to odd-numbered floors. To reach an odd-numbered floor from
ground level, passengers must take an escalator to the upper deck
of the lift.There are 29 double-deck passenger elevators, but there
are different sets that service certain floors of the towers,
specifically two sets of six of these double-deck passenger
elevators to floors 123 and 137 respectively. Another set of 5
passenger lifts transport passengers to the 41st and 42nd floors
where they can switch lifts to reach the upper zones of the
buildings, each double-deck passenger lift with the capacity of 52
passengers or, 26 passengers per deck. There are also 6 heavy-duty
elevators for utility.From the ground floor, there are three groups
of lifts. The "short haul" group of 6 lifts take passengers to
floors between level 2/3 and level 16/17. The "mid haul" group of
six lifts take passengers to floors between level 18/19 and level
37/38. There is also a set of shuttle lifts that take passengers
directly to levels 41/42. To get to levels above 41/42, passengers
must take the shuttle lifts, then change to lifts to the upper
floors. These connecting lifts are directly above the lifts that
serve levels 2 to 38. The pattern now repeats with the upper
levels, one set serving levels 43/44 to 57/58 and one set serving
levels 59/60 to levels 73/74.[41]Apart from this main bank of
lifts, there are a series of "connecting" lifts to take people
between the groups. Unlike the main lifts, these are not the
double-decker type. Two lifts are provided to take people from
levels 37/38 to levels 41/42 (levels 39 and 40 are not accessible
as office space). This spares someone in the lower half of the
building from having to go back to the ground floor to go to the
upper half of the building.The lifts contain a number of safety
features. It is possible to evacuate people from a lift stuck
between floors by manually driving one of the adjacent lifts next
to it and opening a panel in the wall. It is then possible for
people in the stuck lift to walk between lift cars.During an
evacuation of the buildings, only the shuttle lift is allowed to be
used, as there are only doors at levels G/1 and levels 41/42;
therefore should there be a fire in the lower half of the building,
this enclosed shaft would remain unaffected. Firefighter lifts are
also provided in case of emergency.
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Shuttle Lifts (with sky lobbies)Many tall buildings are divided
into several zones: low zone, mid zone, high zone, etc. with
service direct from the main terminal floor, situated at ground
level. These are called `local zones. This becomes impractical with
very tall buildings and shuttle lifts are employed to take
passengers from the ground level main lobby to a `sky lobby'. This
could be 200 m (Petronas Towers, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia).Passengers
disembark at the sky lobby and service is then provided to further
low, mid, high zones, etc. using the sky lobby as an upper main
terminal floor.The advantage is that the core efficiency is
improved, as the hoist ways extend the whole height of the building
(except for the intervening equipment spaces) and occupy the same
hoist way `footprint'. Shuttle lifts are usually quite large and
fast and provide an excellent service to the sky lobby. Their main
disadvantage is that the passengers must change lifts mid journey,
hence increasing their total journey time. When a traffic design
involves a change of lift, the two journey times are best quoted
separately. Sometimes passengers travel down from the sky lobby as
well as up (Fortune, 1986). Most shuttle lifts are single deck, but
there are a number of double deck installations.Generally shuttle
lifts serve between two stops only, hence the term `shuttle', but
sometimesthey serve three stops, ie: with two sky lobbies (Sears
Tower, USA).The number of shuttle lifts that are installed world
wide is not large. Their traffic design isrelatively simple, but
their application in a building requires expert consideration.
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Shuttle Lifts (with sky lobbies)3. Double deck shuttles, double
deck locals, eg: Petronas Towers, Malaysia.
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Double Decker LiftsDouble deck lifts comprise two passenger cars
one above the other connected to one suspension/drive system. The
upper and lower decks can thus serve two adjacent floors
simultaneously. During peak periods the decks are arranged to serve
`even' and `odd' floors respectively with passengers guided into
the appropriate deck for their destination. Special arrangements
are made at the lobby for passengers to walk up/down a half flight
of stairs/escalators to reach the lower or upper main lobby.Double
deck lifts, which are common in the USA and elsewhere, but unusual
in Europe, are used in very tall buildings. Fortune (1996)
indicated 465 double deck lifts in 34 buildings across the world
(see Table 1).There are many advantages and disadvantages to double
deck operation and special care has to be taken with the lobby
arrangements. One advantage for double deck lifts is that the
`hoist way' handling capacity is improved, as effectively there are
two lifts in each shaft. A disadvantage for passengers during off
peak periods is when one deck may stop for a call with no
coincident landing, or car call, required in the other deck.
Special traffic control systems, available during off peak periods,
attempt to overcome this problem.
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and the disadvantages as:1. One significant supplier2. Passenger
misuse3. Zone populations must be large4. Balanced demand from even
and odd floors5. Interfloor distance must be regular6. Slightly
larger hoistways7. Increased pit and machine room loadings8. Lobby
exits need to be larger9. Special facilities for disabled access to
other floorFortune (1996) expounds the advantages of double deck
installations as:1. Fewer lifts2. Smaller car sizes3. Lower rated
speeds4. Fewer stops5. Increased zone size6. Quicker passenger
transit times7. 30% less core space8. Taller buildings on same
footprint9. Smaller lobbies10. Fewer entrances11. Faster
installation12. Reduced maintenance costsDOUBLE DECK
INSTALLATIONS
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Transfer FloorsMost tall and very tall buildings provide some
means to travel between zones and stacks. This is sometimes
achieved by overlapping zones (Petronas Towers), introducing extra
stops (Sears Tower) or shuttle lifts (World Trade Center). A common
served floor (other than the Main Terminal or Sky Lobby) is
important, where there are common facilities to be accessed, eg:
restaurant, travel bureau, banking, sports facilities, post room,
reprographics, etc.The effect on traffic handling can be
disruptive. In general it is important to restrict access to such
floors during up peak and down peak, although the purpose of such a
floor would be defeated at other times, i.e.: at the mid day break
or during interfloor traffic.
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1.6 Top/Down ServiceA top/down lift installation is where a sky
lobby is used to serve building zones or stacks both in the
conventional up direction, but also in the down direction. This
does mean that passengers may (psychologically) be concerned that
they have travelled up a building only to be then required to
travel down to their destination. This technique has only been
applied in a few buildings.Vertical transportation Page 5 of 12
pagesThe concept is illustrated in Figure 1. This shows a low zone
served from the Main Terminal floor at ground level. A sky lobby is
positioned two thirds of the way up the building. From the sky
lobby a conventional group of lifts serve the high above the sky
lobby and another group serve the mid zone below the sky lobby.
Although top/down is more expensive in equipment terms and may
complicate the machine room and overtravel arrangements, the
technique does allow a small footprint building to provide a larger
rentable space.
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(a) Double Deck Shuttles to Double Deck LocalsPetronas Towers,
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (1996).The two Petronas Towers are 452 m
high with 88 stories above ground. The building is divided into two
stacks.Stack 1 has 2 groups of 6 double deck lifts serving Main
Terminal and Floors 8-23 at 4 m/s and Main Terminal and Floors
23-37 at 5 m/s. Floor 23 acts as a transfer floor.Page 6 of 12
pages CIBSE National Technical Conference, 18 June 2002Stack 2 is
served by a group of 5 double deck shuttle lifts at 6 m/s to sky
lobbies at Floors 41/42. From the sky lobbies there are 3 groups of
6 double deck lifts serving 3 zones: Floors 44-61 at 3.5 m/s;
Floors 61-73 7 m/s; Floors 61/62 and 69-83 at 7 m/s. Floors 61 and
62 act as transfer floors.There are 2 lifts linking Stack 1 to
Stack 2 serving Floors 36-37, 40-43 at 1.6 m/s. There are
escalators between the upper and lower Main Terminal (0/1) levels
and between Floors 41 and 42.
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Service Building
The Service Building is to the east of the Petronas Towers and
contains the chiller plant system and the cooling towers to keep
the Petronas Towers cool and comfortable.
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Presented By Deepika Dhilip Reg No:2014804005Thanking You
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