Personality PPT

BY:PAYAL GAGNEJA MADAAN

ASST PROFESSOR (OB)

What is Personality ??What is Personality ??

Personality comes from the Greek word "persona", meaning "mask”.

Personality is a pattern of stable states and characteristics of a person that influences his or her behavior towards goal achievement. Each person has unique ways of protecting these states.

-Gluck

Major DeterminantsMajor Determinants

HOW TO MEASURE PERSONALITY?HOW TO MEASURE PERSONALITY?

A. Projective TestsA. Projective Tests

Objective- To see how each individual

responds to the stimulus in a way that

reflects his/her personality.

For example:- Thematic Apperception

Test (TAT), Sentence Completion

Method.

B. Behavioural B. Behavioural MeasuresMeasureso Helps the psychologist to count and record the

frequency of particular behaviours.

oThe behaviour is scored in a manner that it produces

an index of personality.

oLimitations :-

Time consuming

Expensive

Misinterpretations

Difference in Perception

C. Self-Report C. Self-Report QuestionnaireQuestionnaireo Most common method of assessing the personality

of an individual.

o Individuals respond to a series of questions

usually in agree/disagree or true/false format.

o Most widely recognised self-report questionnaires

are:-

MBTI- Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

The Big Five Personality Model

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI(MBTI))

It is a widely used and highly regarded system for

understanding and interpreting personality.

Essentially a 100-question personality test that asks

people how they usually feel or act in particular

situations.

Extensively used in Organizations as a basis for

understanding individual differences.

Myers-Briggs Type IndicatorMyers-Briggs Type Indicator

Type of SocialType of SocialInteractionInteraction

Preference forPreference forGathering DataGathering Data

Preference forPreference forDecision MakingDecision Making

Style ofStyle ofDecision MakingDecision Making

Extrovert (E)Extrovert (E)

Introvert (I)Introvert (I)

Sensing (S)Sensing (S)

Intuitive (N)Intuitive (N)

Feeling (F)Feeling (F)

Thinking (T)Thinking (T)

Perceptive (P)Perceptive (P)

Judgmental (J)Judgmental (J)

Extroverted IntrovertedInterest Orientation

E ITalkative, Sociable,

Friendly,Outspoken

Shy, Reserved,

Quite

Sensing IntuitionPerception

S NOrganised,Practical,

Focus Detail.

Less Regular, Unconscious, Focus Big Picture

Thinking FeelingJudgment

T FReliability of logical order – cause and effect, Apathy

Priorities based on personal importance and values, Sympathy

Judgment PerceptionEnvironment Orientation

J PJudging attitude – Control of

events and systematic planning

Spontaneity – Curious, awaiting

events and adapting to

them, Flexible

The The Big Five Big Five PersonalitPersonality Modely Model

Openness to ExperienceOpenness to Experience

ExtraversionExtraversion

AgreeablenessAgreeableness

ConscientiousnessConscientiousness

Emotional StabilityEmotional Stability

1) Extraversion:- The Extraversion dimension captures

one’s comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend

to be Outgoing, talkative, sociable, assertive.

2) Agreeableness:- It refers to an individual’s tendency

to be trusting, cooperative and warm. Highly

agreeable people are Trusting, good natured,

cooperative, soft hearted.

3) Conscientiousness:- It measures an individual’s

reliability, hard work and accountability. An

individual with high conscientious is Dependable,

responsible, achievement oriented, persistent.

4. Emotional Stability:- This dimension

measures the level of self confidence and

calmness of an individual. An individual with

positive emotional stability is relaxed, secure,

unworried.

5. Openness to experience:- It addresses one’s

range of interests and fascination with novelty.

Extremely open people are creative, intellectual,

imaginative, curious, broad minded.

EXTRAVERSION

Openness to Experience

AgreeablenessAgreeableness

Emotional StabilityEmotional Stability

ConcientiousnessConcientiousness

Other KeyOther KeyPersonalityPersonalityAttributesAttributes

1) Locus1) Locusof Controlof Control

7) Self-Esteem7) Self-Esteem

3) Risk3) RiskPropensityPropensity

5) Type A5) Type APersonalityPersonality

2) Machiavellianism2) Machiavellianism 6) Self6) SelfMonitoringMonitoring

4) Self Efficacy

As per 11th Edition

8) Self Efficacy

1) Locus of Control1) Locus of Control

An individual’s generalised belief about internal

(self) versus external(situation or others) control

is called Locus of Control.

Internals:- Those who believe that one controls

key events and consequences in one’s life.

ExternalsExternals: One’s life outcomes attributed to

environmental factors such as luck or fate.

2) Machiavellianism2) MachiavellianismNamed after Niccolo Machiavelli.

A personality characteristic indicating one’s

willingness to do whatever it takes to get one’s way.

Individuals high in Machiavellianism believe that

manipulation of others are fine if it helps to achieve

a goal.

They are pragmatic, maintain emotional distance and

believe that ends can justify means.

3) Risk Propensity3) Risk Propensity

People differ in their willingness to take

chances.

High Risk taking Managers make more

rapid decisions and use less information

in making their choices than low risk

taking managers.

4) Self Efficacy4) Self Efficacy

o Self Efficacy refers to an individual’s belief that

he or she is capable of performing a task.

o It is directly proportional to confidence and

chances to succeed.

o The higher the self efficacy, the more confidence

an individual will have in his ability to succeed in

a task.

5) Type A Personality5) Type A Personality

Type A personalities :-

o Always moving, walking and eating rapidly.

o Feel impatient with the rate at which most events

take place.

o Cannot cope with leisure time.

o Are obsessed with numbers, measuring their

success in terms of how much of everything they

acquire.

6) Self Monitoring6) Self Monitoringo It refers to the ability to adjust one’s behaviour to

external, situational factors.

o High self monitors pay attention to what is

appropriate in a particular situation and to the

behaviour of other people and then behave

accordingly.

o Low self monitors act from the internal states rather

than paying attention to the situation.

7) Self Esteem7) Self Esteem

o It refers to an individual’s general feeling of

self worth.

o Individuals with High self esteem believe

that their strengths are more important than

their weaknesses whereas ones with Low self

esteem are strongly affected by what other

people think of them.

8) Positive/Negative 8) Positive/Negative EffectEffect

o Individuals who focus on positive aspects of

themselves, people and the world in general

are said to have positive effect.

o Individuals with negative effect produce

negative group effect leading to less

cooperative behaviour.

Theories Of PersonalityTheories Of Personality

1) Trait Theories: Attempt to learn what traits make up personality and how they relate to actual behavior

2) Psychoanalytic Theories: Focus on the inner workings of personality, especially internal conflicts and struggles

3) Humanistic Theories: Focus on private, subjective experience and personal growth

4) Social-Cognitive Theories: Attribute difference in personality to socialization, expectations, and mental processes.

TRAIT THEORIESTRAIT THEORIESCarl Jung, Swiss

psychiatrist, a Freudian disciple, believed that we are one of two personality types:

• Introvert: Shy, self-centered person whose attention is focused inward.

• Extrovert: Bold, outgoing person whose attention is directed outward

Eysenck’s Three Factor TheoryEysenck’s Three Factor Theory Hans Eysenck, English psychologist, believed

that there are three fundamental factors in personality:

• Introversion versus Extroversion

• Emotionally Stable versus Unstable (neurotic)

• Impulse Control versus Psychotic

The first two factors create 4 combinations, related to the four basic temperaments recognized by ancient Greeks:

• Melancholic (introverted + unstable): sad, gloomy

• Choleric (extroverted + unstable): hot-tempered, irritable

• Phlegmatic (introverted + stable): sluggish, calm

• Sanguine (extroverted + stable): cheerful, hopeful

Cattell: Source & Surface TraitsCattell: Source & Surface Traits Raymond Cattell: believed that there were

two basic categories of traits:

• Surface Traits: Features that make up the visible areas of personality

• Source Traits: Underlying characteristics of a personality

Cattell also constructed a personality test

identifying 16 personality factors (source

traits) out of which he believed that five

factors were most important:

1. Openness 2. Conscientiousness

3. Extraversion 4. Agreeable

5. Neuroticism

The Sixteen Personality FactorsThe Sixteen Personality Factors

Founded by Sigmund Freud, this theory emphasizes the influence of the subconscious mind rather than conscious and rational thought.

The behaviour of an individual is an outcome of certain conflicting factors such as ID, Ego and Super Ego.

THE PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY

Id: The unconscious, irrational part of personality. It is a strong, inborn and basic instinctive urge which is at

the centre of individual’s personality . It operates on the pleasure principle and seeks immediate

satisfaction.

Ego: It is involved with the workings of the real world. Also known as Reality Principle, it is the conscious, and

rational part of personality that regulates thoughts and behaviors.

It teaches the person to balance demands of external world and needs of the person.

Super Ego:

It strives for perfection and is the internal

representation of parental and societal values.

It is a moral code of conduct which helps an

individual to attempt for perfection.

It judges one’s behaviors as right or wrong,

good or bad.

SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORYSOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY

Developed by Albert Bandura. Views behaviour as influenced by the

interaction between persons and the social context.

The theory emphasizes the rational side of life while ignoring the emotional side.

It is proposed that our thoughts and actions originate in the social world.

The human beings have capacity for self-regulation and engage in active cognitive processes.

HUMANISTIC THEORIESHUMANISTIC THEORIES MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF

NEEDSAbraham Maslow is considered

father of the humanistic movement.

He proposed the idea of self actualized people.

As per his view, human motives are arranged in a hierarchy of needs

The self actualized people have realistic perception, are spontaneous, easily accept self and others, are creative, and enjoy and appreciate positive aspects of life, like privacy and independence.

GRAPHICAL HIERARCHY GRAPHICAL HIERARCHY OF NEEDSOF NEEDS

SELF ACTUALISATIONSELF ACTUALISATION

CHARACTERISTICS

• Comfortable acceptance of self, others, and nature

• Spontaneity, Task Centering

• Autonomy

• Continued freshness of appreciation

• Fellowship with humanity

• Profound interpersonal relationships.

• Comfort with solitude