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PERSONALITY:Personality is a pattern of stablestates and characteristics of a
person that influences his or herbehavior toward goalachievement. Each person has
unique ways of protecting thesestates.
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Heredity:
Physical stature,facial attractiveness,
sex,
temperament,muscle composition and reflexes,
energy level and biologicalcharacteristics
that are considered to be inherent from onesparents.
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Theories can be conveniently grouped under five heads:
Theories of Personality:
Intrapsychic Theory
Type theoriesTrait theories
Self-theory theory
Personality-Job Fit Theory
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Intrapsychic Theory (Sigmund Freud):
Personality as interaction between threeelements of personality: Id, ego andsuperego
Id: Id is the only part of the personality that ispresent at birth. It is inherited, primitive,
inaccessible and completely unconscious. Hunger, thirst, sexual instincts etc.
ego: ego is to satisfy the ids urges. But the ego,which is mostly conscious, according to the reality
principle. superego: When the child age is 5 or 6 the
superego a moral guide, sets up indication thatdefine and limit the flexibility of ego.
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FREUDS CONCEPTION OF THEPERSONALITY
SUPEREGO conscious(Conscience, Ego ideal)
EGO Preconscious
Id (untamed passion, sex instincts,
biological urges, aggressive and destructive impulses) Unconscious
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Defense Mechanisms:
Projection:Example: A dishonest man may think everyone is out to cheat him.
Denial: refuse consciouslyExample: Smokers use denial when they refuse to admit that
cigarettes are danger to their health.
Rationalization: We consciously supply a logic
Example: We make excuses for justify our failures and mistakes.
Regression: When frustrated we use revert to behavior thatmight have reduced anxiety. Example: throwing things
Reaction formation: Unconscious impulses and desires.
Displacement : example: If your boss makes you angry, youmay take out your hostility on your friend.
Sublimation : Example: An aggressive person may re-channelthe aggression and become a football player.
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2. Type theories:
Body types and BehavioralCorrelations
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Behavioraltemperament
Love for comfort,eats heavily, likes tobe around peopleand desires affection.
He is tempered,shows a relaxedposture, readsshowily, and istolerant to others.
He prefers to be ledthan to lead.
Body type
Softness andsphericalappearance;highlydeveloped
abdominal area
Endomorph
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Behavioraltemperament
Individuals likephysical adventureand risk taking.He is aggressive and
insensitive towardsothers.He desires action,power anddomination. He is
athletic and seeksoutdoor activity.
Body type
Hard andrectangularphysique withpredominanceof bone and
muscle; strong;tough and injuryresistance
Mesomorph
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Behavioraltemperament
He displayscommand, reserve,and desire forconcealment. He
tends to bedistrustful of people.He works well inclosed areas. Hereacts quickly, sleeps
poorly, and preferssolitude when hismind is troubled.Typically, He isanxious, ambitious
and dedicated.
Body type
Linear andfragile; flatchest anddelicate body;usually thin and
light muscled.
Ectomorphy
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Introvert
They are contrast, andmore inward-directedpeople. They tend tobe guided by their ownideas and philosophy.
Extrovert
They are optimistic,outgoing andsociable. Extrovertsare reality-orientedindividuals who aremore doers thanthinkers.
Carl Jungs Extrovert-introvert Theory
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3. Trait theories:
(i)Common traits(ii)Individual traits
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The Big-Five Model:
1. Extroversion:
Comfort level with relationships
Extroverts: Gregarious, assertive, sociable
Introverts: reserved, timid and quiet1. Agreeableness:
Individuals propensity to defer to others.
Highly agreeable: cooperative, warm, trusting
Low agreeable: cold, disagreeable
1. Conscientiousness:Measure of reliability
Highly conscientious: responsible, organized
Low Conscientious: distracted, disorganized
1. Emotional Stability:
Persons ability to withstand stress Positive emotional stability: calm, self-confident, secure
Negative emotional stability: nervous, anxious, insecure
1. Openness to Experience:
Open people: creative, curious, artistically sensitive.
Other end of openness: conventional
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4. Self-Theory:
(i)Conditions of Worth:Conditions of worth force us to live and act
according to someone elses values ratherthan our own.
We experience stress and anxiety and ourwhole self-structure may be threatened.
ii.Unconditional Positive Regard:Enable people to open themselves up to
experiences and begin to live according totheir own values rather than the values ofothers in order to gain positive regard.
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Hollands Type of Personality andMatching Occupations
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Mechanic, drill pressoperator, assembly-lineworker, farmer
Biologist, economist,mathematician, newsreporter
Social worker, teacher,counselor, clinicalpsychologist
Accountant, corporatemanager, bank teller,file clerk
Lawyer, real estate
agent, public relationsspecialist
Painter, musician,writer, interiordecorator.
Shy, genuine,persistent, stable,practical
Analytical, novel,curious,independent
Sociable, friendly,cooperative,understanding
Conforming,efficient, practical,inflexible
Self-Confident,
ambitious,energetic.
Imaginative,disorderly,romantic,emotional,impractical
Realistic: Prefers Physicalactivities that require skill,strength, coordination
Investigative: Prefersactivities that involvethinking, organizing andunderstanding
Social: Prefers activities thatinvolve helping anddeveloping others
Conventional: Prefers rule-regulated, orderly, andunambiguous activities
Enterprising: Prefers verbal
activities in which there areopportunities to influenceothers and attain power
Artistic: Prefers ambiguousand unsystematic activitiesthat allow creativeexpression.
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Major Personality Attributes influencingOB:
(i)Locus of Control Internals Externals
(i)Machiavellianism
(ii)Self-esteem
(iii)Self-efficacy
(iv)Self-monitoring
(v)Positive / Negative Affect
(vi)Risk taking
(vii)Type A personality
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Major Personality Attributes influencing OB:
(i) Locus of Control
Internals: who believe that they controltheir destinies.
Higher job satisfaction, likely to assumemanagerial positions, prefer participativemanagement styles.
Externals: who see their lives as beingcontrolled by outsides forces such asluck or chance.
Prefer more work structured work setting,compliant, willing to follow directions.
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Major Personality Attributes influencingOB:
ii.Machiavellianism:
Believe any means justify the desired
ends.Manipulations of others are fine if it
helps achieve a goal.
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Major Personality Attributes influencingOB:
ii. Self-Efficacy: refers to an individuals beliefthat he or she is capable of performing a task.
High-Self Efficacy:More confidence.
Low-Self Esteem:
Slack their effort in difficult situations.
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Major Personality Attributes influencingOB:
ii. Self-Monitoring: refers to an individuals abilityto adjust his or her behavior to externalsituational factors.
High-Self Monitoring:
Pay attention to what is appropriate inparticular situations and to the behavior ofother people.
Low-Self Monitoring:
Act from internal states rather than payingattention to the situation.
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Major Personality Attributes influencingOB:
Positive/Negative Affect:
Positive Affect:
Less absenteeism, co-operative behavior,participative decision making, providingpleasant working conditions.
Negative Affect: more stress, non cooperative, negative group
affects.
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Major Personality Attributes influencingOB:
Risk taking:
High risk taking :
High risk taking managers make more rapiddecisions and use less information.
Low risk taking:
slow in terms of taking decisions,
centralization of authority, informationrequired to take decisions.
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Major Personality Attributes influencing OB:
Personality A and Personality B:
Type A personality:
Are always moving, walking and eating rapidly.
Feel impatient with the rate at which most eventstake place.
Cannot cope with leisure time.Type B personality:
Never suffer from a sense of time urgency.
Feel no need to display or discuss about their
achievements.Play for fun and relaxation.
Can relax without guilt.
