PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF SOLAR FLAT PLATE COLLECTOR NIK MOHD QAMARUL SHAFIQ BIN NIK AHMAD KAMIL Report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Mechanical Engineering UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG DECEMBER 2010
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PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF SOLAR FLAT PLATE COLLECTOR
NIK MOHD QAMARUL SHAFIQ BIN NIK AHMAD KAMIL
Report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG
DECEMBER 2010
ii
SUPERVISOR’S DECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have checked this project and in my opinion, this project is
adequate in terms of scope and quality for the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Mechanical Engineering.
Signature :
Name of Supervisor : PROF. DR. KORADA VISWANATHA SHARMA
Position : LECTURER
Date : 6 DECEMBER 2010
iii
STUDENT’S DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the work in this project is my own except for quotations and
summaries which have been duly acknowledged. The project has not been accepted for
any degree and is not concurrently submitted for award of other degree.
Signature :
Name : NIK MOHD QAMARUL SHAFIQ BIN NIK AHMAD KAMIL
ID Number : MA08146
Date : 6 DECEMBER 2010
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my deepest appreciation and sincere gratitude to my
supervisor, Prof. Dr. Korada Viswanatha Sharma, for his wisdom, invaluable guidance
and professionalism from the beginning to the end in making this research possible.
Prof. Dr. Korada Viswanatha Sharma has been an excellent mentor and has provided
continuous encouragement and constant support throughout my project. It should be
recognized that the success of this thesis was through her cooperation and assistance
from the initial to the final level which enabled me to develop an understanding of the
subject.
I also would like to extend my heartiest thanks to my colleagues who have
rendered assistance and support in one way or another to make this study possible. My
gratitude also goes to the staff of the UMP Mechanical Engineering Department, I am
grateful for their support and invaluable help.
Special thanks to my beloved parents and siblings whose endless support and
understanding have been profound throughout the difficult times of this project. Without
your love and support I am sure that I would not have been able to achieve so much.
Lastly, it is a pleasure to thank those who supported me in any respect during the
completion of the project. Without the generous help of these individuals, this research
would not have been possible.
vi
ABSTRACT
Flat Plate Collectors (FPC) is widely used for domestic hot-water, space heating/drying
and for applications requiring fluid temperature less than 100oC. The absorber plate of
the FPC transfers solar energy to liquid flowing in the tubes. The flow can takes place
due to thermosyphon effect or by forced convection. However, certain energy absorbed
by the plate is lost to atmosphere due to higher temperature of the plate. The collector
efficiency is dependent on the temperature of the plate which in turn is dependent on the
nature of flow of fluid inside the tube, solar insolation, ambient temperature, top loss
coefficient, the emissivity of the plate and glass cover, slope, etc. The objective of the
present work is to determine the influence of the emissivity of the absorber surface,
ambient temperature, spacing between the glass cover and the absorber surface on
efficiency of flat plate collector. The influence of operating parameters on flat plate
collector is numerical studied. Methods to reduce the losses and compare with the
performance of evacuated tube collector (ETC) are proposed by using FORTRAN
software. Related equations from previous researcher have been included in the
FORTRAN coding the get the data. The influence of the emissivity of the absorber
surface, ambient temperature spacing between absorber plate and the glass cover on
convection heat transfer coefficient, the overall top loss coefficient are theoretically
estimated. The overall top loss coefficient on the flat plate collector is also theoretically
determined. It can be observed that the top loss coefficient for the flat plate collector
where is between 2.59 Wm-2
K-1
until 3.87 Wm-2
K-1
while for the evacuated tube
collector is 0.7 Wm-2
K-1
until 1.04 Wm-2
K-1
, when the plate temperature is 300K until
350K.
vii
ABSTRAK
Pengumpul plat mendatar (FPC) digunakan secara meluas untuk pemanasan air
domestik, pemanasan ruang / pengeringan dan untuk aplikasi yang memerlukan suhu
bendalir kurang dari 100oC. Plat penyerap dari FPC memindahkan tenaga matahari
kepada cecair yang mengalir dalam tiub. Aliran boleh berlaku kerana kesan
thermosyphon atau dengan konveksi paksa. Namun, tenaga tertentu diserap oleh plat
hilang ke atmosfera kerana suhu yang lebih tinggi dari plat. Kecekapan pengumpul
bergantung pada suhu plat yang dalam bentuk bergantung pada sifat dari aliran bendalir
di dalam tiub, sinaran matahari, suhu persekitaran, kerugian atas pekali, yang nisbah
daripada tenaga radiasi (panas) meninggalkan (yang dipancarkan oleh) permukaan
untuk yang dari hitam permukaan penyerap penutup kaca dan plat, kecerunan, dan lain-
lain Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh nisbah daripada
tenaga radiasi (panas) meninggalkan (yang dipancarkan oleh) permukaan untuk yang
dari hitam permukaan penyerap permukaan penyerap, suhu persekitaran, jarak antara
penutup kaca dan permukaan penyerap pada kecekapan dari pengumpul plat datar.
Pengaruh parameter operasi pada pengumpul plat datar adalah berangka dipelajari.
Kaedah untuk mengurangkan kerugian dan membandingkan dengan prestasi pengumpul
tabung dievakuasi (ETC) yang dicadangkan dengan menggunakan perisian FORTRAN.
Persamaan berkaitan dari kajian sebelum ini telah dimasukkan ke dalam kod
FORTRAN bagi mendapatkan data. Pengaruh nisbah daripada tenaga radiasi (panas)
meninggalkan (yang dipancarkan oleh) permukaan untuk yang dari hitam permukaan
penyerap, suhu persekitaran, jarak antara plat penyerap dan kaca penutup pada pekali
perpindahan haba mencapah, kerugian atas keseluruhan pekali secara teori dijangka.
Kerugian atas pekali keseluruhan pada pengumpul plat mendatar juga secara teori telah
ditetapkan. Hal ini dapat diamati bahawa kerugian atas pekali untuk pengumpul plat
mendatar di mana adalah antara 2.59 Wm-2
K-1
hingga 3.87 Wm -2
K-1
sedangkan untuk
pengumpul tabung dievakuasi adalah 0.7 Wm-2
K-1
hingga 1.04 Wm-2
K-1
, ketika suhu
plat 300K sampai 350K.
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
SUPERVISOR’S DECLARATION ii
STUDENT’S DECLARATION iii
DEDICATION iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v
ABSTRACT vi
ABSTRAK vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS viii
LIST OF TABLES xi
LIST OF FIGURES xii
LIST OF SYMBOLS xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xv
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Background of the Study 2
1.3 Problem Statement of the Study 3
1.4 Objective of the Study 4
1.5 Scope of the Study 4
CHAPTER2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction 5
2.2 Solar Energy 5
2.2.1 History of Solar Energy 6
2.2.2 Solar Radiation in Malaysia 6
2.2.3 Advantages and Limitation of Solar Energy 9
2.3 Solar Collector 11
2.3.1 Material for Solar Energy Collectors 11
2.3.1.1 Diathermanous Materials (Glazing) 12
2.3.1.2 Absorber Plates 14
2.3.1.3 Selective Absorber 15
ix
2.3.1.4 Thermal Insulation 16
2.3.2 Solar Collector choice 17
2.3.2 Types of Solar Collectors 17
2.4 Flat Plate Solar Collector 19
2.4.1 Components of Flat Plate Solar Collector 20
2.4.1.1 Absorber Plate 21
2.4.2 Principal of Flat Plate Solar Collector 22
2.4.3 Operation of Flat Plate Solar Collector 23
2.5 Evacuated Tube Collector 24
2.5.1 Operation of Evacuated Tube Collector 25
2.6 FORTRAN Software 26
2.6.1 Why Learn FORTRAN 27
2.6.2 FORTRAN 77 Basics 27
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 29
3.2 Methodology Flow Chart 30
3.3 Gather the information
3.3.1 Information from Internet 31
3.3.2 Information from Reference Books 31
3.3.3 Information from Related Person 32
3.4 Find Suitable Equation and Coding
3.4.1 Overall Loss Coefficient of Heat Transfer Correlations 32
3.4.2 Top Loss Coefficient 34
3.4.3 Heat Transfer Coefficient between Indicated Parallel
Surfaces 36
3.4.4 Heat Transfer Coefficient at the Top Cover 37
3.4.5 Bottom Loss Coefficient 38
3.4.5 Side Loss Coefficient 39
3.4.2 Modified Equation from Previous Researchers 40
3.5 Numerical Studied Performance 42
3.6 Data Collection 42
3.7 Data Analysis 43
x
CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction 44
4.2 Data Collection from the FORTRAN Software
4.2.1 Data Analysis for Flat Plate Collector 45
4.2.2 Comparison between flat plate collector (FPC) with
evacuated tube collector (ETC) 51
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusion 53
5.2 Recommendations 54
REFERENCES 55
APPENDICES
A Program for FPC 57
B Program for ETC 63
C Gantt chart for FYP 1 69
D Gantt chart for FYP 2 70
xi
LIST OF TABLES
Table No Table Page
2.1 Transmittances for various glazing materials when the direct
solar beam 13
2.2 Solar absorptance, Infrared emittance and Reflectance for
various surfaces 15
2.3 Selective absorbers can be manufactured that approach this
ideal, and several are available commercially 16
4.1 Range of Parameters 45
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No Title Page
2.1 Average solar radiation (MJ/m2/day) 7
2.2 Details about solar flat plate collector 19
2.3 Sketch of a flat-plate collector 20
2.4 Absorber 22
2.5 Operation of flat plate solar collector 23
2.6 Detail about evacuated tube collector 24
2.7 The example of evacuated tube collector 25
2.8 Cross section area of a evacuated tube collector 26