An Analysis Implicature in Activity of Transaction at KOPMA AL-FATA STAIN Curup PROPOSAL This Proposal is submitted to fulfill the requirement for ‘Sarjana’ degree in English Language Education Mengetahui, Dosen Pembimbing Akademik Hendra Harmi, M.Pd NIP.19751108 200312 1001 Pemohon, Raga Buana NIM. 0655105
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An Analysis Implicature in Activity of Transaction
at KOPMA AL-FATA STAIN Curup
PROPOSAL
This Proposal is submitted to fulfill the requirement
for ‘Sarjana’ degree in English Language Education
Mengetahui,
Dosen Pembimbing Akademik
Hendra Harmi, M.Pd
NIP.19751108 200312 1001
Pemohon,
Raga Buana
NIM. 0655105
ENGLISH TADRIS STUDY PROGRAM
EDUCATION (TARBIYAH) DEPARTMENT
STATE COLLEGE OF ISLAMIC STUDIES
(STAIN) CURUP
2009
A. Backround of The Research
Language is the equipment of the communication used by human being.
There is not any people do not use the language because language is important in
social interaction. Language is used when man communicates to others to
convey a purpose when they meet others or themselves. Djoko kentjono
mentions language is an arbitrary by the members of social groups to work
together, communicate, and identify1.The language as an arbitrary is generated
by human`s tool of speech is a natural phenomenon, but the language as an
equipment of social interaction in human society is a social phenomenon2.
Human can not separate from the language because the language is a tool
used to establish a social interaction. Communication activity involves not only a
participant, but also involves other participants. In order to participants to
understand each other's utterance, therefore it must has a good cooperation.
Cooperation is a common background knowledge of participants. If the
participant in the speech event does not understand the purpose of speech, it will
be able to create a distorted interpretation and the message conveyed by the
speaker can not be received well.
Speech between student and officer at KOPMA Al-Fatah STAIN Curup
in the speech event that occurs in transaction. There is not only has a literal
meaning, but also unliteral meaning. George Yule (1985:91) mentions the natural
and unnatural meaning. To understand unnatural meaning in the speech between
student and officer KOPMA Al-Fatah STAIN Curup that is needed explaning
by Pragmatic. According to Yule (1996:3) pragmatic is the study of speaker
meaning, contextual meaning, how more gets communicated than is said, the
expression of relative distance.
For first example
1 Abdul Chaer, Linguistik umum, Penerbit Rineka Cipta.Jakarta.2007.P322 Abdul Chaer, Kajian Bahasa, Struktur Internal, Pemakaian dan Pemelajaran, Penerbit
Rineka Cipta.Jakarta.2007.P9
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Examples of speech above has a unliteral meaning beside the literal
meaning. So that 'what is speak' and 'what is meant' are different. So how the
listener interpreted it. This condition is commonly called implicature. Abdul
Chaer (2004:59) said that Implicature is the relationship between utterances that
said by two men were talking. This relation does not understand literally, but
only implicitly. And Yule (1996:34) mention that when the listener hears the
expression, she first has to assume that the speaker is being cooperative and
intends to communicate something. That something must be more than just what
the words mean. It is additional conveyed, meaning.
So, Implicature be easily understood by speaker and hearer if they have
shared experiences and knowledge.
Based on explaining above, It is very interesting to be studied, because it is
an action as to inform, request, offer and so on. As shown in the example at the
beginning of this description. This is because speech delivered by officer and
student at these examples have unliteral meaning and the literal meaning, is
usually called implicature. This has encouraged researcher to examine an anylisis
implicature in transaction between student and officer at KOPMA Al-Fatah
STAIN Curup.
B. Identification of the Problem
The research “An analysis Implicature in transaction between student and
officer at KOPMA Alfatah STAIN Curup”. Can identificated as follow :
1. Implicature is covered by pragmatic analysis.
2. Implicature is part of speech act in the particular speech event.
3. Implicature have functions in various contexts.
4. In using implicature everyday often done that based on violations of the principle
of cooperation.
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This research including in pragmatic research. It is said that because this study
focuses primarily explained nonliteral meaning that depend on context of the
interaction between student and officer in transaction. Unliteral meaning is always
different from the meaning of building a speech that made between student and
officer.
In term of pragmatic studies, this research is expected to produce a
description of form of implicature, implication pragmatic of speech of implicature,
the function of implicature and the violation of cooperative principle in using
implicature form between student and officer in transaction at KOPMA Al-fatah
STAIN Curup.
In terms of the teaching English, the results of this study is expected to be
used as teaching materials in English language teaching, especially in learning that
associated with the pragmatic subject in the colleges, especially STAIN Curup
College.
C. Scope of the Research
This study will only focus on the Implicature of the utterances from the
interaction between officer with student in transaction at KOPMA Al-Fatah STAIN
Curup. The aspects that will be discussed are the utterance implicature form, the
implicature, the function of implicature, and the violation of the principle of
cooperation in using implicature.
D. The Research Question
As the problems in this research is "How implicature form of the transaction
between the student and officer at KOPMA Al-Fatah STAIN Curup? The problem
will divided in the following :
1) What are kinds of implicature in interaction between student and officer at
KOPMA Al-fatah ?
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2) How the implicature of the utterance in interaction between student and
officer at KOPMA Al-fatah. ?
E. The Objectives of the Research
1. To Identify kinds implicature in interaction between student and officer.
2. To find out the implicature in interaction between student and officer.
F. The Operational Definition
- Implicature
Yule (1996) mention that when the listener hears the expression, she first has to
assume that the speaker is being cooperative and intends to communicate
something. That something must be more than just what the words mean. It is
additional conveyed, meaning.
G. Significan of The Research
The result of this study is expected the useful for :
1. Students
The result of this research can hopefully help the students to understand
more about implicature, by doing so they will have good awareness in producing
utterances especially in interaction.
2. English Teachers
The result of this research can hopefully improve the lecturers of STAIN
Curup in implementing various strategies to teach pragmatic.
3. The Researcher
The result of this research can hopefully the researcher have more
knowledge about implicature and the researcher can increase and improve ability
in the pragmatic study. Additionally, it will enrich the literature in pragmatic
research specifically research on implicature.
II. Riview of The Related Literature
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a. Riview of The Related Finding
In previous studies there was only one study related to my research, the
study of cooperative principle by using a pragmatic analysis. By Deli Susanti (2009)
entitled: "A Pragmatics Analysis on the violation of Cooperative Principle (a
documentary study on the movie Pride and Prejudice)". The conclusion obtained
from these studies that indicates the cooperative principle is not accepted proofed by
the violation of the maxims in the movie Pride and Prejudice 3. So about my research
is not researched by researcher before.
b. Riview of the Related Theories
To understand this study, the researcher presented the theories that support
the development of this research, as for these theories are :
1. Pragmatic Theory
Leech (1993) mentions that pragamatic can be defined as the study of the
meaning of speech in certain situations. While, Yule (1996) deals to pragmatic is
the study of speaker meaning, contextual meaning, how more gets communicated
than is said, the expression of relative distance. Pragmatics teaches people about
communicative meaning4.
In this study based on existing theory, this pragmatic study with the
purpose of speech analysis unit implicature, the pragmatic meaning of the
definition given in conjunction with speaker of the language. So that researcher
analyze and describe the purpose of the speech spoken by speaker on. And the
advantage of studying language via pragmatic that can talk about people`s
intended meanings, their assumptions, their purposes or goals, and the kind of
action for example : “request”. That they are performing when they speak.
3 Deli Susanti, A Staff in office of English Study Program , interview, curup, 12 th of January 2010
4 Leffy Noviyenti, Diktat, Mata Kuliah Langguage Research.2003.STAIN Curup
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2. The Implicature
a. Definition of Implicature = Apa ESENSI OPERASIOTAL DFNSION????
Yule mention that when the listener hears the expression, she first has to
assume that the speaker is being cooperative and intends to communicate
something. That something must be more than just what the words mean. It is
additional conveyed, meaning called an implicature. Implicature is the implied
meaning of the utterance of a sentence in a context, although the meaning is not a
part or the fulfillment of what is spoken. Also Implicature can be interpreted as
meaning the implications of the pragmatic force of an utterance, either in speaking
or in writing. Implicature is analyzing the activities of the hidden meaning of a
speech that delivered by Speaker.
Yule (1996) said that there are two types of Implicature, namely
conventional implicature and konversasional implicature.
Implicature can bridge between what is spoken by speaker with what the
meaning of an utterance, it references to assumpt the principles of utterance that is
used. Furthermore, Grice (1975) (in Yule 1996:37) suggests that Implicature
basically related to the cooperative principles of pragmatic. cooperative principles
are the cooperation between speaker with hearer in a conversation. it meants that
between speaker and hearer expect the implications for the meaning of the speech
can be understood by the hearer. The implicature said by Grice is the utterance
has differences with the action in fact. Implicature can to provide a functional
explanation some linguistic fact that relate relating to the context of a speech,
there are principles such as cooperation Principle.
b. Variety Implicature
George Yule (1996:35) mentions implicature divided into two types
namely Implicature conventional and nonconventional Implicature. Conventional
Implicature in contrast to all the conversational implicature , convensional
implicature is not based on the cooperative principle or maxim. They have not to
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occur in conversation and they do not depend on special context for their
interpretation. So conventional implicature derived directly from the meaning of
the word (which is heard), instead the principle of conversation. It means that the
conventional implicature is the literal meaning as expressed with the formal
elements of structural sentence. while implicature conversationa is an illocution
act that it`s mplication of pragmatic from the principles of conversation.
3. Cooperative Principle
Through the implicature theory, we have known two kinds of theories. In
the natural meaning and unnatural meaning.
The principle used in the conversation of four maxims. By Yule (1996)
fourth maxim are as follow5 :
1. Maxim quantity
a. Make your contribution as informative as is required
b. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required
2. Maxim quality
a. Do not say what you what you believe to be false
b. Do not say that for which you lack edequate evidence
3. Relation be relevan
4. Manner be perspicuous
a. Avoid obscurity of wxpression
b. Avoid ambiguity
c. Be brief
d. Be orderly
Leech (1993) comment on that maxim as a constraint in using the
language.The maxims apply in different contexts, there is no principle that is
absolutely true. On the other hand, it is not true at all. maxim can against to each
other and can be violated without eliminating the type of action driven. 5 Ibid; P37
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commented that it is precisely because it is necessary the pragmatic to explain
how the different communities use these maxims.
J. Context
Speech is always realized in a particular context. Context holds an
important role in interpreting the meaning of the speech because the meaning of
the speech is variety in different contexts. in other words, an utterance can mean
completely different from that intended by speaker that due to differences in the
context of utterance in progress. The ability to interpret the meaning of the speech
is in many ways dependent on the heare`s ability to connect the speech with the
surrounding context.
The details in this context to note are as follows.
First, the linguistic context or co-text (Yule, 1996). Co-text of a word is a
group of other words that are used in the same a phrase or sentence . Co-text has a
strong influence on the interpretation of the meaning of the spoken word. For
example, the word 'bisa' as a homonym, in the sentence 'Ular itu memiliki bisa'
and 'anak itu bisa mengerjakan soal itu' has a Different meanings. How do know
the meaning contained in it? Usually to find out based on linguistic context.
Second, the physical context which involves the characteristics possessed
by people, object, animal or physical characteristic related to foreign ownership.
If there is a snake charmer is holding the snake and taking something from the
mouth of the snake, he is saying ''Bisanya sudah tidak berbahaya lagi ", the
meaning of the word 'bisa' can be interpreted from the context.
Third, which is also related to the context of the speech situation and
speech event. The speech situation include anyone speaker and hearer, the context
of speech, and speech purposes.
This theory can be used to know the function of speech that is spoken by
the student of STAIN Curup in the transaction.
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III. Research Methodology
A. Kind of the Research
This research is Pragmatic analysis represented in qualitative
way. This study examined the form of implicature in transaction between
student and officer. Qualitative is research that intend to understand the
phenomenon of what is experienced by subject such as behavior, perception,
motivation, action, etc.. In a holistic manner and description in form of words
and language, in a specific context by exploiting the natural and scientific
methods6. So with this theory, surely rearcher would be able to find meaning
in the language used in a transaction, because the meaning of language which
researcher want to know is the phenomenon that has not been in touch by
previous researcher where the student and officer do the transaction with the
language and they have a special context on each transaction, so it needs to be
described as holistic.
Qualitative approach have the characteristics of (a) natural
background, (b) descriptive, (c) prioritize the process than results, and (d)
inductive data analysis7.
Natural background, the research data that is derived from
communication events and situations that take place naturally in the
transaction between student and officer. There is no attempt by researcher to
control subjects, both inside and outside the room. Therefore, data collection
strategy unknown by student and officer.
a descriptive, refer to the data collected through description discourse
in the transaction. Data are equipped with the context of interaction. Context
description strived to reach the small things. such as time, place, and position
of participant. The result of data analysis are reported in the form of a