PENGARUH INTENSITAS PENERANGAN TERHADAP KELELAHAN MATA PADA TENAGA KERJA DI BAGIAN PENGEPAKAN PT. IKAPHARMINDO PUTRAMAS JAKARTA TIMUR

7/31/2019 PENGARUH INTENSITAS PENERANGAN TERHADAP KELELAHAN MATA PADA TENAGA KERJA DI BAGIAN PENGEPAKAN PT…

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TLEGBQ\M NESLEXNSBX TLELQBEGBE SLQMBCBT

JLILIBMBE OBSB TBCB SLEBGB JLQ@B CN ABGNBE

TLEGLTBJBE TS% NJBTMBQONECK T\SQBOBX

@BJBQSB SNO\Q

XJQNTXN

\es|j Olole|mn Tlqx~bqbsbe

Olotlqkilm Glibq Xbq`beb Xbne Slqbtbe

TQKGQBO CNTIKOB NV JLXLMBSBE JLQ@B

FBJ\ISBX JLCKJSLQBE \ENVLQXNSBX XLALIBX OBQLS

X\QBJBQSB

1424

FBSMKEN FNQOBEX^BM

Q4146448



nn

TLEGLXBMBE XJQNTXN

Xjqntxn clegbe `|c|i 0 Tlegbq|m Gninqbe Jlq`b Slqmbcbt Jlilibmbe Jlq`bTbcb Tleglo|cn A|x cn Slqonebi Snqskebcn X|qbjbqsb

Fbsobwbsn T|xtnsbxbqn) Q414<423) Sbm|e 144>

Slibm cn|`n cbe x|cbm cnxbmjbe cnmbcbtbe Clwbe Tleg|`n Xjqntxn

Tqkgqbo CNV Jlxlmbsbe Jlq`b Fbj|isbx Jlckjslqbe \envlqxnsbx Xlalibx Obqls)

X|qbjbqsb%

Tbcb mbqn 0 ) Sbeggbi @|in 144>

2% Tloanoaneg \sbob

Ebob 0 Lsn Tkehkqnen Tbo|egjxbqn) cq) OTcJlc

ENT 0 2>7<4822 144121 1 441 - [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ .

1% Tloanoaneg Tlecbotneg Ebob 0 Qlen Wn`b~besn) cq

ENT 0 / - [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ .

8% Tleg| n \sbob

Ebob 0 X|obqcn~kek) XJO) O%Jlx

ENT 0 2>6<4746 2>==48 2 441 - [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ .

X|qbjbqsb)%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

Sno Xjqntxn Jls|b Tqkgqbo

C%NV Jlxlmbsbe Jlq`b FJ \EX

Vnsqn Wnc~benegxnm) cq% T|s| X|qn~bxb) cq) OX) TJJ) Xt%Kj%

ENT%2>=14318 144=42 1 422 ENT 0 2>3=224< 2>=222 442



nn

TLQE^BSBBE

Clegbe nen ole~bsbjbe abmwb cbibo xjqntxn nen sncbj slqcbtbs jbq~b ~beg tlqebm

cnb`|jbe |es|j olotlqkilm glibq jlxbq`bebbe cn x|bs| Tlqg|q|be Sneggn) cbe

xltbe`beg tleglsbm|be xb~b `|gb sncbj slqcbtbs jbq~b bsb| tlecbtbs ~beg tlqebm

cns|inx bsb| cnslqansjbe kilm kqbeg ibne) jlh|bin xlhbqb slqs|inx cnbh| cbibo ebxjbm

cbe cnxla|sjbe cbibo cbfsbq t|xsbjbbe%

X|qbjbqsb) @|in 144>

E|q Benpbj

ENO% Q414<41=



nn

BAXSQBJ

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Jlabjjqbobs) Jbqbegbe~bq% Tqkgqbo Cntikob NV Jlxlmbsbe Jlq`b Fbj|isbx

Jlckjslqbe \envlqxnsbx Xlalibx Obqls X|qbjbqsb%

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Jbqbegbe~bq cn`|otbn neslexnsbx tlelqbegbe cnslotbs jlq`b j|qbeg cbqn xsbecbq

xlhbqb slkqn cbtbs ole~labajbe jlilibmbe obsb tbcb slebgb jlq`b cn abgnbe

hkesqki qkko cbe wkqjxmkt%

Tlelinsnbe nen alqs|`|be |es|j oleglsbm|n tlegbq|m neslexnsbx tlelqbegbe

slqmbcbt jlilibmbe obsb tbcb jbq~bwbe cn TS% Neck Bhncbsbob Saj)

Jbqbegbe~bq%

@lenx tlelinsnbe ~beg cng|ebjbe bcbibm kaxlqvbxnkebi bebinsnj clegbe

tlecljbsbe hqkxx xlhsnkebi% X|a`lj Tlelinsnbee~b bcbibm 1< slebgb jlq`b abgnbehkesqki qkko cbe 2< slebgb jlq`b abgnbe Wkqjxmkt clegbe olegg|ebjbe

t|qtkxnvl xbotineg cbe qbecko xbotineg% Sljenj tleg|ot|ibe cbsbe~b ~bns|

clegbe olibj|jbe tleg|j|qbe ibegx|eg cnslotbs tlelinsnbe cbe clegbe

olibj|jbe wbwbehbqb slqmbcbt slebgb jlq`b% Sljenj tlegkibmbe cbe bebinxnx cbsb

cnibj|jbe clegbe |`n xsbsnxsnj Necltlecles Xbotlix S slxs clegbe olegg|ebjbe

tqkgqbo jkot|slq XTXX vlqxn 24%4% cbibo tlelinsnbe nen cnslsbtjbe snegjbs

xngenfnjbe ><,%

Cn abgnbe hkesqki qkko oloninjn neslexnsbx tlelqbegbe 87<)2 I|} cbe

cnabgnbe wkqjxmkt 227)> I|}% Mbxni j|lxnkelq ole|e`|jjbe abmwb snegjbs

jlilibmbe obsb slebgb jlq`b cnabgnbe hkesqki qkko bcb 3 cbe ~beg sncbj

olegbibon jlilibmbe obsb bcb 12 kqbeg% Cnabgnbe wkqjxmkt slebgb jlq`b ~beg

olegbibon jlilibmbe obsb bcb 21 kqbeg cbe ~beg sncbj olegbibon jlilibmbe

obsb bcb 8 kqbeg%

Xlslibm cnibj|jbe |`n xsbsnxsnj clegbe olskcl Necltlecles Xbotilx S slxs

olibi|n tqkgqbo XTXX vlqxn 24 cntlqkilm mbxni 4)444% Mbi nen alqbqsn mbxni slqxla|s

xngenfnjbe jbqleb 94)4<) xlmneggb cbtbs cnjbsbjbe bcb tlegbq|m besbqb neslexnsbx

tlelqbegbe slqmbcbt jlilibmbe obsb tbcb slebgb jlq`b cnabgnbe hkesqki qkko cbe

wkqjxmkt cn TS% Neck Bhncbsbob Saj) Jbqbegbe~bq%

Cbqn mbxni tlelinsnbe cbtbs cnxnot|ijbe abmwb abgnbe hkesqki qkko

oloninjn neslexnsbx tlelqbegbe ~beg xsbecbq xlx|bn clegbe Jlt|s|xbe Oleslqn

Jlxlmbsbe Qlt|ainj Neckelxnb Ekokq 234<+OLEJLX+XJ+]N+1441 cbe TOT Ek%

7 Sbm|e 2>63) xlcbegjbe cnabgnbe wkqjxmkt olot|e~bn neslexnsbx tlelqbegbe

j|qbeg cbqn xsbecbq xlmneggb ob~kqnsbx slebgb jlq`b olegbibon jlilibmbe obsb%Cbqn mbxni |`n xsbsnxsnj jlc|b abgnbe slqxla|s cncbtbsjbe mbxni ~beg xngenfnjbe%

Jbsb J|ehn 0 Neslexnsbx tlelqbegbe) Jlilibmbe obsb%



nn

TQBJBSB

T|`n x~|j|q jlmbcnqbs Biibm XWS bsbx qbmobs cbe anoanegbe/E~b

xlmneggb tle|inx cbtbs ole~lilxbnjbe xjqntxn clegbe `|c|i ‟ Tlegbq|m Neslexnsbx

Tlelqbegbe Slqmbcbt Jlilibmbe Obsb Tbcb Slebgb Jlq`b Abgnbe Tlegltbjbe Cn

TS% Njbtmbqoneck T|sqbobx @bjbqsb Sno|q‟%

Xjqntxn nen anxb xlilxbn jbqleb abes|be cbqn alqabgbn tnmbj) |es|j ns|

tle|inx oleg|hbtjbe slqnob jbxnm jltbcb 0

2% Abtbj Tqkf% Cq% M% B%B% X|an`besk) cq%) O%X%) xlibj| Cljbe Fbj|isbx

Jlckjslqbe \envlqxnsbx Xlalibx Obqls X|qbjbqsb%

1% Abtbj T|s| X|q~bxb) cq%) OX) T%J%J) Xt%Kj%) xlibj| Jls|b Tqkgqbo C%NV

Jlxlmbsbe Jlq`b Fbj|isbx Jlckjslqbe \envlqxnsbx Xlalibx Obqls X|qbjbqsb%

8% Na| Xnsn \sbqn) Hq) Cqb%) O%Jlx% xlibj| tloanoaneg N ~beg slibm oloalqnjbe

anoanegbe xlibob tle~|x|ebe xjqntxn nen%3% Na| Xlvnbeb Qlebwbsn) XJO% xlibj| tloanoaneg NN ~beg slibm oloalqnjbe

anoanegbe xlibob tle~|x|ebe xjqntxn nen%

<% Na| I|xn Nxob~lesn) XS%) O%Jlx% xlibj| tleg| n ~beg slibm oloalqnjbe

obx|jbe cbibo xjqntxn nen%

6% Abtbj A|cn Xbeskxk cbe xlo|b slebgb jlq`b abgnbe tlegltbjbe TS%

Njbtmbqoneck T|sqbobx @bjbqsb Sno|q ~beg slibm abe~bj oloabes| xlibob

tlelinsnbe nen%

7% B~bm) na|) jbjbj cbe bcnj ~beg slibm oloalqnjbe jbxnm xb~beg) ckb cbe

c|j|egbe jltbcb tle|inx%

=% Xbqn Xqn Xbjsn B`n) Clen Xlsnbwbe) Bqnx X|ebecbq xlqsb qljbe/qljbe C%NV

Jlxlmbsbe Jlq`b begjbsbe 1446 cbe xlo|b tnmbj ~beg slibm oloabes| cbibo

tle~|x|ebe xjqntxn nen%

Xjqntxn nen obxnm `b|m cbqn xlot|qeb% Tle|inx xbegbs olegmbqbtjbe xbqbe

cbe jqnsnj ~beg oloabeg|e cbqn tloabhb xljbinbe% Xlokgb xjqntxn nen anxb

alqobefbbs abgn hnvnsbx bjbclonjb Tqkgqbo C%NV Jlxlmbsbe Jlq`b Fbj|isbx

Jlckjslqbe \envlqxnsbx Xlalibx Obqls X|qbjbqsb) |es|j oleboabm wbwbxbe nio|

cnancbeg jlxlibobsbe cbe jlxlmbsbe jlq`b%

X|qbjbqsb) 7 @|en 1424

Tle|inx



nn

’Hnes b s ncbj ololqi|j be btb ‘ btb xlibne cnqn e~b) jbqleb hnes b x|cbm h|j|t olehlqonejbe xlgbibe~b‟

‟ E lvlq s qk|ail)bak|s s qk|ail) |es ni s qk|ail) s qk|ail s qk|ailx ~k|‟



nn

JBSB TLEGBESBQ

T|`n x~|j|q tle|inx |hbtjbe jltbcb Biibm XWS bsbx xlo|b qbmobs cbe

enjobs/E~b ~beg slibm cninotbmjbe xlmneggb tle|inx cbtbs ole~lilxbnjbe xjqntxn

clegbe `|c|i ‟Tlegbq|m Jlanxnegbe Slqmbcbt Cle~|s Ebcn Jbq~bwbe Cnebx

Tlqm|a|egbe cn Slqonebi Snqskebcn X|qbjbqsb‟ Ibtkqbe tlelinsnbe nen cnx|x|e

|es|j s|gbx bjmnq cbe xlabgbn xbibm xbs| x~bqbs |es|j ole~lilxbnjbe tlecncnjbe

cn Tqkgqbo C NV Jlxlmbsbe Jlq`b \envlqxnsbx Xlalibx Obqls X|qbjbqsb xlqsb

|es|j olole|mn tlqx~bqbsbe olotlqkilm glibq Xbq`beb Xbne Slqbtbe%

Tle~|x|ebe xjqntxn nen sncbj bjbe alqmbxni sbetb abes|be cbe c|j|egbe cbqn

alqabgbn tnmbj) abnj alqxnfbs obslqnbi ob|t|e xtnqns|bi% \es|j ns| tle|inx

ole~botbnjbe slqnob jbxnm jltbcb 0

2% Abtbj Tqkf% Cq% cq% M% B% B% X|an~besk) OX) Xlibj| cljbe Fbj|isbx

Jlckjslqbe \envlqxnsbx Xlalibx Obqls%1% Abtbj T|s| X|qn~bxb) cq% OX) TJJ) Xt% Kj) xlibj| jls|b tqkgqbo CNV

Jlxlmbsbe Jlq`b \envlqxnsbx Xlalibx Obqls%

8% Na| Lsn Tkehkqnen Tbo|egjbxbqn) cq%) Otc%Jlc) xlibj| ckxle tloanoaneg

xjqntxn N ~beg slibm oloalqnjbe abes|be cbe anoanegbe cbibo qbegjb

tle~|x|ebe ibtkqbe nen%

3% Na| Qlen Wn b~besn) cq% xlibj| ckxle tloanoaneg xjqntxn NN ~beg slibm

oloalqnjbe abes|be cbe anoanegbe cbibo qbegjb tle~|x|ebe ibtkqbe nen%

<% Abtbj X|obqcn~kek) XJO) O% Jlx) xlibj| tleg|`n ~beg slibm oloalqnjbe

abe~bj obx|jbe cbibo tlibjxbebbe tlelinsnbe nen%

6% Na| T|qwben) xlibj| jltbib X|a Abgnbe Sbsb\xbmb \TSC Slonebi jksb

X|qbjbqsb) ~beg slibm oloalqn jlxlotbsbe jltbcb tle|inx |es|j

olibjxbebjbe tlelinsnbe%%

7% Abtbj) Na|) jbjbj) bcnjj| cbe kqbeg/kqbeg slqcljbs ~beg bj| xb~begn) bsbx

xlgbib ckb) hnesb) c|j|egbe) cbe oksnvbxne~b xlmneggb tle|inx cbtbs

ole~lilxbnjbe xjqntxn nen clegbe ibehbq%

=% Slobe/slobe begjbsbe 144< bsbx jlalqxbobbee~b xlibob nen%

>% Xlo|b tnmbj ~beg sncbj xlotbs tle|inx xla|sjbe xbs| tlqxbs|%

Tle|inx ole~bcbqn abmwb cbibo tle|inxbe ibtkqbe tlelinsnbe nen obxnm

abe~bj jlj|qbegbe% Kilm jbqleb ns|) tle|inx olegmbqbtjbe jqnsnj cbe xbqbe ~beg

alqxnfbs oloabeg|e%

Tle|inx alqmbqbt xlokgb ibtkqbe tlelinsnbe nen cbtbs oloalqnjbe obefbbs)

abnj abgn tle|inx ob|t|e obmbxnxwb ~beg oloa|s|mjbe%

X|qbjbqsb) @|in 144>

Tle|inx



nn

CBFSBQ NXN

MBIBOBE @\C\I%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% n

MBIBOBE MBIBOBE TLEGLXBMBE %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% nn

MBIBOBE TLQE^BSBBE %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% nnn

BAXSQBJ%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% nv

BAXSQBHS%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% v

JBSB TLEGBESBQ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% vn

CBFSBQ NXN%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% vnn

CBFSBQ SBALI%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% n}

CBFSBQ IBOTNQBE%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% }

ABA N TLECBM\I\BE

B% Ibsbq Alibjbeg Obxbibm %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 2A% Q|o|xbe Obxbibm%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 1

H% S|`|be Tlelinsnbe%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 1

C% Obefbbs Tlelinsnbe%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 1

ABA NN IBECBXBE SLKQN

B% Sne`b|be T|xsbjb%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 3

A% Jlqbegjb Tlonjnqbe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >

H% Mntkslxnx %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 24

ABA NNN OLSKCL TLELINSNBE

B% @lenx Tlelinsnbe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 22

A% Ikjbxn cbe Wbjs| Tlelinsnbe%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 22

H% X|a`lj Tlelinsnbe%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 22

C% Sljenj Xbotineg%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 21L% Nclesnfnjbxn Vbqnbali Tlelinsnbe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 28

F% Clfnenxn Ktlqbxnkebi Vbqnbali Tlelinsnbe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 28

G% Clxbne Tlelinsnbe%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 2<

M% Nexsq|ole Tlelinsnbe%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 2<

N% Sljenj Tlegkibmbe cbe Bebinxnx Cbsb%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 26

ABA NV MBXNI TLELINSNBE…………………………………………%%% 27

ABA V TLOABMBXBE%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 2>

ABA VN JLXNOT\IBE CBE XBQBE

B% Jlxnot|ibe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 18

A% Xbqbe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 18

CBFSBQ T\XSBJB



nn



nn

CBFSBQ ABGBE

Abgbe 2% Jlqbegjb Tlonjnqbe%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 2=

Abgbe 1% Jlqbegjb Vbqnbali %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 11

Abgbe 8% Clxbne Tlelinsnbe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 16



nn

CBFSBQ SBALI

Sbali 2% Xsbecbq Snegjbs Tlehbmb~bbe Ole|q|s Jltolejlx Ek% 234< Sbm|e

1441

Sbali 1% Xsbecbq Snegjbs Tlehbmb~bbe Ole|q|s TOT Ek% 7 Sbm|e 2>63

Sbali 8% Enibn tbes|ibe qlfiljsbe ~beg cnbe`|qjbe

Sbali 3% Cbfsbq qlxtkecle alqcbxbqjbe |o|q cnabgnbe hkesqki qkko

Sbali <% Cbfsbq qlxtkecle alqcbxbqjbe obxb jlq`b cnabgnbe hkesqki qkko

Sbali 6% Cbfsbq qlxtkecle alqcbxbqjbe |o|q cnabgnbe wkqjxmkt

Sbali 7% Cbfsbq qlxtkecle alqcbxbqjbe obxb jlq`b cnabgnbe wkqjxmkt

Sbali =% Mbxni tleg|j|qbe jlilibmbe obsb clegbe j|lxnkelq

Sbali >% Mbxni |`n xsbsnxsnj Necltlecles Xbotilx S slxs



nn

CBFSBQ IBOTNQBE

Ibotnqbe 2% Sbali Tleg|j|qbe Jlanxnegbe cbe Cle~|s Ebcn

Ibotnqbe 1% Mbxni Wbwbehbqb Tlgbwbn Cnxm|a

Ibotnqbe 8% Mbxni |`n Necltlecles Xbotil S/slxs

Ibotnqbe 3% Sbali s tbcb sbqbf Xngenfnjbexn 4)4< -2 ljkq. cbe 4)41< -1 ljkq.

Ibotnqbe <% X|qbs Jlslqbegbe Cnebx Tlqm|a|egbe \TSC Slqonebi



nn

ABA N

TLECBM\I\BE

B% Ibsbq Alibjbeg Obxbibm

Qljkolecbxn ancbeg jlxlmbsbe slibm olelsbtjbe vnxn tloabeg|ebe

jlxlmbsbe clegbe okssk ’Neckelxnb Xlmbs 1424‟% Tlehbtbnbe Neckelxnb xlmbs

1424 tlqi| cnc|j|eg kilm x|oalq cb~b obe|xnb ~beg xlmbs) olegnegbs

jlxlmbsbe bcbibm xnxn slqtlesneg cbibo jlmnc|tbe -CLTJLX QN) 1448.%

Xlx|bn clegbe \ecbeg/\ecbeg Qlt|ainj Neckelxnb Ekokq 18 sbm|e 2>>1

slesbeg Jlxlmbsbe cnslsbtjbe abmwb jlxlmbsbe bcbibm jlbcbbe xl`bmslqb cbqn

abcbe) `nwb cbe xkxnbi ~beg olo|egjnejbe cbqn xlsnbt kqbeg mnc|t xlhbqb

tqkc|jsnf abnj xkxnbi cbe ljkekon% \es|j ns| |tb~b jlxlmbsbe abgn snbt

necnvnc| tlqi| cn`bgb cbe cnsnegjbsjbe cn obebt|e necnvnc| ns| alqbcb) sncbj

slqjlh|bin cn slotbs jlq`b) jbqleb cn slotbs jlq`b slqcbtbs alqabgbn obhbo

fbjskq fnxnj ~beg cbtbs ole~labajbe jlhlibjbbe jlq`b cbe tle~bjns bjnabs

jlq`b% Xbibm xbs| fbjskq fnxnj ~beg bcb cn slotbs jlq`b ~bns| tlelqbegbe%

Tlelqbegbe ~beg a|q|j cbtbs olegbjnabsjbe jlilibmbe obsb

clegbe alqj|qbege~b cb~b lfnxnlexn jlq`b) jlilibmbe olesbi) jli|mbe/jli|mbe

tlgbi cn cblqbm obsb cbe xbjns jltbib xljnsbq obsb) jlq|xbjbe bibs tleginmbsbe

cbe olenegjbse~b jlhlibjbbe -X|ob„o|q) 144>.%

Tlelqbegbe ~beg abnj bcbibm tlelqbegbe ~beg olo|egjnejbe

slebgb jlq`b cbtbs olinmbs ka`lj ~beg cnjlq`bjbee~b xlhbqb `libx) hltbs cbe

sbetb |tb~b/|tb~b ~beg sncbj tlqi| -X|ob„o|q) 144>.%



nn

Jlilibmbe obsb bcbibm jlslgbegbe tbcb obsb cbe cnxlabajbe kilm

tlegg|ebbe neclqb tleginmbsbe cbibo aljlq`b ~beg ololqi|jbe jlobot|be

|es|j olinmbs cbibo `begjb wbjs| ~beg ibob cbe anbxbe~b cnxlqsbn clegbe

jkecnxn tbecbegbe ~beg sncbj e~bobe -Tmlbxbes) 2>>2.%

Xlx|bn clegbe Jlt|s|xbe Oleslqn Jlxlmbsbe Ek% 234< sbm|e 1441)

slesbeg Tlqx~bqbsbe Inegj|egbe Jlq`b Nec|xsqn) Tlehbmb~bbe cn Q|begbe)

|es|j `lenx jlgnbsbe tljlq`bbe q|sne) xltlqsn 0 tljlq`bbe jbeskq+bconenxsqbxn)

q|beg jkesqki) tljlq`bbe olxne cbe tlqbjnsbe+tle~|x|e snegjbs tlehbmb~bbe

onenobie~b bcbibm 844 I|}%

TS% Njbtmbqoneck T|sqbobx olq|tbjbe tlq|xbmbbe ~beg alqglqbj

cn ancbeg fbqobxn ~beg slqilsbj cn @i% Qb~b T|ik Gbc|eg) Qbwb Slqbsl)

Hbj|eg) @bjbqsb Sno|q% Alqcbxbqjbe x|qvln tlecbm|i|be ~beg cnibj|jbe cn

abgnbe tlegltbjbe) slebgb jlq`b olibj|jbe tljlq`bbe ole~|x|e jl cbibo

ak} cbe ololqnjxb ekokq abshm tqkc|j% Tljlq`bbe nen slqobx|j `lenx

tljlq`bbe ~beg ololqi|jbe jlslinsnbe) xlmneggb ola|s|mjbe neslexnsbx

tlelqbegbe ~beg xlx|bn xsbecbq ~bns| 844 I|}% Tbcb q|beg abgnbe

tlegltbjbe olegg|ebjbe tlelqbegbe a|bsbe -ibot|.% Neslexnsbx tlelqbegbe

cn q|beg abgnbe tlegltbjbe j|qbeg cbqn xsbecbq ~bns| xlalxbq 2<3 I|} cbe

tlelqbegbee~b sncbj olqbsb) xlhbqb slkqn jkecnxn nen cbtbs ole~labajbe

jlilibmbe obsb tbcb slebgb jlq`b tlegltbjbe%

Kilm jbqleb ns|) tlelinsn slqsbqnj |es|j olibj|jbe tlelinsnbe oleglebn

tlegbq|m neslexnsbx tlelqbegbe slqmbcbt jlilibmbe obsb tbcb slebgb jlq`b

abgnbe tlegltbjbe cn TS% Njbtmbqoneck T|sqbobx) @bjbqsb Sno|q%



nn

A% Q|o|xbe Obxbibm

‟ Bcbjbm tlegbq|m neslexnsbx tlelqbegbe slqmbcbt jlilibmbe obsb tbcbslebgb jlq`b abgnbe tlegltbjbe cn TS% Njbtmbqoneck T|sqbobx) @bjbqsb

Sno|q ;‟

H% S|`|be Tlelinsnbe

S|`|be \o|o 0 \es|j oleglsbm|n tlegbq|m neslexnsbx tlelqbegbe slqmbcbt

jlilibmbe obsb tbcb slebgb jlq`b abgnbe tlegltbjbe cn TS%

Njbtmbqoneck T|sqbobx) @bjbqsb Sno|q%

S|`|be Jm|x|x 0 b% \es|j oleglsbm|n alxbqe~b neslexnsbx tlelqbegbe cn

q|beg abgnbe tlegltbjbe TS% Njbtmbqoneck T|sqbobx)

@bjbqsb Sno|q%

a% \es|j oleglsbm|n snegjbs jlilibmbe obsb tbcb slebgbjlq`b abgnbe tlegltbjbe cn TS% Njbtmbqoneck

T|sqbobx) @bjbqsb Sno|q%

C% Obefbbs Tlelinsnbe

2% Slkqnsnx 0

Cnmbqbtjbe xlabgbn tloa|jsnbe slkqn abmwb tlelqbegbe cn slotbs

jlq`b cbtbs olotlegbq|mn jlilibmbe obsb tbcb slebgb jlq`b abgnbe

tlegltbjbe cn TS% Njbtmbqoneck T|sqbobx) @bjnbqsb Sno|q%

1% Btinjbsnf 0

Cnmbqbtjbe tnotnebe tlq|xbmbbe ole~lcnbjbe tlelqbegbe ibot|

~beg abnj -xlx|bn xsbecbq. bgbq slebgb jlq`b slqmnecbq cbqn jlilibmbe obsb%



nn

ABA NN

IBECBXBE SLKQN

B% Sne`b|be T|xsbjb%

2% Neslexnsbx Tlelqbegbe

b% Tleglqsnbe tlelqbegbe cn slotbs jlq b

Neslexnsbx tlelqbegbe bcbibm abe~bje~b hbmb~b ~beg snab tbcb

xbs| i|bx tlqo|jbbe -Bmobcn) 144>.%

Tlelqbegbe alqcbxbq x|oalqe~b cnabgn ole`bcn sngb) tlqsbob

tlelqbegbe bibon ~bns| tlelqbegbe ~beg alqbxbi cbqn hbmb~b obsbmbqn)

jlc|b tlelqbegbe a|bsbe ~bns| tlelqbegbe ~beg alqbxbi cbqn ibot|)

cbe ~beg jlsngb bcbibm tlelqbegbe bibon cbe a|bsbe ~bns|

tleggba|egbe besbqb tlelqbegbe bibon cbqn xnebq obsbmbqn clegbe

ibot|+tlelqbegbe a|bsbe -Hkj Gc Qbn) 1446.%

Ole|q|s Hmneg -2>>6.) bcb sngb olskcl tlelqbegbe) ~bns| 0

tlelqbegbe |o|o) tlelqbegbe ikjbi cbe tlelqbegbe hbmb~b bjxle%

Tlelqbegbe |o|o bsb| ab|q olelqbegn q|begbe xlhbqb olqbsb cbe

|o|oe~b slqbxb ab|q% Tlelqbegbe ikjbi bsb| tlelqbegbe |es|j

jlg|ebbe jm|x|x) olelqbegn xlabgnbe q|beg clegbe x|oalq hbmb~b

anbxbe~b cntbxbeg cljbs clegbe tlqo|jbbe ~beg cnslqbegn% Xlcbegjbe

tlelqbegbe bjxle bcbibm ales|j cbqn tlehbmb~bbe ikjbi ~beg

alqf|egxn ole~nebqn x|bs| slotbs bsb| bjsnvnsbx slqsles| bsb| ka~lj

xlen bsb| jkiljxn alqmbqgb ibnee~b%

Alalqbtb fbjskq ~beg cbtbs olotlegbq|mn tleginmbsbe

ole|q|s C~lq cbe Okqqnx -2>>4.) bcbibm tlqsbob fbjskq |xnb% Clegbe

alqsboabme~b |xnb ole~labajbe ilexb obsb alqbegx|q/begx|q

jlmnibegbe libxsnxnsbxe~b) cbe bgbj jlx|insbe olinmbs tbcb `bqbj cljbs%



nn

Mbi nen bjbe ole~labajbe jlsncbje~bobebe tleginmbsbe jlsnjb

oleglq`bjbe xlx|bs| tbcb `bqbj cljbs) clonjnbe t|ib tleginmbsbe `b|m%

Jlc|b fbjskq tlelqbegbe% I|onebexn bcbibm abe~bje~b hbmb~b ~beg

cntbes|ijbe kilm tlqo|jbbe ka`lj% @|oibm x|oalq hbmb~b ~beg

slqxlcnb `|gb olotlegbq|mn jltljbbe obsb slqmbcbt wbqeb slqsles|%

Snegjbs i|onebexn `|gb bjbe olotlegbq|mn jlobot|be obsb olinmbs

ka`lj gboabq cbe tbcb |xnb s|b cntlqi|jbe neslexnsbx tlelqbegbe ilanm

alxbq |es|j olinmbs ka`lj gboabq% Xlobjne alxbq i|onebexn cbqn

xla|bm ka`lj) qnehnbe ka`lj ~beg cbtbs cninmbs kilm obsb `|gb bjbe

xlobjne alqsboabm% Jlsngb bcbibm fbjskq xnib| -gibql.% Ole|q|s

Gqbec`lbe -2>==.) xnib| bcbibm x|bs| tqkxlx bcbtsbxn ~beg alqilanmbe

tbcb obsb xlabgbn bjnabs cbqn qlsneb slqjleb xnebq ~beg alqilanmbe%

Jllotbs bcbibm fbjskq |j|qbe t|tni% Bgbq `|oibm xnebq ~beg cnslqnob

kilm qlsneb xlx|bn) objb ksks nqnx bjbe olegbs|q |j|qbe t|tni% I|abeg

t|tni `|gb cntlegbq|mn kilm olofkj|xe~b ilexb obsb) oleglhni jlsnjb

ilexb obsb olofkj|x tbcb ka`lj ~beg cljbs% Jlinob bcbibm fbjskq

x|c|s cbe jlsb`bobe tleginmbsbe% X|c|s tleginmbsbe -vnx|bi begil.

cnclfnenxnjbe xlabgbn x|c|s ~beg alqmbcbtbe clegbe ka`lj tbcb obsb%

Cbibo q|beg inegj|t tljlq`bbe) fbjskq ~beg oleles|jbe

bcbibm |j|qbe ka`lj) clqb`bs jkesqbx cn besbqb ka`lj cbe xljlininege~b)

i|onebexn cbqn ibtbegbe tleginmbsbe) ~beg slqgbes|eg cbqn tlelqbegbecbe tlobes|ibe tbcb bqbm xn tlegbobs) xlqsb ibobe~b olinmbs

-X|ob„o|q) 144>.%

a% Xnxslo Tlehbmb~bbe

Ole|q|s Tqba| -144>.) ole~la|sjbe abmwb bcb < xnxslo

tlehbmb~bbe cn q|begbe) ~bns| 0

2. Xnxslo Tlehbmb~bbe Ibegx|eg -cnqlhs ingmsneg.



nn

Tbcb xnxslo nen >4,/244, hbmb~b cnbqbmjbe xlhbqb

ibegx|eg jl alecb ~beg tlqi| cnslqbegn% Xnxslo nen cnenibn tbineg

lfljsnf cbibo olegbs|q tlehbmb~bbe) slsbtn bcb jlilobmbee~b

jbqleb cbtbs olenoa|ijbe abmb~b xlqsb jlxnib|be ~begoleggbegg|) abnj jbqleb tle~nebqbe ibegx|eg ob|t|e jbqleb

tbes|ibe hbmb~b% \es|j lflj ~beg ktsnobi) cnxbqbejbe ibegn/ibegns)

cnecneg xlqsb alecb ~beg bcb cn cbibo q|begbe tlqi| cnalqn wbqeb

hlqbm bgbq sbotbj ole~lgbqjbe%

1. Tlehbmb~bbe Xlon Ibegx|eg -xlon cnqlhs ingmsneg.

Tbcb xnxslo nen 64,/>4, hbmb~b cnbqbmjbe ibegx|eg tbcb

alecb ~beg tlqi| cnslqbegn) xlcbegjbe xnxbe~b cntbes|ijbe jl

ibegns/ibegns cbe cnecneg% Clegbe xnxslo nen jlilobmbe xnxslo

tlehbmb~bbe ibegx|eg cbtbs cnj|qbegn% Cnjlsbm|n abmwb ibegns/

ibegns cbe cnecneg ~beg cntilxslq t|snm oloninjn tlobes|ibe >4,)

btbanib cnhbs t|snm tlobes|ibe besbqb <,/>4,%8. Xnxslo Tlehbmb~bbe Cnf|x -glelqbi cnff|x ingmsneg.

Tbcb xnxslo nen xlslegbm hbmb~b 34,/64, cnbqbmjbe tbcb

alecb ~beg tlqi| cnxnebqn) xlcbegjbe xnxbe~b cntbes|ijbe jl

ibegns/ibegns cbe cnecneg% Cbibo tlehbmb~bbe xnxslo nen slqobx|j

xnxslo cnqlhs/necnqlhs ~bjen olobehbqjbe xlslegbm hbmb~b jl

abwbm cbe xnxbe~b jlbsbx% Tbcb xnxslo nen obxbibm ab~begbe cbe

jlxnib|be obxnm cnslo|n%

3. Xnxslo Tlehbmb~bbe Xlon Sncbj Ibegx|eg -xlon necnqlhs ingmsneg.%

Tbcb xnxslo nen 64,/>4, hbmb~b cnbqbmjbe jl ibegns/ibegns

cbe cnecneg abgnbe bsbx) xlcbegjbe xnxbe~b cnbqbmjbe jl abgnbe

abwbm% \es|j mbxni ~beg ktsnobi cnxbqbejbe ibegns/ibegns tlqi|

cnalqnjbe tlqmbsnbe xlqsb cnqbwbs clegbe abnj% Tbcb xnxslo nen

obxbibm ab~begbe tqbjsnx sncbj bcb xlqsb jlxnib|be cbtbs

cnj|qbegn%

<. Xnxslo Tlehbmb~bbe Sncbj Ibegx|eg -necnqlhs ingmsneg.

Tbcb xnxslo nen >4,/244, hbmb~b cnbqbmjbe jl ibegns/

ibegns cbe cnecneg abgnbe bsbx jlo|cnbe cntbes|ijbe |es|j

olelqbegn xli|q|m q|begbe% Bgbq xli|q|m ibegns/ibegns cbtbs

ole`bcn x|oalq hbmb~b) tlqi| cnalqnjbe tlqmbsnbe cbe

tlolinmbqbbe ~beg abnj% Jl|es|egbe xnxslo nen bcbibm sncbj olenoa|ijbe ab~begbe cbe jlxnib|be xlcbegjbe jlq|gnbee~b

oleg|qbegn lffnxnle hbmb~b sksbi ~beg `bs|m tbcb tlqo|jbbe jlq`b%

h% Xsbecbqs Tlehbmb~bbe cn Q|begbe

Ole|q|s X|ob„o|q -144>.) ole~la|sjbe abmwb jla|s|mbe

neslexnsbx tlelqbegbe slqgbes|eg cbqn `lenx tljlq`bbe ~beg cnibj|jbe%

Tljlq`bbe ~beg oloa|s|mjbe jlslinsnbe x|ins cnibj|jbe anib jlbcbbe



nn

hbmb~b cn slotbs jlq`b sncbj olobcbn% \es|j ilanm `libx) inmbs sbali cn

abwbm nen 0

Sbali 1%2 Snegjbs Tlelqbegbe Alqcbxbqjbe @lenx Tljlq`bbe

@lenx Tljlq`bbe Hkeskm Tljlq`bbeSnegjbs Tlelqbegbe ~beg

Cna|s|mjbe - I|}.

Sncbj slinsn Tlenoa|ebe abqbeg =4/274

Bgbj Slinsn Tlobxbegbe -sbj slinsn. 274/8<4

Slinsn Oloabhb) oleggboabq 8<4/744

Xbegbs slinsn Tlobxbegbe 744/2444

X|oalq 0 Mnglel Tlq|xbmbbe cbe Jlxlmbsbe Jlq`b -X|ob„o|q) 144>.

Enibn tbes|ibe -qlfiljsbe. ~beg cnbe`|qjbe ole|q|s X|ob„o|q

-144>.) bcbibm xlabgbn alqnj|s 0

Sbali 1%1 Enibn Tbes|ibe -qlfiljsbe.

Ek @LENX TLQO\JBBE QLFILJSBE -,.

2% Ibegns/ibegns =4 ‘ >4

1% Cnecneg 34 ‘ 64

8% Tlqjbjbx -olali. 1< ‘ 3<

3% Olxne cbe tlqilegjbtbee~b 84 ‘ <4

<% Ibesbn 14 ‘ 34

X|oalq 0 Mnglel Tlq|xbmbbe cbe Jlxlmbsbe Jlq`b -X|ob„o|q) 144>.

Ole|q|s Jlt|s|xbe Oleslqn Jlxlmbsbe Qlt|ainj Neckelxnb Ekokq 234<+OLEJLX+XJ+]N+1441 slesbeg Tlqx~bqbsbe Jlxlmbsbe

Inegj|egbe Jlq`b Tlqjbeskqbe cbe Nec|xsqn) slqhbes|o cbibo sbali 1

alqnj|s nen 0

Sbali 1%8 Xsbecbq Snegjbs Tlehbmb~bbe Ole|q|s Jltolejlx Ek% 234< Sbm|e

1441

@lenx Tljlq`bbe

Snegjbs

Tlehbmb~bbe

Onenobi - I|} .

Jlslqbegbe

Tljlq`bbe jbxbq cbe

sncbj slq|x/olelq|x244

Q|beg tle~notbebe cbe q|beg

tlqbibsbe+nexsbibxn ~beg ololqi|jbe

tljlq`bbe ~beg jkesne~|Tljlq`bbe jbxbq cbe

slq|x/olelq|x144

Tljlq`bbe clegbe olxne cbe tlqbjnsbe

jbxbq

Tljlq`bbe q|sne 844

Q|beg bconenxsqbxn) q|beg jkesqki)

tljlq`bbe olxne & tlqbjnsbe+

tle~|x|e

Tljlq`bbe bgbj

mbi|x

Tloa|bsbe gboabq bsb| aljlq`b

clegbe olxne) jbeskq) tljlq`b



nn

<44 tlolqnjxbbe bsb| tljlq`bbe clegbe

olxne%

Tljlq`bbe mbi|x

2444

Tloninmbe wbqeb) tloqkxlxbe sljxsni)

tljlq`bbe olxne mbi|x & tlqbjnsbembi|x%

Tljlq`bbe bobs

mbi|x2<44

Sncbj olenoa|ijbe

ab~begbe

Oleg|jnq clegbe sbegbe) tlolqnjxbbe

tljlq`bbe olxne cbe tlqbjnsbe ~beg

xbegbs mbi|x%

Tljlq`bbe slqnehn 8444

Sncbj olenoa|ijbe

ab~begbe

Tlolqnjxbbe tljlq`bbe) tlqbjnsbe

xbegbs mbi|x%

X|oalq 0 Jltolejlx Ek% 234< Sbm|e 1441

c% Xnfbs/Xnfbs Tlelqbegbe

Ole|q|s X|ob„o|q -144>.) xnfbs/xnfbs tlelqbegbe ~beg abnj)

~bns| 0

2. Tloabgnbe i|onebexn cbibo ibtbegbe tleginmbsbe%

1. Tlehlgbmbe jlxnib|be%

8. Bqbm xnebq%

3. Wbqeb%

<. Tbebx tlelqbegbe slqmbcbt jlilibmbe obsb%

1% Xnxslo Tleginmbsbe Obe|xnb

Ole|q|s Gnaxke -2>><.) ales|j obsb obe|xnb mbotnq a|ibs alqcnbolslq ² 1)< ho% Akib obsb slqilsbj cbibo abesbibe ilobj) tbcb

xlalibm cltbe cninec|egn kilm jliktbj obsb cbe cn slotbs ibne clegbe

s|ibeg kqansb%

Akib obsb slqcnqn cbqn 0

b% Cnecneg obsb) slqcnqn cbqn 0

2. Jkqelb cbe xjilqb



nn

1. Xlibt|s jmkqknc) jkqt|x xninbqnx) nqnx cbe t|tni

a% Olcn|o slotbs hbmb~b ilwbs) slqcnqn cbqn 0

2. Jkqelb

1. Bhr|lk|x m|ok|q

8. Ilexb

3. Vnsqlk|x m|ok|q

h% @bqnegbe elqvkxb) slqcnqn cbqn 0

2. Xli/xli x~bqbf tbcb qlsneb

1. Xlqba|s x~bqbf ~beg ole`bibq olibi|n xli/xli nen%

Xjilqb olq|tbjbe ibtnxbe tloa|egj|x abgnbe i|bq obsb ~beg

olot|e~bn jlslabibe 2 oo% Xltlqlebo i|bx xjilqb cn abgnbe cltbe

olq|tbjbe ibtnxbe aleneg ~beg cnxla|s jkqelb% Jkqelb olq|tbjbe xlibt|s

~beg sloa|x hbmb~b) olibi|n jkqelb jnsb cbtbs olinmbs oloaqbe t|tni cbe

nqnx% Cn xlalibm cbibo jkqelb bcb t|tni cbe nqnx% Nqnx alqf|egxn olegbs|q

a|jbbe t|tni xlhbqb kskobsnx ole|q|s `|obm hbmb~b ~beg obx|j jl obsb%

Nqnx alqwbqeb jbqleb obegbec|eg tngole) wbqeb nqnx alqvbqnbxn xlx|bn

clegbe `|oibm tngole ~beg slqcbtbs cn cbiboe~b) objne abe~bj

jbec|egbe tngole objb objne glibt wbqeb nqnx% T|tni alqf|egxn

olegbs|q hbmb~b ~beg obx|j jl obsb% Cbibo jlbcbbe slqbeg a|jbbe

t|tni bjbe oleglhni) xlcbegjbe cbibo jlbcbbo glibt a|jbbe t|tni bjbe

oloalxbq% Cnbolslq a|jbbe t|tni alqjnxbq besbqb 1 xbotbn = oo%

Xlibt|s jmkqknc bcbibm ibtnxbe tngole cn besbqb xjilqb cbe nqnx)

f|egxne~b oloalqnjbe e|sqnxn% Jkqt|x xninbqnx olq|tbjbe ibtnxbe ~beg

slabi) alqales|j xltlqsn hnehne ~beg slqalesbeg cbqn kqb xlqbsb xbotbn jl

nqnx% F|egxne~b bcbibm |es|j slq`bcne~b bjkokcbxn) tqkxlx o|xj|i|x

xninbqnx mbq|x alqjkesqbjxn%

Ilexb obsb olelqnob hbmb~b cbqn t|tni cbe olelq|xjbee~b tbcb

qlsneb% F|egxn ilexb obsb bcbibm olegbs|q fkj|x hbmb~b) xlmneggb hbmb~b `bs|m sltbs tbcb anesnj j|eneg qlsneb% \es|j olinmbs ka`lj ~beg `b|m

-hbmb~b cbsbeg cbqn `b|m.) ilexb obsb bjbe olentnx% Xlcbegjbe |es|j

olinmbs ka`lj ~beg cljbs -hbmb~b cbsbeg cbqn cljbs.) ilexb obsb bjbe

olelabi% Ilexb obsb slqilsbj cn besbqb nqnx cbe jkqelb) slqtnxbm kilm

br|lqk|x m|ok|q % Br|lqk|x m|ok|q bcbibm x|bs| hbnqbe ~beg

jkotkxnxne~b xlq|tb clegbe hbnqbe xlqlaqkxtnebi% Clonjnbe t|ib besbqb

ilexb obsb cbe abgnbe alibjbeg obsb slqnxn xlobhbo hbnqbe jlesbi



nn

-vnsqlk|x m|ok|q .% Vnsqlk|x m|ok|q bcbibm x|bsb| hbnqbe jlesbi ~beg

olegbec|eg bnq cbe o|jktkinxjbqncb% Hbnqbe nen aljlq`b alqxbob/xbob

ilexb obsb |es|j oloanbxjbe hbmb~b xlmneggb sltbs `bs|m tbcb fkvlb

-anesnj j|eneg. bsb| cljbs fkvlb%Abgnbe tlesneg obsb ibnee~b bcbibm qlsneb% Qlsneb bcbibm abgnbe

xbqbf obsb) slqx|x|e bsbx xli/xli xbqbf cbe xlqba|s/xlqba|se~b% Xli/xli xbqbf

slqcnqn bsbx xli xbqbf ales|j absbeg cbe jlq|h|s% Xli xbqbf ales|j absbeg

xbegbs tljb hbmb~b slsbtn sncbj cbtbs oloalcbjbe wbqeb) xlcbegjbe xli

xbqbf jlq|h|s j|qbeg tljb hbmb~b slsbtn cbtbs oloalcbjbe wbqeb% Xli

xbqbf ales|j absbeg slqxlabq xltbe`beg qlsneb) xlcbegjbe xli xbqbf jlq|h|s

slqjkexlesqbxn tbcb fkvlb -anesnj j|eneg. cbe olot|e~bn m|a|egbe

slqxlecnqn clegbe xlqbs xbqbf ktsnj%

Tbcb qlsneb slqcbtbs c|b a|bm anesnj ~bns| anesnj j|eneg - fkvlb. cbe

anesnj a|sb -ainec xtks .% Tbcb anesnj j|eneg - fkvlb. slqcbtbs xl`|oibm xli

xbqbf jlq|h|s) xlcbegjbe tbcb anesnj a|sb sncbj slqcbtbs xli xbqbf absbeg

ob|t|e jlq|h|s%X|bs| ka`lj cbtbs cninmbs clegbe `libx btbanib ab~begbe ka`lj

slqxla|s sltbs `bs|m tbcb anesnj j|eneg - fkvlb.% Cbibo mbi nen ilexb obsb

bjbe aljlq`b kskobsnx |es|j olofkj|xjbe ab~begbe ka`lj slqxla|s

xlmneggb sltbs `bs|m tbcb abgnbe fkvlb -Olecqkfb) 1448.%

8% Jlilibmbe Obsb

b% Clfnenxn Jlilibmbe Tbcb Obsb

Jlilibmbe obsb bcbibm jlslgbegbe tbcb obsb cbe cnxlabajbe

kilm tlegg|ebbe neclqb tleginmbsbe cbibo aljlq`b ~beg ololqi|jbe

jlobot|be |es|j olinmbs cbibo `begjb wbjs| ~beg ibob cbe

anbxbe~b cnxlqsbn clegbe jkecnxn tbecbegbe ~beg sncbj e~bobe

-Tmlbxbes) 2>>2.%

Ole|q|s X|ob„o|q -144>.) jlilibmbe obsb snoa|i xlabgbn

xsqlxx neslexnf tbcb f|egxn/f|egxn obsb xltlqsn slqmbcbt ksks/ksks

bjkokcbxn tbcb tljlq`bbe ~beg tlqi| tlegbobsbe xlhbqb slinsn bsb|

slqmbcbt qlsneb bjnabs jlsncbjsltbsbe jkesqbx%

Ole|q|s Hkj Gc Qbn -1446.) jlilibmbe obsb cbtbs cntlegbq|mn

cbqn j|besnsbx ni|onebxn) j|binsbx ni|onbxn cbe cnxsqna|xn hbmb~b%

J|binsbx ni|onebxn bcbibm snegjbs tlehbmb~bbe ~beg cbtbs alqtlegbq|m

tbcb jlilibmbe obsb) tlelqbegbe ~beg sncbj olobcbn bjbe

ole~labajbe ksks nqnx olegbs|q t|tni xlx|bn clegbe neslexnsbx

tlelqbegbe ~beg bcb% J|binsbx ni|onebxn olint|sn `lenx tlelqbegbe)xnfbs fi|js|bxn xlqsb wbqeb tlelqbegbe ~beg cng|ebjbe% Cnxsqna|xn

hbmb~b ~beg j|qbeg abnj cn inegj|egbe jlq`b cbtbs ole~labajbe

jlilibmbe obsb% Cnxsqna|xn hbmb~b ~beg sncbj olqbsb xlmneggb

ole|q|ejbe lfnxnlexn sb`bo tleginmbsbe cbe jlobot|be oloalcbjbe

jkesqbx%



nn

Jlilibmbe obsb bjnabs cbqn tlehbmb~bbe ~beg j|qbeg abnj bjbe

ole|e`|jjbe gl`bib jlilibmbe obsb ~beg xlqneg o|eh|i besbqb ibne 0

jliktbj obsb slqbxb alqbs) slqbxb bcb sljbebe cbibo obsb) obsb x|ins

cnanbqjbe slqa|jb) olqbxb lebj jbib| jliktbj obsb xlcnjns cnsljbe)

abgnbe obsb tbineg cbibo slqbxb xbjns) tlqbxbbe obsb alqjlcnt)

tleginmbsbe jba|q) sncbj anxb cnfkj|xjbe) tleginmbsbe slqbxb xnib|)

tleginmbsbe xltlqsn alqjba|s wbib| obsb cnfkj|xjbe) obsb o|cbm

alqbnq) obsb tlcnm cbe alqcle~|s) obsb olqbm) `njb obsb cns|s|t

slqinmbs jnibsbe hbmb~b) jkskqbe obsb alqsboabm) sncbj cbtbs

oloalcbjbe wbqeb xlabgbnobeb anbxbe~b) bcb xnxb ab~begbe cbibo

obsb) tleginmbsbe sbotbj ck|ail) obsb slqbxb tbebx) obsb slqbxb

jlqneg -T|xbs M~tlqjlx cbe Jlxlibobsbe Jlq`b) 2>><.%

Gl`bib/gl`bib jlilibmbe obsb slqxla|s tle~laba |sbobe~b

bcbibm tlegg|ebbe ksks/ksks cn xljnsbq obsb ~beg alqilanmbe%

Jlilibmbe obsb cbtbs cnj|qbegn clegbe oloalqnjbe tlehbmb~bbe

~beg abnj cn slotbs jlq`b% Xlcbegjbe Xncbqsb -2>>2.) ole~la|sjbe

abmwb gl`lib/gl`bib jlilibmbe obsb besbqb ibne 0

2. Nqnsbxn tbcb obsb -obsb tlcnm) olqbm) alqbnq.

1. Tleginmbsbe gbecb

8. Xbjns xljnsbq obsb

3. Alqj|qbege~b jlobot|be bjkokcbxn

<. Ole|q|ee~b jlsb`bobe tleginmbsbe) jltljbbe jkesqbx cbe

jlhltbsbe tlqxltxn

Sbecb/sbecb slqxla|s cn bsbx slq`bcn anib ni|onebxn slotbs jlq`b

alqj|qbeg cbe tljlq`b ~beg alqxbegj|sbe oleclqnsb jlibnebe qlfibjxn

obsb ~beg sncbj cnjkqljxn% Anib tlqxltxn vnx|bi olegbibon xsqlxx ~beg

mlabs sbetb cnxlqsbn lflj ikjbi tbcb ksks bjkokcbxn bsb| qlsneb objb

jlbcbbe nen bjbe olenoa|ijbe jlilibmbe x~bqbf% Glelqbi Elqv|x



nn

Fbsnr|l nen slq|sbob bjbe slq`bcn anib tljlq`bbe ~beg cnibj|jbe

xlxlkqbeg ololqi|jbe jkxlesqbxn) jkesqki ksks cbe glqbjbe glqbjbe

~beg xbegbs sltbs%

a% Fbjskq/Fbjskq ~beg Olotlegbq|mn Jlilibmbe Obsb%

2. \xnb

Ole|q|s G|~ske -2>>2.) ole~la|sjbe abmwb cb~b

bjkokcbxn ole|q|e tbcb |xnb 3< ‘ <4 sbm|e%

1. Qnwb~bs Tle~bjns

b. Cnbalslx Oliins|x

Cnbalslx oliins|x cbtbs alqtlegbq|m slqmbcbt obsb

~beg alq|tb jbsbqbj xleninx slq`bcn ilanm bwbi cbe alqjloabeg

ilanm hltbs) xlcbegjbe cnbalsnh qlsnektbsmn cbtbs ole~labajbegbegg|be tbcb qlsneb ~beg olenoa|ijbe alqj|qbege~b

tleginmbsbe) tlecbqbmbe vnsqlkq|x cbe qkalje~b qlsneb

-G|~ske) 2>>2.%

a. Mntlqslexn

Qnxnjk mntlqslexn `|gb cbtbs oleglebn obsb ~bns| tbcb

abgnbe xlibt|s `bib obsb bsb| qlsneb xlabgbn bjnabs cbqn

tlehn|sbe tloa|i|m/tloa|i|m cbqbm obsb cbe jkotinjbxne~b

xlqneg alqxnfbs fbsbi% Mntlqslexn ~beg xnxslonj ~beg olelsbt

cbtbs alqtlegbq|m tbcb obsb ~beg alq|tb tlecbqbmbe qlsneb)

kclob qlsneb) l}|cbxn ~beg ole~labajbe mnibege~b

tleginmbsbe -Xncbqsb) 2>>2.%

8. Ibobe~b Olinmbs

Olinmbs cbibo wbjs| ibob alqnxnjk slqjleb obsb ilibm bsb|

bxslektnb -Bfbecn) 1441.%

Jlilibmbe obsb bcbibm jlslgbegbe tbcb obsb cbe

cnxlabajbe kilm tlegg|ebbe neclqb tleginmbsbe cbibo aljlq`b

~beg ololqi|jbe jlobot|be |es|j olinmbs cbibo `begjb wbjs|

~beg ibob cbe anbxbe~b cnxlqsbn clegbe jkecnxn tbecbegbe ~beg

sncbj e~bobe -Tmlbxbes) 2>>2.%

3. @bqbj Tbecbeg

Ole|q|s @bxhmnexjn -2>>2.) olinmbs jl ib~bq clegbe `bqbj

14 nehn cnqbxbjbe slqibi| cljbs% @bqbj ~beg xlx|bn bcbibm 34 nehn%

Xlcbegjbe ole|q|s Gqbec`lbe -2>>2.) ole~la|sjbe abmwb `bqbj

qbsb/qbsb nclbi olinmbs jl ib~bq bcbibm 84 nehn%

<. Obxb Jlq`b



nn

Obxb jlq`b alqjbnsbe clegbe tqkxlx bjinobsnxbxn slebgb

jlq`b slqmbcbt njino jlq`b slqsles| xlmneggb ole`bcn slqanbxb

slqmbcbt njino jlq`b slqxla|s cbe jkecnxn fnxnj) fbbi cbe txnjnx sncbj

olegbibon lflj a|q|j cbqn njino jlq`b ~beg cnobjx|c% Tljlq`b

abq| ~beg o|ibn aljlq`b tbcb inegj|egbe jlq`b clegbe sljbebe

tbebx ~beg sneggn bjbe olegbibon tqkxlx bjinobsnxbxn slqmbcbt

neslexnsbx tbtbqbe tbebx ~beg xlali|oe~b sncbj tlqebm

olegbibone~b% Tqkxlx bjinobsnxbxn nen anbxbe~b ololqi|jbe wbjs|

7/24 mbqn -Glot|q Xbeskxk) 1443.%

6. Ales|j cbe \j|qbe Ka`lj Jlq`b

Cbibo q|beg inegj|t tljlq`bbe) fbjskq ~beg oleles|jbe

bcbibm |j|qbe ka`lj) clqb`bs jkesqbx cn besbqb ka`lj cbe

xljlininege~b) i|onebexn cbqn ibtbegbe tleginmbsbe) ~beg

slqgbes|eg cbqn tlelqbegbe cbe tlobes|ibe tbcb bqbm xn tlegbobs)

xlqsb ibobe~b olinmbs -X|ob„o|q) 144>.%

h% Oljbenxol Slq`bcne~b Jlilibmbe Obsb

Tlelqbegbe q|begbe jlq`b ~beg j|qbeg cbtbs olegbjnabsjbe

jlilibmbe obsb) bjbe slsbtn tlelqbegbe ~beg slqibi| j|bs cbtbs

ole~labajbe jlxnib|be) ole|q|s Xklwbqek -2>>1.) ole~la|sjbe

abmwb tlelqbegbe ~beg olobcbn anxb olehlgbm slq`bcne~b Bxslektnb

-jlilibmbe obsb. cbe olotlqsneggn jlhltbsbe xlqsb lfnxnlexn oloabhb%

Tlelqbegbe ~beg j|qbeg a|jbee~b ole~labajbe tle~bjns obsb slsbtn

olenoa|ijbe jlilibmbe obsb% Jlilibmbe obsb cnxlabajbe kilm xsqlxx

~beg slq`bcn tbcb f|egxn tleginmbsbe% Xsqlxx tbcb ksks ~beg alqf|egxn

|es|j bjkokcbxn cbtbs slq`bcn tbcb xbbs xlxlkqbeg alq|tb~b |es|j

olinmbs tbcb ka~lj alq|j|qbe jlhni cbe tbcb `bqbj ~beg cljbs cbibo

wbjs| ~beg ibob% Tbcb jkecnxn clonjnbe) ksks/ksks obsb bjbe aljlq`b

xlhbqb slq|x olelq|x cbe ilanm cntbjxbjbe% Jlslgbegbe ksks/ksks tlegbjkokcbxn -jkqt|x xninbqnx. objne alxbq xlmneggb slq`bcn

tlenegjbsbe bxbo ibjsbs cbe xlabgbn bjnabse~b slq`bcn jlilibmbe obsb)

xsqlxx tbcb qlsneb cbtbs slq`bcn anib slqcbtbs jkesqbx ~beg alqilanmbe

cbibo ibtbegbe tleginmbsbe cbe wbjs| tlegbobsbe ~beg h|j|t ibob%



nn

A% Jlqbegjb Tlonjnqbe

%

Neslexnsbx Tlelqbegbe

cn Slo bs Jlq b

Ka`lj jlq`b slqinmbs kilm

slebgb jlq`b

Olinmbs slq|x/olelq|x

Xsqlxx Ksks Tlegjkokcbxn

-Jkqt|x Xninbqnx.

Jlilibmbe Obsb

Fbjskq Ljxslqe 0

/ Obxb jlq`b

/ Ales|j ka`lj jlq b

Fbjskq Neslqe 0

/ \xnb

/ Qnwb~bs tle~bjns

/ Ibob olinmbs



nn

Jlslqbegbe 0

0 cnslinsn

0 sncbj cnslinsn

Abgbe 1%2 Jlqbegjb Tlonjnqbe

H% Mntkslxnx

Bcb tlegbq|m Neslexnsbx tlelqbegbe slqmbcbt jlilibmbe obsb tbcb

jbq~bwbe abgnbe tlegltbjbe cn TS% Njbtmbqoneck T|sqbobx) @bjbqsb Sno|q%



nn

ABA NNN

OLSKCL TLELINSNBE

B% @lenx Tlelinsnbe

@lenx tlelinsnbe ~beg cng|ebjbe bcbibm kaxlqvbxnkebi bebinsnj ~bns|

tlelinsn olehkab |es|j olehbqn m|a|egbe besbq vbqnbali fbjskq qlxnjk cbe

lflj ~beg bebinxnxe~b |es|j oleles|jbe bcb sncbje~b m|a|egbe besbq vbqnbali

ns| xlmneggb tlqi| cnx|x|e mntkslxnxe~b%

Tlelinsnbe nen olegg|ebjbe tlecljbsbe hqkxx xlhsnkebi jbqleb

vbqnbali alabx -fbjskq qlxnjk. cbe vbqnbali slqgbes|eg -lflj. ~beg slq`bcn tbcb

ka~lj tlelinsnbe cn|j|q bsb| cnj|ot|ijbe cbibo wbjs| ~beg alqxbobbe cbe

cnibj|jbe tbcb xns|bxn xbbs ~beg xbob -Okhmboobc) 1443.%

A% Ikjbxn cbe Wbjs| Tlelinsnbe

Tlelinsnbe cnibjxbebjbe cn TS% Njbtmbqoneck T|sqbobx) @bjbqsb Sno|q

tbcb slebgb jlq`b cn abgnbe tlegltbjbe) tbcb a|ibe @|en 1424%

H% X|a`lj Tlelinsnbe

X|a`lj tlelinsnbee~b bcbibm slebgb jlq`b abgnbe tlegltbjbe% @|oibm

slebgb jlq b cn abgnbe tlegltbjbe xlabe~bj <4 slebgb jlq b% Slebgb jlq`b

~beg olole|mn jqnslqnb x|a`lj tlelinsnbe xlabe~bj 3< slebgb jlq`b% Clegbe

jqnslqnb xlabgbn alqnj|s 0

b% \xnb 14/38 sbm|e



nn

a% Obxb jlq`b ilanm cbqn 8 sbm|e

h% Sncbj olegbibon xbjns obsb) m~tlqslexn cbe cnbalslx oniins|x

c% Ibob jlq`b = `bo xlmbqn

l% Aljlq b tbcb q|beg abgnbe tlelgltbjbe Fbqob N

Cbibo tlelinsnbe nen tlelinsn obegboani 34 slebgb jlq`b xlabgbn

xbotli tlelinsnbe clegbe hbqb qbecko xbotineg% Qbecko xbotineg ~beg

cng|ebjbe alqcbxbqjbe sbali Jqlh nl% Sbali Jqlh`nl ~beg olot|e~bn snegjbs

jlxbibmbe <, cbe jltlqhb~bbe ><, slqmbcbt tkt|ibxn -X|gn~kek) 1441.%

C% Sljenj Xbotineg

Sljenj xbotineg ~beg cng|ebjbe bcbibm t|qtkxnvl qbecko xbotineg%

T|qtkxnvl xbotineg alqbqsn tloninmbe xljlikotkj x|a`lj ~beg cncbxbqjbe

tbcb tlqsnoabegbe slqsles|) alqcbxbqjbe hnqn bsb| xnfbs/xnfbs tkt|ibxn ~beg

cntbecbeg olot|e~bn xbegj|s tb|s ~beg lqbs clegbe hnqn/hnqn bsb| xnfbs/xnfbs

tkt|ibxn -Xkljnc`k) 1441.% Cbibo tlelinsnbe nen tlelinsn obegboani 3< slebgb

jlq`b abgnbe tlegltbjbe ~beg xlx|bn clegbe jqnslqnb neji|xn cbqn `|oibm

slebgb jlq`b) ~bns| xlabe~bj <4 slebgb jlq b% Qbecko xbotineg alqbqsn

tloninmbe xbotli xlhbqb bhbj xlmneggb snbt |ex|q cbibo tkt|ibxn bjbe

oloninjn jlxlotbsbe ~beg xbob cbe xlhbqb necltlecle |es|j slqtninm

-X|sqnxek) 1443.% Alxbq xbotli tbcb tlelinsnbe alqcbxbqjbe sbali Jqlh`nl ~beg

olot|e~bn snegjbs jlxbibmbe <, cbe jltlqhb~bbe ><, slqmbcbt tkt|ibxn%

Jbqleb `|oibm slebgb jlq`b ~beg olole|mn jqnslqnb x|a`lj tlelinsnbe



nn

xlabe~bj 3< slebgb jlq`b) objb `|oibm xbotli ~beg cnboani ~bns| xlabe~bj

34 slebgb jlq`b

L% Nclesnfnjbxn Vbqnbali Tlelinsnbe

2% Vbqnbali Alabx

Vbqnbali alabx cbibo tlelinsnbe nen bcbibm neslexnsbx tlelqbegbe%

1% Vbqnbali Slqnjbs

Vbqnbali slqnjbs cbibo tlelinsnbe nen bcbibm jlilibmbe obsb%

8% Vbqnbali Tleggbegg|

Vbqnbali tleggbegg| cbibo tlelinsnbe nen bcb c|b) ~bns| 0

b. Vbqnbali tleggbegg| slqjlecbin 0 |xnb) ibob olinmbs) qnwb~bs tle~bjns

-xbjns obsb) mntlqslexn cbe cnbalslx oniins|x.) obxb jlq`b) ales|j cbe

|j|qbe ka`lj jlq`b%

a. Vbqnbali tleggbegg| sncbj slqjlecbin 0 `bqbj tbecbeg%

F% Clfnenxn Ktlqbxnkebi Vbqnbali Tlelinsnbe

2% Vbqnbali alabx

b% Neslexnsbx tlelqbegbe

Neslexnsbx tlelqbegbe bcbibm alxbqe~b hbmb~b ibot| q|begbe

~beg olelqbegn tlqo|jbbe jlq`b xlmneggb ka`lj cn slotbs jlq`b

abgnbe tlegltbjbe slqinmbs kilm obsb slebgb jlq`b%

2. Bibs |j|q 0 I|} Olslq



nn

1. Xbs|be 0 I|}%

8. Mbxni tleg|j|qbe 0 alxbqe~b enibn hbmb~b

3. Xjbib tleg|j|qbe 0 Neslqvbi

1% Vbqnbali slqnjbs

b% Jlilibmbe obsb

Jlilibmbe obsb bcbibm jli|mbe ~beg cnbibon kilm slebgb jlq`b)

~beg cnqbxbjbe alqm|a|egbe clegbe obsb%

2. Bibs |j|q 0 J|lxnkelq

1. Mbxni tleg|j|qbe 0 Xjkqneg cbqn j|lxnkelq ~beg alqnxn

tlqsbe~bbe slesbeg jlilibmbe obsb ~beg cnalqn enibn xlecnqn cn

xlsnbt tninmbe `bwbabe%

8. Xjbib 0 Neslqvbi

8% Vbqnbali tlegbegg|

b% \xnb

\xnb bcbibm tlqmns|egbe wbjs| ~beg cnmns|eg cbqn sbm|e

jlibmnqbe xbotbn mbqn tbcb sbm|e xbbs cnibj|jbe tlelinsnbe% Cbsb

cntlqkilm cbqn mbxni wbwbehbqb% Cbibo tlelinsnbe nen ~beg ole`bcn

xbotli bcbibm slebgb jlq`b ~beg alq|o|q 14/38 sbm|e%

a% Obxb Jlq`b

Obxb jlq`b bcbibm ibob wbjs| ~beg cnmns|eg xl`bj bwbi xbotli

o|ibn aljlq`b cn abgnbe tlegltbjbe TS% Njbtmbqoneck T|sqbobx

xbotbn xbbs cnibj|jbe tlelinsnbe nen% Cbsb cntlqkilm cbqn mbxni



nn

wbwbehbqb% Obxb jlq`b ~beg cng|ebjbe cbibo tlelinsnbe bcbibm ilanm

cbqn 8 sbm|e%

h% Xbjns obsb

Xbjns obsb bcbibm gbegg|be ~beg slq`bcn tbcb obsb bjnabs cbqn

jkesbj fnxnj -sqb|ob. bsb|t|e qnwb~bs tle~bjns xltlqsn m~tlqslexn cbe

cnbalslx oniins|x% Cbibo tlelinsnbe nen ~beg ole`bcn xbotli bcbibm

slebgb jlq`b ~beg sncbj olot|e~bn qnwb~bs tle~bjns -m~tlqslexn cbe

cnbalslx oniins|x. xlqsb sncbj xbjns obsb% Cbsb cntlqkilm olibi|n

wbwbehbqb%

c% @bqbj tbecbeg

@bqbj tbecbeg bcbibm `bqbj besbqb obsb slebgb jlq`b xbbs

olinmbs clegbe ka`lj jlq`b ~beg cninmbs% Snbt slebgb jlq`b abgnbe

tlegltbjbe cn TS% Njbtmbqoneck T|sqbobx olot|e~bn `bqbj tbecbeg

~beg alqalcb/alcb) Xlo|b slebgb jlq`b tlegltbjbe aljlq b cbibo

jkecnxn c|c|j%

l% Ibob jlq`b

Ibob jlq`b bcbibm wbjs| ~beg cng|ebjbe slebgb jlq`b xlibob

aljlq`b cn q|beg abgnbe tlegltbjbe% Ibob jlq`b ~beg cng|ebjbe

cbibo tlelinsnbe bcbibm = `bo+mbqn% Cbsb cntlqkilm olibi|n wbwbehbqb%

f% Ales|j cbe |j|qbe ka`lj jlq`b

Ales|j cbe |j|qbe ka`lj jlq`b bcbibm alecb ~beg cnjlobx kilm

slebgb jlq`b% Tbcb tlelinsnbe nen ales|j alecb ~beg cnbobsn x|a`lj



nn

cna|bs mkokgle ~bns| alq|tb akski xbilt+jqno clegbe |j|qbe sneggn 8

ho cbe cnbolslq 1 ho%

G% Clxbne Tlelinsnbe

Abgbe 8%2 Clxbne Tlelinsnbe

M% Nexsq|ole Tlelinsnbe

Tbcb tlelinsnbe nen nexsq|ole ~beg cntlqg|ebjbe bcbibm 0

2% I|} Olslq

I|} olslq cng|ebjbe |es|j oleg|j|q neslexnsbx tlelqbegbe

clegbe xbs|be i|}% Tleg|j|qbe tlelqbegbe nen cnibj|jbe xlhbqb

tlelqbegbe xlslotbs -ikjbi nii|onebsnke.) tlelqbegbe |o|o -glelqbi

nii|onebsnke. cbe qlfibjsbe olegg|ebjbe I|} Olslq sntl I}/248%

Gboabq 8%2 I|} Olslq I}/248

Tkt|ibxn

T|qtkxnvl Qbecko

xbotineg

X|a`lj

Jlilibmbe Obsb

Neslexnsbx tlelqbegbe

Jkqlibxn

Tlqxke Tqkc|hs Okoles



nn

214

12

34

2224

82

1>1<131811 1=1716 84

1

8>

2>8

2=

8=

327

<

8687

2<6

26=7

23>2128

8188838<

1% J|lxnkelq%

J|lxnkelq bcbibm cbfsbq tlqsbe~bbe ~beg cng|ebjbe |es|j

oleggbin nefkqobxn oleglebn jlilibmbe obsb ~beg cnbibon kilm slebgb

jlq`b tlegltbjbe ~beg ole`bcn ka`lj tlelinsnbe%

N% Hbqb Jlq`b

2% Olibj|jbe tleg|j|qbe neslexnsbx tlelqbegbe cn slotbs jlq`b%

b% Hbqb tleg|j|qbe neslexnsbx tlelqbegbe 0

2. Oleles|jbe snsnj tleg|j|qbe) ~bns| tbcb ol`b jlq`b snbt slebgb

jlq`b%

Gboabq 8%1 Clebm snsnj tleg|j|qbe neslxnsbx tlelqbegbe

1. Tleg|j|qbe cnibj|jbe cn bsbx ol`b%

8. I|} olslq ~beg slibm cnjbinaqbxn cnmnc|tjbe clegbe oleljbe

skoaki tkwlq cbe oloa|jb tle|s|t xlexkq%

3. Bibs cnabwb jl slotbs snsnj tleg|j|qbe ~beg slibm cnsles|jbe%

<. Bibs cnilsbjjbe cn bsbx ol`b jlq`b clegbe xlexkq olegmbcbt jl

bsbx%



nn

6. Mbxni tleg|j|qbe tbcb ib~bq okenskq cnabhb 2/1 olens xlmneggb

cncbtbs enibn begjb ~beg xsbani) jlo|cnbe skoaki Mkic cnsljbe%

7. Mbxni tleg|j|qbe cnhbsbs tbcb iloabq mbxni tlehbsbsbe%

=. I|} olslq cnobsnjbe%

>. Jlo|cnbe olibj|jbe tleg|j|qbe tbcb snsnj tleg|j|qbe jl/1) 8) 3

cbe xlslq|xe~b xbotbn snsnj jl/34 clegbe hbqb ~beg xbob xltlqsn

tleg|j|qbe tbcb snsnj tleg|j|qbe tlqsbob%

24. Mbxni tleg|j|qbe cnabecnegjbe clegbe xsbecbq tlehbmb~bbe cn

q|begbe jlq`b ole|q|s Jltolejlx Ek% 234< sbm|e 1441%

a% Oloalqnjbe j|lxnkelq jlilibmbe obsb tbcb slebgb jlq`b 0

2. J|lxnkelq xlqsb bibs s|inx cnalqnjbe tbcb slebgb jlq`b xlilxbn

aljlq`b

1. Olealqnjbe tle`libxbe bsb| tlegbqbmbe slesbeg `bwbabe j|lxnkelq

8. Snbt tlqsbe~bbe slqcbtbs < `bwbabe cbe oloninjn xjkq ~beg

alqalcb/alcb ~bns| xbegbs xlqneg ? 3) xlqneg ? 8) `bqbeg ? 1) xbegbs

`bqbeg ?2 cbe sncbj tlqebm ? 4%

3. Xlslibm slebgb jlq`b xlilxbn olegnxn j|lxnkelq) j|lxnkelq

cnj|ot|ijbe%

<. Snbt j|lxnkelq cn`|oibm xjkq e~b alqcbxbqjbe `bwbabe ~beg

cntninm kilm snbt slebgb jlq`b%

6. @|oibm xjkq cbqn obxneg/obxneg j|lxnkelq olq|tbjbe alxbqe~b

enibn jlilibmbe obsb ~beg cnbibon snbt slebgb jlq`b%



nn

7. Cbsb ~beg cntlqkilm) cnqbegj|o tbcb iloabq cbfsbq xjkq jlilibmbe

obsb%

@% Sljenj Bebinxnx Cbsb

Sljenj bebinxnx cbsb cnibj|jbe clegbe |`n xsbsnxsnj Jkqlibxn Tlqxke

Tqkc|hs Okoles clegbe olegg|ebjbe tqkgqbo jkot|slq XTXX vlqxn

26%4% Cbibo tlelinsnbe nen cnslsbtjbe snegjbs xngenfnjbe ><, ~bns| 0

2% @njb t vbi|l 4)42 objb mbxni |`n cne~bsbjbe xbegbs xngenfnjbe%

1% @njb t vbi|l 5 4)42 slsbtn 4)4< objb mbxni |`n cne~bsbjbe xngenfnjbe%

8% @njb t vbi|l 5 4)4< objb mbxni |`n cne~bsbjbe sncbj xngenfnjbe -Mbxskek)

1442.%



nn

ABA NV

MBXNI TLELINSNBE

B% Gboabqbe \o|o Abgnbe Tlegltbjbe Fbqob N

Tlelinsnbe nen cnibjxbebjbe cn TS% Njbtmbqoneck T|sqbobx) @bjbqsb

Sno|q) tbcb a|ibe @|en 1424 cn q|beg abgnbe tlegltbjbe Fbqob N % Fbqob N

olq|tbjbe slotbs tqkc|jxn xbilt+jqno% Sbmbtbe tqkxlx tqkc|jxn tloa|bsbe

xbilt olint|sn sbmbt tlenoabegbe abmbe abj|) sbmbt tloa|bsbe cbe sbmbt

tlegltbjbe+ole~|x|e%

Abgnbe tlegltbjbe olq|tbjbe abgnbe ~beg aljlq`b |es|j

oleglobx+ole~|x|e tqkc|j jl cbibo ak} cbe tlolqnjxbbe ekokq abshm

tqkc|j% Tqkc|j ~beg cnjlobx alqales|j xnineclq clegbe sneggn 8 ho cbe

alqcnbolslq 1 ho% Tljlq`bbe tlegltbjbe xbegbs ololqi|jbe jlslinsnbe |es|j

jlibehbqbe tqkxlx tqkc|jxne~be xlmneggb oloa|s|mjbe tlelqbegbe ~beg

abnj% X|oalq tlelqbegbe ~beg cng|ebjbe alqbxbi cbqn ibot| -tlelqbegbe

a|bsbe.% @|oibm ibot| ~beg bcb cn q|beg abgnbe tlegltbjbe xlabe~bj =

a|bm ibot| alq`lenx SI s|al%

Gboabq 3%2 Tqkc|j Xbilt+Jqno

A% Jbqbjslqnxsnj X|a`lj Tlelinsnbe



nn

2% \xnb

Mbxni wbwbehbqb slqmbcbt 34 slebgb jlq`b cn abgnbe tlegltbjbe

TS% Njbtmbqoneck T|sqbobx @bjbqsb Sno|q cntlqkilm xlabqbe |xnb) xlabgbn

alqnj|s 0

Sbali 3%2 Cnxsqna|xn Fqlj|lexn X|a`lj Tlelinsnbe Alqcbxbqjbe \xnb

\o|q Fqlj|lexn Tlqxlesbxl -,.

12/1< < 28

16/84 = 14

82/8< 27 31

86/38 24 1<

@|oibm 34 244

Alqcbxbqjbe mbxni wbwbehbqb cnjlsbm|n abmwb qbsb/qbsb |o|q

x|a`lj tlelinsnbe tbcb tlelinsnbe nen bcbibm 81)2 sbm|e clegbe |o|q

onenobi x|a`lj tlelinsnbe bcbibm 12 sbm|e cbe |o|q objxnobi x|a`lj

tlelinsnbe bcbibm 38 sbm|e%

1% Obxb Jlq`b

Mbxni wbwbehbqb slqmbcbt 34 slebgb jlq`b abgnbe tlegltbjbe TS%

Njbtmbqoneck T|sqbobx @bjbqsb Sno|q cntlqkilm xlabqbe obxb jlq b)

xlabgbn alqnj|s 0

Sbali 3%1 Cnxsqna|xn X|a`lj Tlelinsnbe Alqcbxbqjbe Obxb Jlq`b

Obxb Jlq`b Fqlj|lexn Tlqxlesbxl -,.

8/7 3 24

=/21 2< 8=



nn

28/26 = 14

27/14 28 81

Sksbi 34 244

Alqcbxbqjbe mbxni wbwbehbqb cnjlsbm|n abmwb qbsb/qbsb obxb

jlq`b x|a`lj tlelinsnbe tbcb tlelinsnbe nen bcbibm 28)31< sbm|e clegbe

obxb jlq`b onenobi x|a`lj tlelinsnbe bcbibm 8 sbm|e cbe obxb jlq`b

objxnobi x|a`lj tlelinsnbe bcbibm 14 sbm|e%

8% Xbjns Obsb


Njbtmbqoneck T|sqbobx @bjbqsb Sno|q cntlqkilm abmwb sncbj bcb slebgb

jlq`b ~beg olegbibon xbjns obsb) mntlqslexn cbe cnbalslx oniins|x%

3% @bqbj Tbecbeg


Njbtmbqoneck T|sqbobx @bjbqsb Sno|q ~bns| xlo|b slebgb jlq`b

tlegltbjbe olibj|jbe tljlq`bbe cbibo tkxnxn c|c|j%

<% Ibob Jlq`b


Njbtmbqoneck T|sqbobx @bjbqsb Sno|q cntlqkilm cbsb ibob jlq`b slebgb

jlq`b tlegltbjbe ~bns| = `bo+mbqn%

6% Ales|j cbe \j|qbe Ka`lj Jlq`b

Mbxni kaxlqvbxn oleglebn ka`lj jlq`b ~beg cnjlobx slebgb jlq`b

tlegltbjbe cn TS% Njbtmbqoneck T|sqbobx ~bns|) ales|j ka`lj jlq`b

alq|tb sba|eg clegbe |j|qbe sneggn 8 ho cbe cnbolslq 1 ho%



nn

H% Neslexnsbx Tlelqbegbe

Mbxni tleg|j|qbe neslexnsbx tlelqbegbe cn q|beg abgnbe tlegltbjbe

TS% Njbtmbqoneck T|sqbobx) bcbibm xlabgbn alqnj|s 0

Sbali 3%8 Neslexnsbx Tlelqbegbe cn Q|beg Abgnbe Tlegltbjbe

Snsnj Tleg|j|qbeNeslexnsbx Tlelqbegbe

-I|}.

Ibobe~b Slqtbtbq

-tlq mbqn.

2 74 = `bo

1 =4 = `bo

8 >1 = `bo

3 >3 = `bo

< 22> = `bo6 >3 = `bo

7 243 = `bo

= 21< = `bo

> == = `bo

24 >3 = `bo

22 >4 = `bo

21 >6 = `bo

28 24> = `bo

23 212 = `bo

2< 282 = `bo

26 2<6 = `bo

27 271 = `bo2= 266 = `bo

2> 74 = `bo

14 =4 = `bo

12 2=> = `bo

Alqxboa|eg jl mbibobe 8<

Xboa|egbe cbqn mbibobe 83

11 144 = `bo

18 >= = `bo

13 213 = `bo

1< 21= = `bo16 237 = `bo

17 27< = `bo

1= 27< = `bo

1> 27= = `bo

84 113 = `bo

82 14< = `bo

81 2>1 = `bo



nn

88 26> = `bo

83 2<> = `bo

8< 246 = `bo

86 =< = `bo87 71 = `bo

8= 7< = `bo

8> 244 = `bo

34 24= = `bo

Qbsb/qbsb 2<3 /

C% Jlilibmbe Obsb

Mbxni cbqn tlegnxnbe j|lxnkelq ~beg cnibj|jbe kilm qlxtkecle)

cntlqkilm cbsb xlabgbn alqnj|s 0

Sbali 3%3 Mbxni Tleg|j|qbe Jlilibmbe Obsb

Qlxtkecle Enibn Jlilibmbe ObsbIbobe~b Slqtbtbq

-tlq mbqn.

2 <= = `bo

1 <3 = `bo

8 38 = `bo

3 3< = `bo

< 8< = `bo

Alqxboa|eg jl mbibobe 86

Xboa|egbe cbqn mbibobe 8<

6 36 = `bo

7 87 = `bo

= 82 = `bo

> <2 = `bo

24 3< = `bo

22 3= = `bo

21 31 = `bo28 8< = `bo

23 88 = `bo

2< 84 = `bo

26 1= = `bo

27 13 = `bo

2= 1= = `bo

2> 27 = `bo



nn

14 7 = `bo

12 34 = `bo

11 83 = `bo

18 81 = `bo13 1> = `bo

1< 14 = `bo

16 18 = `bo

17 12 = `bo

1= < = `bo

1> < = `bo

84 2< = `bo

82 17 = `bo

81 17 = `bo

88 87 = `bo

83 <2 = `bo8< <7 = `bo

86 << = `bo

87 87 = `bo

8= 86 = `bo

8> 31 = `bo

34 <4 = `bo

Qbsb/qbsb 84)< /

Alqcbxbqjbe cbsb mbxni tleg|j|qbe jlilibmbe obsb) ole|q|s Mbeckjk

-144=.) snegjbs jlilibmbe obsb cbtbs cnjbslgkqnjbe ole`bcn 0

Ilibm 0 xjkq jlilibmbe obsb 5 enibn qbsb/qbsb

Sncbj ilibm 0 xjkq jlilibmbe obsb ≣ enibn qbsb/qbsb

@bcn) slebgb jlq`b ~beg olegbibon jlilibmbe obsb xlabe~bj 1< kqbeg cbe ~beg

sncbj olegbibon jlilibmbe obsb xlabe~bj 2< kqbeg%

L% Tlegbq|m Neslexnsbx Tlelqbegbe Slmbcbt Jlilibmbe Obsb



nn

Cbqn mbxni tleg|j|qbe neslexnsbx tlelqbegbe cbe j|lxnkelq jlilibmbe

obsb cn abgnbe tlegltbjbe) jlo|cnbe cnibj|jbe |`n xsbsnxsnj clegbe olskcl

Jkqlibxn Tlqxke Tqkc|hs Okoles olibi|n tqkgqbo XTXX vlqxn 24%4)

cncbtbsjbe mbxni xlabgbn alqnj|s 0

Sbali 3%< Mbxni \`n Xsbsnxsnj Jkqlibxn Tlqxke Tqkc|hs Okoles

Hkqqlibsnkex

neslexnsbx

tlelqbegbe

jlilibmbe

obsb

neslexnsbx

tlelqbegbe

Tlbqxke

Hkqqlibsnke2%444 /%>66

**

Xng% -1/sbnilc. %444

E 34%444 34

jlilibmbe obsb Tlbqxke

Hkqqlibsnke/%>66

**2%444

Xng% -1/sbnilc. %444

E 34 34%444

**% Hkqqlibsnke nx xngenfnhbes bs sml 4%42 ilvli -1/sbnilc.%

Cbqn mbxni |`n xsbsnxsnj cntlqkilm enibn q mns|eg xlalxbq /4)>66) cnabhb

tbcb enibn tlqxke hkqqlibsnke% Enibn nen jnsb abecnegjbe clegbe alxbqe~b q sbali

tbcb β <, clegbe e ? 34) objb cnjlsbm|n q sbali ? 4)821) xlmneggb q mns|eg 5 q

sbali alqbqsn bcb tlegbq|m besbqb neslexnsbx tlelqbegbe slqmbcbt jlilibmbe

obsb% Xnfbs jkqlibxn slqcbtbs tbcb enibn q mns|eg ~beg elgbsnf) bqsne~b abmwb

xlsnbt tle|q|ebe neslexnsbx tlelqbegbe cnnj|sn tlenegjbsbe jlilibmbe obsb

bsb| xlabinje~b% Enibn jklfnxnle jkqlibxne~b slqcbtbs sbecb anesbeg -*.) xltlqsn

tbcb enibn cn bsbx cnobeb tlqxke hkqqlibsnke ? /4)>66*) nen ole|e`|jjbe

abmwb mbxni tleg|`nbe alqobjeb) bsb| xngenfnjbe%



nn

@bcn mntkslxb olegbsbjbe abmwb bcb tlegbq|m neslexnsbx tlelqbegbe

slqmbcbt jlilibmbe obsb tbcb slebgb jlq`b abgnbe tlegltbjbe cn TS%

Njbtmbqoneck T|sqbobx) @bjbqsb Sno|q%



nn

ABA V

TLOABMBXBE

B% Jbqbjslqnxsnj X|a lj Tlelinsnbe

2% \xnb

Xli|q|m x|a`lj tlelinsnbe alq|xnb besbqb 12/38 sbm|e% Qbsb/qbsb |xnb

x|a`lj tlelinsnbe bcbibm 81)2 sbm|e%

Ole|q|s G|~ske -2>>2.) ole~la|sjbe abmwb cb~b bjkokcbxn

ole|q|e tbcb |xnb 3< ‘ <4 sbm|e%

Alqcbxbqjbe qlflqlexn cn bsbx cbtbs cnjlsbm|n abmwb |xnb x|a`lj

tlelinsnbe obxnm cbibo jlbcbbe ekqobi) ~beg alqbqsn `njb slq`bcn

tle|q|ebe cb~b bjkokcbxn ksks obsb sncbj cntlegbq|mn kilm |xnb%

1% Obxb Jlq`b

Cbibo tlelinsnbe nen obxb jlq`b x|a`lj tlelinsnbe alqjnxbq besbqb 8

/ 14 sbm|e clegbe qbsb/qbsb 28)3 sbm|e%

Obxb jlq`b alqjbnsbe clegbe tqkxlx bjinobsnxbxn slebgb jlq`b

slqmbcbt njino jlq`b slqsles| xlmneggb ole`bcn slqanbxb slqmbcbt njino

jlq`b slqxla|s cbe jkecnxn fnxnj) fbbi cbe txnjnx sncbj olegbibon lflj

a|q|j cbqn njino jlq`b ~beg cnobjx|c% Tljlq`b abq| ~beg o|ibn aljlq`b

tbcb inegj|egbe jlq`b clegbe sljbebe tbebx ~beg sneggn bjbe olegbibon

tqkxlx bjinobsnxbxn slqmbcbt neslexnsbx tbtbqbe tbebx ~beg xlali|oe~b

sncbj tlqebm olegbibone~b% Tqkxlx bjinobsnxbxn nen anbxbe~b ololqi|jbe

wbjs| 7/24 mbqn -Glot|q Xbeskxk) 1443.%



nn

Alqcbxbqjbe qlflqlexn cn bsbx cbtbs cnjlsbm|n abmwb obxb jlq`b

x|a`lj tlelinsnbe sncbj alqtlegbq|m slqmbcbt slq`bcne~b jlilibmbe obsb%

8% Ibob Olinmbs

Ibob olinmbs cbibo tlelinsnbe nen alqm|a|egbe clegbe ibobe~b

slelgb jlq`b olibj|jbe tljlq`bbe cbibo xlmbqn% Xlo|b x|a`lj tlelinsnbe

olibj|jbe tljlq`bbe xlibob = `bo+mbqn% Slq`bcne~b tlqalcbbe sneggbjs

jlilibmbe obsb sncbj cntlelgq|mn kilm ibob jlq`b jbqleb ibob jlq`b xlo|b

x|a`lj tlelinsnbe jkexsbe bsb| xbob%

3% Xbjns Obsb

Xlo|b x|a`lj tlelinsnbe cbibo tlelinsnbe nen sncbj olegbibon xbjns

obsb) mntlqslexn cbe cnbalslx oniins|x%

<% Ales|j cbe \j|qbe Ka`lj Jlq`b

Ales|j cbe |j|qbe ka`lj jlq`b sncbj olotlegbq|mn slq`bcne~b

tlqalcbbe snegjbs jlilibmbe obsb ~beg cnbibon x|a`lj tlelinsnbe jbqleb

xlo|b x|a`lj tlelinsnbe oleglobx ka`lj jlq`b bsb| tqkc|j ~beg xbob)

abnj ales|j ob|t|e |j|qbee~b%

6% @bqbj Tbecbeg

@bqbj tbecbeg snbt slebgb jlq`b tlegltbjbe sncbj cnibj|jbe

tleg|j|qbe cnjbqlebjbe obxbibm sljenx) ~bns| tnotnebe tlq|xbmbbe sncbj

oloalqnjbe n`ne tlelinsn |es|j olibj|jbe tleg|j|qbe oleglebn `bqbj

tbecbeg slebgb jlq`b jbqleb cnjmbwbsnqjbe cbtbs oleggbegg| jlibehbqbe

tqkxlx tqkc|jxn%



nn

A% Neslexnsbx Tlelqbegbe

Neslexnsbx tlelqbegbe cn q|beg abgnbe tlegltbjbe sncbj olqbsb)

~bns| clegbe cncbtbsjbee~b mbxni tleg|j|qbe neslexnsbx tlelqbegbe ~beg

alqalcb/alcb snbt snsnj tleg|j|qbe% Enibn qbsb/qbsb neslexnsbx tlelqbegbe cn

q|beg abgnbe tlegltbjbe xlalxbq 2<4 i|} xlmneggb cnjbsbjbe j|qbeg cbqn

xsbecbq tlehbmb~bbe cn q|begbe jlq`b ole|q|s Jltolejlx Ek% 234< sbm|e

1441% Mbi nen cnjbqlebjbe clxbne tlobxbegbe ibot| ~beg sncbj xlx|bn%

H% Jlilibmbe Obsb

Alqcbxbqjbe mbxni tleg|j|qbe jlilibmbe obsb slebgb jlq`b

tlegltbjbe cntlqkilm xjkq jlilibmbe obsb ~beg alqalcb/alcb snbt slebgb

jlq`b% Mbi nen cntlegbq|mn kilm neslexnsbx tlelqbegbe ~beg cnslqnob snbt slebgb

jlq`b cbe jbqbjslqnxsnj snbt slebgb jlq`b alqalcb%

C% Tlegbq|m Neslexnsbx Tlelqbegbe Slqmbcbt Jlilibmbe Obsb

Alqcbxbqjbe mbxni |`n xsbsnxsnj cntlqkilm enibn Xng% -t. ~beg alxbqe~b

4)444 ~beg cnabecnegjbe clegbe enibn β <, cnobeb t94)42 ~beg alqbqsn

xbegbs xngenfnjbe bsb| bcb tlegbq|m neslexnsbx tlelqbegbe slqmbcbt jlilibmbe

obsb%

Alqcbxbqjbe enibn q mns|eg ~bns| xlalxbq /4)>66% Enibn nen

cn abecnegjbe clegbe alxbqe~b q sbali tbcb β <, clegbe e ? 34) objb

cnjlsbm|n q sbali ? 4)821) xlmneggb q mns|eg 5 q sbali alqbqsn bcb tlegbq|m

besbqb neslexnsbx tlelqbegbe slqmbcbt jlilibmbe obsb%



nn

Xnfbs jkqlibxn slqcbtbs tbcb enibn q mns|eg ~beg elgbsnf) bqsne~b abmwb

xlsnbt tle|q|ebe neslexnsbx tlelqbegbe cnnj|sn tlenegjbsbe jlilibmbe obsb

bsb| xlabinje~b% Slsbtn cn cbibo mbxni tlelinsnbe bcb alalqbtb enibn neslexnsbx

tlelqbegbe ~beg alqabecneg i|q|x clegbe xjkq jlilibmbe obsb slebgb jlq`b)

mbi nen cnjbqlebjbe jkecnxn obsb slebgb jlq`b slqxla|s ilanm abnj xbbs

cnibj|jbe tleg|j|qbe jlilibmbe obsb%

Mbxni cn bsbx `|gb xlx|bn clegbe tlelinsnbe sbm|e Q|jb~bm -2>>6.

clegbe `|c|i M|a|egbe Neslexnsbx Tlelqbegbe clegbe Jlilibmbe Obsb Slebgb

Jlq`b tbcb Xlwneg Cltbqsoles Inel 26 cbe 27 cn TS% Obsbqbo S|eggbi

Gbqoles Xilobe) ^kg~bjbqsb) Fbj|isbx Jlckjslqbe Tqkgqbo C8 Mntlqjlx cbe

Jlxlibobsbe Jlq`b \envlqxnsbx Xlalibx Obqls X|qbjbqsb% Tlelinsnbe cbqn

Q|jb~bm slqxla|s cncbtbsjbe mbxni ~beg xngenfnjbe%

Mbxni cn bsbx xlx|bn clegbe tlelinsnbe Xnxwbsnenegxnm -2>>=. clegbe

`|c|i M|a|egbe Besbqb Neslexnsbx Tlelqbegbe clegbe Jlilibmbe Obsb Slebgb

Jlq`b tbcb Abgnbe Tle`bmnsbe cn TS% Qkclk Xlobqbeg) Fbj|isbx Jlxlmbsbe

Obx~bqbjbs \envlqxnsbx Cntkelgkqk Xlobqbeg% Tlelinsnbe cbqn Xnxwbsnenegxnm

cncbtbsjbe mbxni ~beg xngenfnjbe%

Tlqalcbbe tlelinsnbe ~beg cnibj|jbe kilm tlelinsn clegbe tlelinsnbe

~beg cnibj|jbe kilm Q|jb~bm slqilsbj tbcb `lenx tlelqbegbe ~beg cn slinsn bsb|

cn|j|q% Tlelinsn cbibo tlelinsnbe nen olibj|jbe tleg|j|qbe slqmbcbt `lenx

tlelqbegbe xlslotbs) xlcbegjbe tlelinsnbe ~beg cnibj|jbe kilm

Xnxwbsnenegxnm olibj|jbe tleg|j|qbe slqmbcbt `lenx tlelqbegbe |o|o%



nn

ABA VN

JLXNOT\IBE CBE XBQBE

Jlxnot|ibe

Bcb tlegbq|m ~beg xbegbs xngenfnjbe neslexnsbx tlelqbegbe slqmbcbt

jlilibmbe obsb tbcb slebgb jlq`b cn abgnbe tlegltbjbe TS% Njbtmbqoneck

T|sqbobx) @bjbqsb Sno|q% Enibn Xng% -t. ~bns| 4)444 clegbe enibn β <,

xlmneggb t94)42%

Xbqbe

Alqcbxbqjbe jlxnot|ibe cn bsbx) objb xbqbe ~beg cbtbs cnb`|jbe

bcbibm xlabnje~b neslexnsbx tlelqbegbe cbibo q|beg jlq b mbq|x cnsnegjbsbe

xlx|bn clegbe xsbecbq neslexnsbx tlelqbegbe ole|q|s Jltolejlx Ek% 234<

sbm|e 1441) jm|x|xe~b cn q|beg abgnbe tlegltbjbe TS% Njbtmbqoneck

T|sqbobx) @bjbqsb Sno|q%



nn

CBFSBQ T\XSBJB

Bfbecn% 1441% Jlxlmbsbe Obsb Tleg|eb Jkot|slq %

msst0++www%liljsqkneckelxnb%hko+liljsqk+jkot|s6%msoi%Cnbjxlx tbcb sbeggbi 18 Oln 1424

Bmobcn Q|xibe) 144>% Fnxnjb Jlxlmbsbe% @kg`bjbqsb0 Onsqb Hlecljnb

Hkj Gc Qbn Tbcobebab) 1446% Tlegbq|m Tlelqbegbe Cbibo Q|beg Slqmbcbt

Tqkc|jsnvnsbx Obmbxnxwb Clxbne Neslqnkq %

msst0++www%tlsqb%bh%nc+ut|xins+`k|qebix+cnq%tmt;CltbqslolesNC?NES%

Cnbjxlx tbcb sbeggbi 11 Flaq|bqn 1424%

Hmneg) F% 2>>6% Ni|xsqbxn Clxbne Neslqnkq % Cbibo Hkj Gc Qbn Tbcobebab0

TLEGBQ\M TLELQBEGBE CBIBO Q\BEG SLQMBCBT

TQKC\JSNVNSBX JLQ@B OBMBXNXWB CLXBNE NESLQNKQ -Xjqntxn.% @bjbqsb0 Lqibeggb%

CLTJLX QN) 1448% JLT\S\XBE OLESLQN JLXLMBSBE EKOKQ

2141+OLEJLX+XJ+VNNN+1448%www%insabeg%cltjlx%gk%nc+ckweikbc+

nx1424+ necnjbskq%tcf % Cnbjxlx tbcb sbeggbi 11 Flaq|bqn 1424%

C~lq bec Okqqnx) 2>>4% msst0++t|xins1%tlsqb%bh%nc+l`k|qebi+necl}%tmt+nes+bqsnhil%%%+

266=4% Cnbjxlx tbcb sbggbi 11 Fla|bqn 1424%

Glot|q Xbeskxk% 1443% Obeb`lole Jlxlibobsbe & Jlxlmbsbe Jlq`b% @bjbqsb0

Tqlxsbxn T|xsbjb%

Gnaxke) @% 2>><% Bebskon cbe Fnxnkikgn Okclqe \es|j Tlqbwbs ) Binm Abmbxb

Kilm En I|m Glcl ^bxone Bxnm) XJth) @bjbqsb0 A|j| Jlckjslqbe

-LGH.%

Gqbec`lbe) L% 2>==% Fnssneg sml Sbxj Sk sml Obe% B Sl}akkj kf Khh|tbsnkebi

Lqgkekonhx) 3sm

Lcnsnke Ikecke0 Sb~ikq & Fqbehnx%

G|~ske) BH% 2>>2% Fnxnkikgn Jlckjslqbe NN ) Cnslq`lobmjbe kilm Bc`n Cmbqob)

@bjbqsb0 LGH A|j| Jlckjslqbe

Mbxskek) 1442% Bebinxnx Cbsb% @bjbqsb0 FJO \N

Mbeckjk Qnwncnjck) 144=% Xsbsnxsnj Jlxlmbsbe% @kg`bjbqsb0 Onsqb Hlecnjnb Tqlxx%

Mlecbqsk A|cn~kek) 2>>2% Neslexnsbx Tqbjsnj|o Tbcb Nec|xsqn B|skoksnf% Ob`bibm

Mntlqjlx Cbe Jlxlibobsbe Jlq`b% Vki% ]]NV% Ek%1% 32/33%

@bxhmnexjn) 2>>4% @bqbj Olinmbs Ib~bq VC\ cbe Ckj|ole cn Clotbs Jlq`b%

msst0++ww=%~|wnl%hko+aikg+;nc?>2>7<=% Cnbjxlx tbcb sbeggbi 2> Oln



nn

1424

JLTOLEJLX QN) 1441% Tlqx~bqbsbe Jlxlmbsbe Inegj|egbe Jlq`b%

msst0++www%m|j|o%|exqbs%bh%nc+ole+olejlx[162[2>>=%tcf %Cnbjxlx tbcb sbeggbi 11 Flaq|bqn 1424

Obe|bab) B% 2>>=% Tlegbq|m Lqgkekon Slqmbcbt Tqkc|jsnvnsbx% Cbibo Xlonebq

Tqkc|jsnvnsbx Slebgb Jlq`b) @bjbqsb%

Oleckfqb) F% 1448% Sljenj Tlehbmb~bbe N % @bjbqsb

Okhmboobc Bqnlf) 1443% Olskckikgn Tlelinsnbe Jlckjslqbe cbe Jlxlmbsbe%

X|qbjbqsb0 HXGF

Tmlbxbes) X) 2>>2% Lqgkekonhx) Wkqj bec Mlbism% Obq~ibec0 Bxtle T|ainxmlq%

Tqba|) 144>% Xnxsle cbe Xsbecbq Tlehbmb~bbe Q|beg) msst0++t|sqbtqba|%

wkqctqlxx%hko+144>+42+46+xnxslo/cbe/xsbecbq/tlehbmb~bbe/q|beg%

Cnbjxlx tbcb sbeggbi 11 Flaq|bqn 1424%

T|xbs M~tlqjlx cbe Jlxlibobsbe Jlq`b) 2>><% Tlelinsnbe Tlegbq|m Jkot|slq

Tbcb Obsb% Cltbqslole Slebgb Jlq`b% T|xbs M~tlqjlx cbe

Jlxlibobsbe Jlq`b%

Xncbqsb Ni~bx) 2>>2% Tle|es|e Nio| Tle~bjns Obsb% @bjbqsb0 Fbj|isbx Jlckjslqbe

\N

Xnxwbesk) 2>>8% Tlelqbegbe% @bjbqsb0 Abibn Tlib~bebe Lqgkekon JlxJlq

Xkljnc`k Ekskbsok`k) 1441% Olskckikgn Tlelinsnbe Jlxlmbsbe) @bjbqsb0 HV

Qneljb Hntsb%

Xklwbqek) 2>>1% Tlelqbegbe Slotbs Jlq`b) @bjbqsb0 T|xbs Tlib~bebe Lqgkekon

cbe Jlxjlq%

X|gn~kek) 1441% Xsbsnxsnjb \es|j Tlelinsnbe% Abec|eg0 HV Bifbalsb

X|ob„o|q) TJ% 144>% Mnglel Tlq|xbmbbe Cbe Jlxlmbsbe Jlq`b) @bjbqsb0 Xbg|eg

Xlsk

X|xnikwbsn) M% 1446% LVBI\BXN XNXSLO X\QVLNIBEX XLESNELI MNV CN

CNEBX JLXLMBSBE JKSB X\QBAB^B SBM\E 1443%

X|sqnxek Mbcn) 1443% Xsbsnxsnj 1) ^kg~bjbqsb0 Becn Kffxls%



\ecbeg/\ecbeg Qlt|ainj Neckelxnb Ekokq 18 sbm|e 2>>1 slesbeg Jlxlmbsbe%

msst0++www%x`xe%olejkjlxqb%gk%nc+ckj|ole+tlq||+2>>1+||18[2>>1[

nec%tcf % Cnbjxlx tbcb sbeggbi 17 Flaq|bqn 1424%

PENGARUH INTENSITAS PENERANGAN TERHADAP KELELAHAN MATA PADA TENAGA KERJA DI BAGIAN PENGEPAKAN PT. IKAPHARMINDO PUTRAMAS JAKARTA TIMUR

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