Pendahuluan Fotokatalisis 2014

OlehOlehProf. Dr. Ir. S l a m e t , MTProf. Dr. Ir. S l a m e t , MT

Departemen Teknik KimiaDepartemen Teknik KimiaFakultas Teknik - Universitas IndonesiaFakultas Teknik - Universitas Indonesia

Januari 201Januari 20144

teknologi teknologi FOTOKATALISISFOTOKATALISIS

BAHAN KULIAHBAHAN KULIAH

S i l a b u sS i l a b u s Aplikasi fotokatalisis untuk

self-cleaning & anti fogging Aplikasi fotokatalisis untuk

anti-bacterial dan terapi kanker

Rekayasa detoksifikasi solar secara fotokatalitik

Studi Kasus: Penanganan limbah tumpahan minyak di laut, dll

Aplikasi Fotokatalisis pada kehidupan sehari-hari

Praktikum/percobaan

Konsep dasar proses foto- katalisis & sejarah perkemb.

Termodinamika & kinetika Material fotokatalis semi-

konduktor Jenis-jenis Reaktor pada

proses fotokatalisis Parameter-parameter dasar

proses fotokatalisis Aplikasi fotokatalisis pada

purifikasi udara dan air Aplikasi fotokatalisis pada

limbah organik & logam berat

Buku Ajar :1. M. Schiavello, Heterogeneous Photocatalysis, John Wiley & Sons, 1997.2. A. Fujishima, et.al., TiO2 Photocatalysis: Fundamentals and Applications, BKC Inc. Japan, 1999.3. V. Parmon, A.V. Emeline, and N. Serpone, Glossary of Terms in Photocatalysis and Radiocatalysis,

Int. J. Photoenergy, vol.4, 2002 download di “e-learning DTK” (http://elearn.che.ui.edu/)4. J.B. Galvez, et.al., Solar Detoxification, Natural Sciences, Basic and Engineering Sciences, UNESCO. 5. Paper-paper & Internet

Model Pembelajaran/PengajaranModel Pembelajaran/Pengajaran

1. Pengajaran yg mengarah pd riset (research-led teaching)

2. Pengajaran yg melek riset (research-informed teaching)

3. Pengajaran yg brorientasi pd riset (research-oriented teaching)

4. pengajaran yg berbasis riset (research-based teaching)

Pemanfaatan RISET dalam penyelenggaraan pembelajaran dan pengajaran pada tingkat perguruan tinggi medorong munculnya beberapa model, seperti:

Model Pembelajaran/PengajaranModel Pembelajaran/Pengajaran

1. Model keempat memanfaatkan kegiatan RISET sebagai dasar pengembangan kegiatan pengajaran.

2. Pengajaran didisain secara terpadu dengan kegiatan RISET shg mahasiswa tidak dijejali dg berbagai macam pengetahuan, tetapi diberikan “pengalaman mencari & menggali” bagaimana pengetahuan itu diperoleh.

3. Hubungan antara dosen~mahasiswa bukan merupakan hubungan antara pemberi~penerima, atau antara pemimpin~bawahan yang kaku, tetapi merupakan hubungan dua arah (konsultatif).

4. Dosen bertindak sebagai fasilitator yang terus-menerus memberi fasilitasi pembelajaran yang dilakukan mahasiswa.

5. Mahasiswa dg pengetahuan yg dikuasai sebelumnya berusaha secara aktif mencari informasi-informasi yang dibutuhkan.

Model keempatModel keempat

• Each student individually carries out their research project and writes an essay and reflective account of the process by which the project was formulated and an assessment of the extent to which the project has met its objectives.

• Each student is expected to work independently with a high degree of learner autonomy.

• In the final phase of the project, students are required to work collaboratively as a team to devise a strategy for disseminating some or all of their research output during the module in a format appropriate for a non-academic audience (for example policy makers in government, members of the general public or a professional group).

• The group produces a document explaining the strategy and may annex to it any actual or proposed output (for example a briefing document, letter to the press, draft article for a magazine or newspaper, plans for a website etc).

RESEARCH-BASED LEARNINGRESEARCH-BASED LEARNING (Pembelajaran Berbasis Riset)(Pembelajaran Berbasis Riset)

Mo

del

Pem

bel

ajar

an/P

eng

ajar

anM

od

el P

emb

elaj

aran

/Pen

gaj

aran

1. Kegiatan pengajaran:• Konsep dasar proses Fotokatalisis, • Aplikasi Proses Fotokatalisis.

2. Penetuan tema kegiatan “Riset Mini”:• Pembentukan kelompok (2 mhs/kel)• Pencarian tema kegiatan “Riset Mini” oleh mhs secara mandiri

(aktual, sederhana, realistis, dan sesuai SILABUS)

3. Presentasi Kelompok:• “State of the art” & alasan pemilihan tema riset yg diusulkan.• “Pengarahan” agar tema riset yg diusulkan: “aktual, sederhana,

realistis, dan sesuai SILABUS”.

4. Pelaksanaan kegiatan “Riset Mini”• Dilaksanakan secara mandiri di luar jam kuliah.• Diadakan konsultasi/pembimbingan lapangan.• Presentasi progres “Riset Mini” setiap 2 pekan sekali.

5. Bedah paper (jurnal internasional) + kuis:• Jurnal internasional yg “up-to-date” & “milik sendiri”• Tema paper disesuaikan dg silabus & yg belum dipilih mhs

6. Presentasi Final:• Mid test Presentasi progres report (laporan ilmiah)• Ujian Akhir Presentasi Laporan Akhir (1. Academic & 2. Non-

Academic)

7. Publikasi:• Non-Academic Audience (upload website spt Kompasiana, surat

kabar, dll)

FOTOKATALISISFOTOKATALISIS

Suatu proses Suatu proses transformasi kimiatransformasi kimia yang yang dibantu oleh adanya dibantu oleh adanya CAHAYACAHAYA dan dan

material material KATALISKATALIS

Fotokatalisis (menurut IUPAC)

Suatu reaksi katalitik yg melibatkan absorpsi cahaya oleh katalis atau substrat tertentu. Dapat juga didefinisikan sbg suatu proses kombinasi antara fotokimia dan katalis, yaitu suatu proses transformasi kimiawi dg melibatkan cahaya sbg pemicu dan katalis sbg pemercepat proses transformasi tsb (Serpone, 2002).

Definisi-definisiDefinisi-definisi

Bandgap Energy (Ebg)

The energy difference between the bottom of the conduction band and the top of the valence band in semiconductors and insulators.

Conduction Band (CB)

A vacant or only partially occupied set of many closely spaced electronic levels resulting from an array of a large number of atoms forming a solid system in which electrons can move freely or nearly so. The term is usually used to describe the electrical properties (among several others) of metals, semiconductors and insulators.Valence Band (VB)

The highest energy continuum of energy levels in a semiconductor (or insulator) that is fully occupied by electrons at 0 K.

Mekanisme Mekanisme fotokatalisisfotokatalisis

h

+

-

VB

CB

-

-

-

-

+

++

+

D+

D

A

A-

+

+

Rekombinasi dalam

Rekombinasi permukaan

1

342

e-

TiO2+h TiO2(eCB- + hVB

+)

TiO2(eCB-+hVB

+) TiO2+heat

A(ads) + eCB- A-(ads)

D(ads) + hVB+ D+(ads)

Limbah logam berat,

CO2, dll Limbah organik

Mekanisme Mekanisme fotokatalisisfotokatalisis

CB

VB

Band gap, energy Band gap, energy bandsbands

PhotonThe quantum of electromagnetic energy at a given frequency. This energy (E = hν) is the product of Planck’s constant (h) and the frequency of the radiation (ν).

PhotocatalysisPhotocatalysis

Photocatalyst vs Chlorophyll

Sejarah fotokatalisisSejarah fotokatalisis Renz (1921) fenomena fotokatalisis pd permuka-

an semikonduktor metal-oksida (TiO2)

Baur & Perret (1924) reduksi/deposisi fotokatalitik dari garam silver menjadi metallic silver di atas permukaan ZnO

Goodeve & Kitcener (1938) fenomena memudarnya cat berbasis titania tersebut terkait dengan adanya proses dekomposisi/oksidasi fotokatalitik terhadap zat warna

Sejarah fotokatalisisSejarah fotokatalisis Fujishima (1972) Pemecahan H2O jadi hidrogen

& oksigen dg kristal tunggal TiO2 dg input sinar UV energi rendah Fotokatalisis mulai POPULER (majalah Nature), karena Isu krisis energi, Hidrogen: bhn bakar ramah lingkungan Kendala: efisiensi rendah (<1%) belum feasible

ERA FOTOKATALISIS (> ‘80) pengembangan ‘fenomena’ fotokatalisis yg lebih feasible utk tataran aplikasi keseharian pengembangan TEKNOLOGI.

Sejarah fotokatalisisSejarah fotokatalisis

Aplikasi fenomena Aplikasi fenomena fotokatalisisfotokatalisisPenyediaan air bersih & sterilSterilisasi udara/ruanganTeknologi swa-bersih (self-cleaning) & anti fogging

Cermin/kacaBahan bangunan (keramik, genteng, dll)Benda-benda dekoratif, lampu, dll

Anti bacterial & cancerProduksi senyawa organik dari senyawa anorganik

(reduksi CO2 metanol) model fotosintesisLingkungan:

Pengolahan limbah organik (limbah cair, gas)Pengolahan limbah logam berat: Cr(VI), Pt(IV), Hg(II)Degradasi pestisida & zat warna

Pemanfaatan MATAHARI utk proses fotokatalisisdll

Function of Photo-catalysis

J. Photochem. Photobiol. C: Photochemistry Reviews, 13 (2012) 169– 189

Applications of photocatalyst air purification

Several papers have discussed the use of the photocatalytic property of TiO2 in the field of textiles. It was determined that a fabric treated with nano-TiO2 could provide effective protection against bacteria and the discoloration of stains, due to the photocatalytic activity of nano-TiO2. On the other hand, zinc oxide is also a photocatalyst, and the photocatalysis mechanism is similar to that of titanium dioxide; only the band gap (ZnO: 3.37eV, TiO2: 3.2eV) is different from titanium dioxide. Nano-ZnO provides effective photocatalytic properties once it is illuminated by light, and so it is employed to impart anti-bacterial properties to textiles.

TiOTiO22 in the field of textiles in the field of textiles

Indoor applicationsIndoor applications

Outdoor applicationsOutdoor applications

Aplikasi FOTOKATALISIS Aplikasi FOTOKATALISIS di Industri di Industri

(Pengolahan Limbah)(Pengolahan Limbah)

Dunia Limbah

Jenis Limbah Senyawa Industri Penghasil Limbah

Logam Berat

(beracun)

Cr(VI), Hg, Pb, Cd, dll Electroplating, Penyamakan kulit, Tekstil, Timber (kayu lapis), tailing, dll

Logam Berat (strategis+ekonomis)

Pt, Au, Rh, Ag, dll Limbah tailing, industri-industri Penambangan, dll

Organik Fenol & turunannya, alkohol, pestisida, dye, dll

Tekstil, Electroplating, Timber penyamakan kulit, metalurgi, dll

Asam HCN, HCl, H2SO4, dll Limbah tailing, tekstil, timber, metalurgi, dll

~ 84% dari total industri electroplating di Indonesia tidak memiliki fasilitas pengolah limbah Seafood Pantura mengandung logam berat (Kompas, 30 September 2002) Kerang di Teluk Jakarta telah tercemar logam berat (Sinar Harapan, 11 Juni 2003)

MasalahMasalah

Alternatif Alternatif solusisolusi

•Limbah Logam berat : Limbah Logam berat : Cr(VI), Cr(VI), Pb, HgPb, Hg Pt, Au, Rh, Pd Pt, Au, Rh, Pd •Limbah Organik : Limbah Organik : Fenol, 4CP, Fenol, 4CP, salicysalicylic lic acid, dye, alkohol, dllacid, dye, alkohol, dll• Limbah Asam : Limbah Asam : HCN, HCl, H HCN, HCl, H22SOSO44, , dlldll

Konvensional

Konvensional

FOTOFOTOKATALITIK

KATALITIK

• Presipitasi, ekstraksi• Ion exchange• adsorpsi dg batubara/C• Biological treatment• Stripping

Kelemahan Efisiensi rendah Perlu energi sangat tinggi Perlu bahan kimia sangat banyak

OHCOOrganikSeny

PtPt(IV)

IIICrVICr

UVTiO

UVTiO

UVTiO

222

2

2

.

)()(

KELEBIHAN Hemat energi (suhu kamar) dan bahan kimia Reduksi dan Oksidasi limbah secara simultan Scr termodinamika kondisi ASAM lebih baik Lebih prospektif, karena dapat menggunakan sinar Matahari

Foto Reaktor ‘cascade’ (skala Pilot)Foto Reaktor ‘cascade’ (skala Pilot)

Disain Reaktor Tubular V-Concentrator Disain Reaktor Tubular V-Concentrator (TVC)(TVC)

Skala PilotSkala Pilot

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16 17

1. Tampak depan

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14 15

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17 13

Sinarmatahari

100 Cm

62 Cm

75 Cm

5 Cm

90 Cm

50 Cm

3 Cm

14 Cm

40 Cm

Disain Reaktor Silinder Berputar Disain Reaktor Silinder Berputar (RSB)(RSB)

Skala PilotSkala Pilot

Aplikasi FOTOKATALISIS Aplikasi FOTOKATALISIS untuk sintesis untuk sintesis

SENYAWA ORGANIKSENYAWA ORGANIK ((FuturistikFuturistik))

Sintesis Metanol (HC) Sintesis Metanol (HC) dari COdari CO22

(1). TiO2 + h

TiO2(e

- + h+)

(2). H+ + e- H•

(3). CO2 + 2H• HCOOH

(4). HCOOH + 2H• H-CO-H +H2O

(5). H-CO-H + H• H-•C(OH)-H

(6). H-•C(OH)-H + H• CH3OH

(7). CH3OH + H• CH3• + H2O

(8). CH3• + H• CH4

(9). CH3• + CH3• C2H6

Pengaruh loading Cu pd fotoreduksi COPengaruh loading Cu pd fotoreduksi CO22 dg katalis dg katalis Tembaga-TiOTembaga-TiO22 (t = 6 jam, T = 60 (t = 6 jam, T = 60ooC), C), fasa cairfasa cair

hvhv

HH22OOOO22

COCO22

CHCH33OH,OH, CHCH44, CO,, CO,etc.etc.

HH22OOCuCu

TiOTiO22

Cu++

Cu0

Cu+

Aplikasi FOTOKATALISIS Aplikasi FOTOKATALISIS untuk material ANTI-untuk material ANTI-

FOGGING & FOGGING & SELF-CLEANINGSELF-CLEANING

((Nanomaterial TiONanomaterial TiO22))

Mekanisme Mekanisme hidrofilikhidrofilik

• Elektron mereduksi kation Ti(IV) menjadi Ti(III)

• Hole mengoksidasi anion O2-

• Atom oksigen diusir membentuk oksigen vacancy

• Molekul air akan terserap ke dlm oxygen vacancy Permukaan bersifat hidrofilik

Suggested applications of super-hydrophilic technology

Division Function Application

Materials for a road

Cleaning easinessTunnel lighting, Tunnel wall,Clear soundproof wall

Self Cleaning by a rainfallTraffic sign, Lightning, Soundproofed wall, Guardrail, Decorative laminated panel and Reflector on a read

Anti-fogging property Road mirror

Materials for a house

Cleaning easinessParts of a Kitchen, a Bathroom and Interior furnishings

Self Cleaning by a rainfallExterior tiles, Siding boards, Window, Sash, Screen door, Gate door, Roof, Sun parlor, Handrail of a verandah

Anti-fogging property Mirror of a Bathroom and a Dresser

Accelerated drying Toilet, Window, Bathroom

Materials for a tall building

Self Cleaning by a rainfalWindow, Sash, Curtain wall, Painted steel plate, Aluminum panel, Tile, Building stone, Crystallized glass, Glass film

Materials for a store

Cleaning easiness Showcase

Self Cleaning by a rainfallSignboard, Fingerpost, Show window, The exterior of a store

Anti-fogging property Refrigerated showcase

Materials for agriculture

Self Cleaning by a rainfall, Preventing dewdrops forming

Plastic and Glass greenhouse

Materials for an electric and electronic instrument

Cleaning easiness Computer display

Self Cleaning by a rainfall Upper glass of a solar cell, Insulator

Preventing dewdrops formingHeat exchanger of an air conditioner, High-voltage cable

Materials for vehicles

Self Cleaning by a rainfallPainting and Coating of vehicles, The outside of windows, Headlights

Anti-fogging propertyThe inside of windows, Glass film, Helmet visor

Preventing dewdrops formingSide view mirror, Rearview mirror and Windshield of a motorcycle, Side mirror film

Materials for optical instrument

Anti-fogging property Optical lens

Materials for medical instruments and supplies

Bio-compatibility Contact lens, Catheter

Daily necessities and Consumer products

Cleaning easiness Tableware, Kitchenware

Self Cleaning by a rainfall Spray of anti-fouling coat

Anti-fogging property Spray of anti-fogging coat, Anti-fogging film

PaintAll properties mentioned above

Paint, Coat

Suggested applications of super-hydrophilic technology

0

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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Waktu (menit)

Su

du

t K

on

tak

(der

ajat

)

Blanko (Tanpa UV)

Blanko (UV)

TS-0 (Tanpa UV)

TS-0 (Dengan UV)

TS-10 (Tanpa UV)

TS-10 (UV)

No-TiO2

TiO2

Modified1-TiO2

Super-hidrofilik (sudut kontak)Super-hidrofilik (sudut kontak)

0

5

10

15

20

0 2 4 6 8 10

Waktu (menit)

Su

du

t K

on

tak

(0 )

TiO2/PEG-0

TiO2/PEG-3

TiO2/PEG-5

TiO2/PEG-10

TiO1/PEG-30

TiO2

Modified2-TiO2

Super-hidrofilik (sudut kontak)Super-hidrofilik (sudut kontak)

Uji anti-foggingUji anti-fogging

Tanpa TiO2 TiO2TiO2/PEG-

1000TiO2/PEG-

2000TiO2/PEG-

6000

TiOTiO22-Anti fogging-Anti fogging

Anti-Fogging EffectAnti-Fogging Effect

TiOTiO22 : Self-cleaning & anti fogging : Self-cleaning & anti fogging

TiOTiO22 : Self-cleaning : Self-cleaning

Uji self-cleaning Uji self-cleaning keramikkeramik (pengotor debu/lumpur)(pengotor debu/lumpur)

Setelah disiram air

Sebelum disiram air

( X : tanpa film TiO2, ● : dilapisi film TiO2 )

Sebelum disiram air Setelah disiram air

Uji self-cleaning Uji self-cleaning keramikkeramik(pengotor debu/lumpur)(pengotor debu/lumpur)

Aplikasi FOTOKATALISIS Aplikasi FOTOKATALISIS di berbagai bidang di berbagai bidang

((Aplikasi KreatifAplikasi Kreatif))

１． Transparent to ultraviolet light

２． High adsorbing action

３． Large specific surface area

４． Large pore volume

５． High physical strength

６． Possible to form the grains 0.03～ 3mm

７． Heat resistant to 700 C

８． Inactive surface area

Photocatalytic Silica Gel

0 jam 1 jam 2 jam

Aplikasi FOTOKATALISIS Aplikasi FOTOKATALISIS untuk Produk Komersial untuk Produk Komersial

((Aplikasi BisnisAplikasi Bisnis))

Photocatalytic Air Purifier

Photocatalyst product specially developed for textile, just dip in it for application. This product could effectively kill bacterial in various textiles, and with strong capability in removing bad smell to keep your textile in fresh natural health and away from bug and peculiar smell. Textile treated by this product has obvious effect on antibacterial, removing bad smell, and is capable to resist ultraviolet ray and to remove venomous and harmful matters such as formaldehyde. It is innocuous to human body, bland to skin, safe and high performance with obvious supplement prevention and control on pungent foot odor, skin diseases, women and pediatrics diseases. It can widely used for the development of various antibacterial textile, including respirator, curtain, sheet, underwear, shirt, T shirt, sport garments, glove, socks, towels, blanket, quilt cover, pillow cover, washing cloth and various kinds of women and children stuffs, one-off medical textile and so on.

Nano Textile LotionNano Textile Lotion

Helps combat the causes of asthma, drowsiness, eczema, hay fever, infections and much more. This little beauty is Absolutely essential for capturing smoke, dust, smells, viruses, pollen, bacteria and dust mites.

The antibacterial photocatalytic filter eliminates 99.99% of all mold spores and bacteria, and deactivates viruses.

Deodorising power is 85%. Get healthy with clean air.

The atmosphere in forests and around mountain streams is filled with negative ions, also known as 'vitamins of the air'. This Daikin air cleaner will fill your living room with the same negative ions.

Photocataytic Air Cleaner

By using the ultra-violet lamp and photocatalyst technique to produce ultra-violet light and CO2 to efficiently attract mosquitoes.

Uses the carbon dioxide and humidity produced by the photo-catalyst reaction, Imitating the person's breath, to lure the mosquito and fly

Kill bacteria, eliminate odour. The photocatalyst also cleans the air as a by-product.

Photocatalyst Mosquito Trap

Photocatalyst Mosquito Trap (Domestic, UI)

Unit penghasil air minum portable

Prototipe unit purifikasi udara

Kombinasi Kombinasi FOTOKATALISIS FOTOKATALISIS ddg proses laing proses lain

Mengurangi laju rekombinasi eMengurangi laju rekombinasi e--/h/h++

Multi-fungsiMulti-fungsi

Degradasi polutan, produksi HDegradasi polutan, produksi H22, listrik, listrik

Mekanisme photo-electro-catalysis

Nano-komposit (TiO2NT-SWCNT)

Nano-komposit (TiO2-Graphene)

Nano-komposit (TiO2-Hexaniobate)

Nano-komposit (Ti-TiO2-CdSe)

Nano-flower

Aplikasi FOTOKATALISIS Aplikasi FOTOKATALISIS dari Kreasi Anak Bangsa dari Kreasi Anak Bangsa

((Mhs UIMhs UI))

Anti-Virus Flue Burung ???Anti-Virus Flue Burung ??? Helm Anti Kabut ???Helm Anti Kabut ??? Pemanfaatan potensi bahan lokal ???Pemanfaatan potensi bahan lokal ??? Dll ???Dll ???

Pemanfaatan Pemanfaatan Batu Apung sebagai penyangga TiOBatu Apung sebagai penyangga TiO22

Nano-Photocatalytic

No Topik Periode Project1 Degradasi gas VOC (acetaldehyde) 1998 - 2000 BPPT-TGP

2 Sintesis metanol (HC) dg reduksi CO22000 - 2004 Pertamina, Osaka G

3 Pengolahan limbah organik & logam berat 2003 RUUI

4 Pengolahan limbah jamak (logam berat, organik, asam) pada Reaktor Energi Surya

2004 - 2005 RUT-Ristek

5 Kombinasi Proses Fotokatalisis dan Adsorpsi (Zeolit, AC) untuk Degradasi Limbah Organik

2006 - 2007 Hibah Bersaing

6 Kombinasi Proses Fotokatalisis dan Ozonasi untuk Degradasi Limbah Organik

2007 - 2008 Hibah Pekerti (membina Untirta)

7 Pengembangan Nanomaterial Berbasis TiO2 untuk Aplikasi Swa-Bersih dan Anti Kabut

2007 RUUI

8 Pengembangan Nanomaterial TiO2 pd Bahan Keramik 2008 - 2009 PT. KIA Keramik

9 Pengembangan TiO2 Nanotube dan Aplikasinya untuk produksi H2 dari air (Renewable energy)

2008 – 2010 Insentif Ristek (dg Untirta)

10 Pemanfaatan Energi Surya Untuk Produksi H2 Menggunakan Nanomaterial Berbasis CdS-TiO2

2009 – 2013 Proposal Hibah Pasca, Osaka Gas

11 Penanganan Limbah Industri Farmasi (Fenol) melalui Proses Fotokatalisis, Ozonasi & Adsorpsi

2009 - 2010 Rencana Kerjasama dg PT. Riasima A.

12 Disinfeksi & Penyediaan Air Bersih Melalui Kombinasi Proses Adsorpsi dan Fotokatalisis

2009 - 2010 Proposal Hibah Strategis

13 Rekayasa Nanomaterial TiO2 untuk ‘daily life tools’ (Penyediaan Udara Bersih, Degradasi Asap Rokok, Perangkap Nyamuk, Kipas Angin/AC, Helm Anti Kabut, dll.) Product Design

2009 - 2015 Prop. RUUIProp. Hibah DIKTIMitra Industri

Research Topics of Nano-Research Topics of Nano-PhotocatalyticPhotocatalytic

RoadmapRoadmap of Nano- of Nano-PhotocatalyticPhotocatalytic

Tingkat Aplikasi

Periode

1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2015

Fund

amen

tal

Tera

pan

Difu

si

12

3

4

12 2

5

6

2

4 5

6

7

8 8

99

10 1010

13 13

1212

13 13 13

9

10PRODUCT D

ESIGN

RENEWABLE ENERGY

Labo

rato

rium

Ben

ch/P

ilot

Indu

stri

Skala Riset

1111

1 13~ = no. topik sesuai tabel

Topik-topik Studi Kasus Topik-topik Studi Kasus

1. Unit Pengolah Limbah Rumah Tangga (Detergen)2. Unit Pengolah Air Hujan di Gunung Kidul3. Behel Gigi Swa-Steril4. Solar Degradation untuk Limbah Tumpahan Minyak5. Tekstil Swa-Bersih6. Kotak Sampah Anti Bau7. Sepatu Anti Bau8. Dudukan Toilet Swa-Steril & Anti-Bau9. Anti Statik pada Layar Monitor (Monitor Swa-Bersih)10. Lapisan Swa-Bersih pada HP11. Tikar Swa-Bersih12. Sikat Gigi Tanpa Odol13. Kemasan Makanan Anti Bakteri14. Pupuk Alami Ramah Lingkungan15. dll