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CONTROLLING PALM SUGAR MACHINE BY PNEUMATIC SYSTEM
P.Dhadung1, P.Frandika
1, K.Mahendra
1, W.Miko Hadi
1, R.Wahid
1
1Faculty of Mechanical, UteM, Malaysia
ABSTRACT
Palm sugar was originally made from thesap of thePalmyra palm, thedate palm or
thesugar date palm.Now it is also made from the sap of theArenga pinnata (sugar palm) and
thenipa palm,and may therefore also be sold as "arenga sugar". Palm sugar is produced by
tapping the sap from theinflorescence of the tree and boiling it down to produce a syrup,
which is then sold as is, or allowed to crystallize into various shapes and sizes. But there is a
problem in the old machine have an inaccuracy when fill gula melaka into container causing
the size of the gula Melaka to be small. So we design new machine system using a sensor and
pneumatic to increase the accuracy.
KEYWORD: pneumatic, accuracy, palm sugar, design and block diagram
INTRODUCTION
Control engineering or control systems engineering is the engineering discipline that
applies control theory to design systems with desired behaviors. The practice uses sensors to
measure the output performance of the device being controlled and those measurements can
be used to give feedback to the input actuators that can make corrections toward desired
performance. When a device is designed to perform without the need of human inputs for
correction it is called automatic control (such as cruise control for regulating a car's speed).
Multi-disciplinary in nature, control systems engineering activities focus on implementation
of control systems mainly derived by mathematical modeling of systems of a diverse range.
Likewise, if something happens to disturb the systems output without any change to
the input value, the output must respond by returning back to its previous set value. In the
past, electrical control systems were basically manual or what is called an Open-loop System
with very few automatic control or feedback features built in to regulate the process variable
so as to maintain the desired output level or value.
For example, an electric clothes dryer. Depending upon the amount of clothes or how
wet they are, a user or operator would set a timer (controller) to say 30 minutes and at the end
of the 30 minutes the drier will automatically stop and turn-off even if the clothes are still wet
or damp.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra_palmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_palmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_sylvestrishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arenga_pinnatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nypa_fruticanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflorescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflorescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nypa_fruticanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arenga_pinnatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_sylvestrishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_palmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra_palmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sap8/10/2019 PBL Report Control Finish!!
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In this case, the control action is the manual operator assessing the wetness of the
clothes and setting the process (the drier) accordingly.
PROBLEM DEFINITION
SME Corporation Malaysia has hired your company to design a control system for
gula Melaka filling system. The filling system consists of filler that fills the gula Melaka into
container those are being transported on a conveyor. However, the systems that have been
designed have an inaccuracy causing the size of the gula Melaka to be small.
As a control system engineer, we are required to propose a solution for the system.
The design must include the assumption and justification of the selected approach in
analyzing the problem.
3. Concept and Solution
Fact Idea Learning Issue Action Plan
1. the system that
have been
designed have an
inaccuracy
causing the size
of the gula
Melaka to be
small
1. We design a
machine that
considering time
variable, so the
accuracy when we
fill gula Melaka
into the container
will increasing.
2. we using pneumatic
system to operate
this machine,
because its more
simple and cheap,
with minimal risk
1. how to control the
pressure of
pneumatic system
2. how to set the right
time to operate
pneumatic
system
3. how to make an
argonomic design
1. observe the failure
of the system
2.calculate formula
and scheme to
make ladder
diagram
3.we create the
diagram ladder for
system
4.we make the design
of the machine
Pneumatic System
A pneumatic system is a system that uses compressed air to transmit and control
energy. Pneumatic systems are used in controlling train doors, automatic production lines,
mechanica clamps, etc
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The advantages of pneumatic systems
Pneumatic control systems are widely used in our society, especially in the industrial
sectors for the driving of automatic machines. Pneumatic systems have a lot of advantages
a. High effectiveness
Many factories have equipped their production lines with compressed air
supplies and movable compressors. There is an unlimited supply of air in our
atmosphere to produce compressed air. Moreover, the use of compressed air is not
restricted by distance, as it can easily be transported through pipes. After use,
compressed air can be released directly into the atmosphere without the need of
processing.
b. High durability and reliability
Pneumatic components are extremely durable and can not be damaged easily.
Compared to electromotive components, pneumatic components are more durable and
reliable.
c. Safety
Pneumatic systems are safer than electromotive systems because they can
work in inflammable environment without causing fire or explosion. Apart from that,
overloading in pneumatic system will only lead to sliding or cessation of operation.
Unlike electromotive components, pneumatic components do not burn or get
overheated when overloaded
d. Easy selection of speed and pressure
The speeds of rectilinear and oscillating movement of pneumatic systems are
easy to adjust and subject to few limitations. The pressure and the volume of air can
easily be adjusted by a pressure regulator.
Components
a. Compressor
A compressor can compress air to the required pressures. It can convert the
mechanical energy from motors and engines into the potential energy in compressed
air (Fig. 2). A single central compressor can supply various pneumatic components
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with compressed air, which is transported through pipes from the cylinder to the
pneumatic components. Compressors can be divided into two classes: reciprocatory
and rotary
b. Double acting cylinder
In a double acting cylinder, air pressure is applied alternately to the relative
surface of the piston, producing a propelling force and a retracting force (Fig. 6). As
the effective area of the piston is small, the thrust produced during retraction is
relatively weak. The impeccable tubes of double acting cylinders are usually made of
steel. The working surfaces are also polished and coated with chromium to reduce
friction.
Figure 1 :double acting cylinder
c. Directional control valve
Directional control valves ensure the flow of air between air ports by opening,
closing andswitching their internal connections. Their classification is determined by
the number of ports, the number of switching positions, the normal position of the
valve and its method of operation.
Common types of directional control valves include 2/2, 3/2, 5/2, etc. The first
number represents the number of ports; the second number represents the number of
positions. A directional control valve that has two ports and five positions can be
represented by the drawing in Fig. 8, as well as its own unique pneumatic symbol.
Principles of pneumatic control
1. Pneumatic circuit
Pneumatic control systems can be designed in the form of pneumatic circuits. A
pneumatic circuit is formed by various pneumatic components, such as cylinders, directional
control valves, flow control valves, etc. Pneumatic circuits have the following functions:
1. To control the injection and release of compressed air in the cylinders.
2. To use one valve to control another valve.
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2. Basic principles
The basic principles of drawing pneumatic circuit diagrams, the numbers in the
diagram correspond to the following points:
Figure 2: Basic principles of drawing pneumatic circuit diagrams
1. When the manual switch is not operated, the spring will restore the valve to its original
position.
2. From the position of the spring, one can deduce that the block is operating. The other block
will not operate until the switch is pushed.
3. Air pressure exists along this line because it is connected to the source of compressed air.
4. As this cylinder cavity and piston rod are under the influence of pressure, the piston rod is
in its restored position.
5. The rear cylinder cavity and this line are connected to the exhaust, where air is released
ENGINEERING ANALYSIS
Block Diagram
Figure 3: Block diagram
Valve time,G2(s)Pressure
calculation, G1(s)
Conveyor
velocity G3(s)
Sensor scale
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Block Diagram
Figure 4: Block diagram
Block Diagram
Generate Transfer function and Laplace equation.
()
()
()()()
()()()()()
()()
()()()
()()()
()()() ()()()()( )( )
( )
()()
=
1 = a()() + b()( ) + c()( )If s = 0 ; a = 0.33
H1(s) H2(s)
G1(s) G2(s) G3(s)
G2(s)G1(s) G3(s)
H1(s) H2(s)
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0
0,05
0,1
0,15
0,2
0,25
0,3
0,35
0 1 2 3 4 5
output
output
If s = 1 ; c = (-b(5.3027)-1.696)/1.6972
c = -0.99b 3.12
If s = -1 ; c = 1.33+b 3.3027
Y(s) =
-
-
y(t) = - +
Time Respond
From the y(t) equation, we are managed to plot the graph of system output against
time, t. The polar of the graph shows that, the graph of step response has been achieved.
Time (second) Output , y(t)
0 0.1456
1 0.1420
2 0.2344
3 0.2883
4 0.3059
5 0.3179
Figure 5: The Graph Of Time Response
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4.6 Pneumatic Diagram
Figure 6: pneumatic diagram
Machine Design
1. Overall design
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2. Machine Part
a. Piston and valve
b. Tank
c. Compression Piston
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CONCLUSION
From our report we can conclude from the equation of block diagram that changed
into time response.From the y(t) equation, we are managed to plot the graph of system output
against time, t. The polar of the graph shows that, the graph of step response has been
achieved.Therefore The time respone is increasing following the time.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our special thanks of gratitude to our lecturer Dr.Mohd
Khairy B Mohamed as well as our principal who gave me the opportunity to do this project,
which also helped me in doing a lot of Research and i came to know about so many new
things we are really thankful to them.Secondly we would also like to thank my parents and
friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time frame.
REFERENCE
Hazem I. Ali, Samsul Bahari B Mohd Noor, S.M Bashi, M.H Marhaban,A review of
Pneumatic Actuators (Modeling and Control), Australian Journal of Basic and
Applied Sciences,3(2): 440-454,
Igor L Krivts, German V Krejnin, Pneumatic Actuating Systems for Automatic
Equipment Structure and Design, Taylor & Francis Group, 2006
Ferdinand P.Beer, John T.Mazurek, (2012). Engineering: Mechanics of Materials (6th
ed.). The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY.
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APPENDIX
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MINIT MESYUARAT /2014
TEMPAT :
TARIKH/HARI :
MASA :
KEHADIRAN : Dhadung Prihananto B041410286
Frandika Primayoga B041410288
Mahendra Kurniawan B041410284
Miko Hadi Wijaya B041410285
Wahid Ramadhan B041410287
TIDAK HADIR DENGAN MAAF : -
NO PERKARA PERBINCANGAN PERLAKUAN/
KEPUTUSAN
TINDAKAN
1.0 Aluan pengurus
1.1 Ucapan 1.
2.0 2.
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MINIT MESYUARAT 2/2014
TEMPAT : BK.7 FKM
TARIKH/HARI : 13 November 2014
MASA : 10:00-11:00 a.m
KEHADIRAN : Dhadung Prihananto B041410286
Frandika Primayoga B041410288
Mahendra Kurniawan B041410284
Miko Hadi Wijaya B041410285
Wahid Ramadhan B041410287
TIDAK HADIR DENGAN MAAF : -
NO PERKARA PERBINCANGAN PERLAKUAN/
KEPUTUSAN
TINDAKAN
1.0 Aluan pengurus
1.1 Ucapan 1.
Greetings, to all member.
First of all wed like to say
basmallah to our success
2.0 2.
To make a flow chart to dothis project
3. We discuss about the new
design of machine that will
solve the problem
4. We decide the way to fill up
the gula malaka by
controlling the valves by
pneumatic system that
powered by compressor
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MINIT MESYUARAT 3/2014
TEMPAT : BK.7 FKM
TARIKH/HARI : 24 November 2014
MASA : 10:00-11:00 a.m
KEHADIRAN : Dhadung Prihananto B041410286
Frandika Primayoga B041410288
Mahendra Kurniawan B041410284
Miko Hadi Wijaya B041410285
Wahid Ramadhan B041410287
TIDAK HADIR DENGAN MAAF : -
NO PERKARA PERBINCANGAN PERLAKUAN/
KEPUTUSAN
TINDAKAN
1.0 Aluan pengurus
1.1 Ucapan 1.
Greetings, to all member.
First of all wed like to say
basmallah to our success
2.0 1.
We decide the blockdiagram to control the
accuration of valve that
related by scale.
Explanation:
From our block diagram we
can control flow rate by
controlling valve after the
scale read some Melakasugar and make a feedback
to main control. So, main
control will control about
valve with controlling
pressure.
2.
We discuss about valve
design by pneumatic
concept
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We use 3 pneumatic valves
moved by piston that
powered by compressor.
Look at the figure above
3.0 1.
Gathering information and
the data about gula Melaka
such as density, viscosity,
etc. So we can do
calculation that necessary to
pneumatic system, that will
influence when the machine
fill up gula Melaka into
conveyor and it will help toincrease efficiency.
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LOG BOOK
No Date Care taker Result
1 First meeting Miko hadi wijaya and Wahid
ramadhan
Make a concept of machine
designFrandika primayoga Search all about pneumatic
concept
Mahendra kurniawan search all about gula melaka
properties
Dhadung prihananto Search about principle of
pneumatic
No Date Care taker Result
1 Second meeting Miko hadi wijaya machine design
Frandika primayoga Make a block diagramWahid ramadhan Find The mechanisme of machine
Mahendra kurniawan Find the formula of pneumatic
diagram
Dhadung prihananto Search about principle of
pneumatic
No Date Care taker Result
1 Thirth meeting Miko hadi wijaya Machine design
Frandika primayoga Calculation block diagram
Wahid ramadhan Find The mechanisme of machine
Mahendra kurniawan Silmulation of pneumatic diagram
Dhadung prihananto Silmulation of pneumatic diagram