Cornell University Library
Thetine
original of
tiiis
boolopev relations.'
Ti i'--ii In these, too, we must distinguish between'
may be
equally applied to the signification of syntactic'
111 usual and
change of meaning.
occasional
meaning.its
The
'
usual
'
meaning may be more than a
single
one
:
changes arise from the variations of the occasionaleither in the enrichment or in the
signification,
and they consist
impoverishment of the contents with a corresponding narrowingor enlargement of the extent.arise
Peculiar circumstances, however,to deal with the relations
from the
fact that
we have here(cf. :
of several elements to each other
amo patrem, amor
patris),
and
tha,t
these relations are
compounded
into narrower or wider
groups
{e.g.,
verb
objective
accusative, substantive
genitive
of
another substantive).'usual'
Accordingly, besides the difference betweensignification,
and 'occasional'
we must make another
dis-
tinction,I
likewise a very important one, namely, that between
the signification of a general relation absolutely, and that of theto
'relation
some
definiteits
word.
The
signification
which
the
accusative has in
relation to a single definite verb must beit
distinguished from the general signification whichrelation to
has init
its
any word whatever, and
also
from that which
has
in its relation to
any
transitive verb whatever.
The
signification
150
;
PRINCIPLES OF THE HISTORY OF LANGUAGE.
[Ch.
it
bears in the first-mentioned instance
may
be closer and more
special,
and more or
less
isolated
with respect to the general
signification.
In modern times the view of the older grammariansdisputed, that a caseis
has beenor a
much
actually governed
by a verbetc.;
preposition,
or
a mood governed by
a
conjunction,
and
it
has been sought to derive the use of the case or theits
mood
from
general signification.
But
still,
in
a certain sense, and
with certain limitations, the traditional doctrine
may
be defended.
These general statementsexamples.TheGenitive.
will
be supported in what follows by
228.
No
simplc signification can be laidit
downfulfils
for the genitivein
from which the functions which
alreadydirectly
the original
Indo-Europeanstance,
language
can
be
gathered.
For
in-
we must from
the very outset regard the genitive
when
dependent on verbs as jn a different category from the same case
when dependent onare justified in
substantives.
If
we examine theis,
latter,
we
maintaining that the genitive, as
generallyIE.
speaking, the case in ancient Greek, could be employed infor the expression of
any given
relation
between two substantives
we may,sionally
therefore, ascribe to this category a simple signification
of very meagre contentspecialised.
and very wide extent, which
is
only occa-
On
the other hand, in NHG. the function,is
of the genitive in connection with substantivesrestricted.('
considerably goldes zeinlife')
Manygold'),
usages possiblelanges lebensobsolete.
still{'
in
MHG.
cf.,
staff of
zvdn
hope of long
are
at the present
day
We
must nowadays look
for
more
specialtive,
meaningsin this
if
we would denoteare
the usage of the geni-
and
we
compelled to distinguish several cateside several independent significations.in this
gories,
and to
set side
by
^
These might be most simply denotedgenitive,partitive-genitive,
way
:
possessive-
and the genitive denoting that the
VII.]
CHANGE OF MEANING IN DEPARTMENT OF SYNTAX.is
151
governing substantive
what
it
is,
in virtue of that
which dewine,the
pends upon
it
{e.g. :
the
maris
brother,
the
god of
writer of the work, the exploit of the hero).
The last-namedin the case
cate-
gory
may
be divided into two subdivisionsviz.,
of nouns\cf.: the
of action,
the subjective and the objective genitivethe
government of the Czar, or
government of
the country\.
The
statement of such categories has no doubt been lately regardedas a purely logical division, to be sharply separated from
grammar.
This view
is,
however, hardly correct, assuming that the stateaccurately and properly.
ment
is
made
The
categories in ques-
tion have gained an independent position with respect to theiroriginal general signification,
and only owing to
this fact
has
it
been possible for these alone to survive, while the other waysof applying them, which would likewise range themselves underthe original signification, have disappeared.229.
The
relation of the accusative toits
its
governing verb
is The Accusative.
analogous to that of the genitive toIf
governing substantive.
we would
give a general statement of the meaning of the
accusative, under which all the single
methods of employingit
it
might be arranged, we must say that
denotes generally every
conceivable kind of relation which a substantive can bear to averb, except that of a subject toits
predicate.
But
still
we
are
unable to employoccurs;
it
in
each case
in
which such a
commonIE.
relation
and, indeed, as early as inthis
the epoch of the
funda-
mental languagetion
was inadmissible, even though the applicaand more extendedin its range, as
was
still
much
freer
we
Hence the assumption of one place single all-comprehending meaning is insufficient: we must become gradually side by side different usages which have
may
see, for
example,
in Greek.
independent.
But
in this place the further fact
must be takenverbs also a
into consideration
that
in
its
relation
to
single
152
PRINCIPLES OF THE HISTORY OF LANGUAGE.
[Ch.
fixed usage, with regard to theaccusative,itself.
employment or otherwise of the
and a
specialisation of the signification, has established
We
must accordingly distinguish between the free accusais
tive,
which
independent of the nature of the verb to whichis
it is
attached, and the attached accusative, which
placed in connexion
with a small number of verbs only, anda restricted signification.230.earliest
in
each individual case in
Amongtimes,is
the free uses of the accusative dating from theits
employment
for
the designation of what:
extends over sp^ce and time (used not merely with verbs)the accusative ofna^ ^yam.""
also
the
contentsto
of
substantives
etymologically
connected with the verb (asj^(-(-yg^^jyg
fight a hard fight) ;*in Latin thein
u.
pf
^j^g
names of towns
answer to the questionis
Whither?
A
usage of comparatively recent origin
the ac-
cusative after verbs
commonly;
intransitive in
connexion with ared
predicative adjective
cf.
:
to
cry one's
eyes
to
wash
one's
forehead cool
to
eat oneself full
to
dance oneself tired
to
cry
oneself hoarse, etc.
In these cases, therefore,Still
we should have
a
widening of the
signification.
we must take
into considerathis construc-
tion that special factors tion;
have contributed to start
on the one hand, probably, the feeling
extinct
notthe
yet thoroughlyaccusative;
for
the
general
significationlike
ofto
on
the other, the analogy of cases
shootto
buy aetc.
manThe
free
a man deadto
to strike
a
man dumb
beat black
and
blue,
case
is
similar in constructions like those in the vulgar
phrasesfidence
to talk one'sto
head off^to worm oneself
into another's con-
read one's own thoughts into those of one's author
to
laugh a231.
man down, etc. The accusative
with
compounds occupies
a
kind
of
border-ground between the absolutely 'free' and the 'attached,'
when
the simple verbs are either intransitive or govern quite a
;
VII.]
CHANGE OF MEANING IN DEPARTMENT OF SYNTAX.
153
different kind of accusative.
We
say a border-ground, consider-
ing that at least a great number of such verbs unite into a
group
;
while
in
their
formation and transitive application, asitself
opposed tofelt.
use,
a certain freedom of movement makesbe-
Composites with
in
German [and
in a less
degree
in
English] have the quite general function of making an intransitive
verb transitive, or of enabling a transitive verb to adopt a different
kind of object
:
cf.:
befallen, beschrciben, bestreiten ; besetzen, bewer-
fen, bezahlen ; belabour, begrudge, bewitch.
232.
The
accusative,
when attached
to a definite individual
verb, has, as a rule, only a single meaning, limited
by
use.
Butis
multiplicity of
meaning
is
not quite exceptional, and thisto
in
such cases partly oldgeneralsignification
perhapsthe'
be referred to the original
of
accusative
and'
partly
it'
provesusual,'
that originally one signification, and one only, has been
while the other has grown up by
occasionalschlagen
transgression of theschlagen
usage
;
cf.
in
German, wunden;
den feind
das schwert schlagen
einen mit steinen
werfen steine
auf
einen
werfen ; einen mit dem messerherz stechen; worte sprechendefendere aliquemaliquo;
stechen ihm
das messer durch dasin
ab
einen menschen sprechen; defendere ardorem ardoresolis
Latin,
solis
ab
prohibere calamitatem a provinciaprohibere provinciam
calamitate [in English,
toke^ a man from harm to
keep
harm from
a man
;
to stick
Undoubtedly
a knife into a man to stick a man tvith a knife\ the following constructions, which are especiallydevelopment, due partly to{'
commonsional'
in poetry, are a later
occa-
usage: in German, ein kind schenkenin
= saugen),
wasser^* Aen.i.
in einen eimer fullen;
Latin, vina cadis onerare
(Verg.,* a,
199.
variation for cados vinis), liberare obsidioncmliberare
(LiVY, mstead of
urbem
obsidione)
;
in Greek,i
BuKpva reyyeiv, 'to wet tears
'
ti^.j4i=.9.
(instead of 'to wet with tears,'1
Pindar) ;t
alfia Seveiv, 'to stain
Such constructions as the following, which are
especially
common
in poetry, are
usa^e. of later development and partly due to occasional
Greek Syntax.
154
PRINCIPLES OF THE HISTORY OF LANGUAGE.'
[Ch,
blood
(Instead of 'to stain with blood,' SOPHOCLES).^fiouTS her throat'^* (p.
\Cf.,
'
The
OA Attic Warbler to spring;,Gray's
More examplesi.
are given ^
by
Madvig, Kleine schriften
337).
Since the relation expressed
by the accusative maywhichThePrepositions.
in itself
be more than a single one, theis
connexion of one verb with several accusativesarises quite naturally.It
a circumstance
233.
would be incorrect to say of thethis
IE.
prepositions
that they governed
or that particular case.to
The
case in;
question
was rather directly to he referredstill;
the verb
its
general meaning wasised
apprehended, and was merely special-
by the prepositionalso,
whence
it
comes that
differentits
cases
could
stand after the same preposition, each with
own
special meaning.original state.
The Greek
stands in
many
respects near to thislost its inde-
But the case has more and more;
pendence with respect to the prepositionposition with the case has
the connexion of the pre-
become matter of custom, and the congrownfainter.
sciousness of the original case-signification has
In
the case of thezu,
NHG.
prepositions which govern one case only, likein the sense,;
um, or which govern several without any difference
like trotz, the
meaning of the case has certainly disappearedparticular caseis
the
employment of theand
merely a traditional
habit, tofixity
which no value can be attached.fast
Between the present absolutelife
connexion on the one hand, and the original
and freedom
of the cases on the other, stands half-way thedative and accusative in a different sense afterApposition
employment of thein, auf, ilber, unter.
234. Appositional construction often appears.
and PartitiveGenitive,
if strict
accuracy of expression were aimed
at,
to
when we ought employ a partitive>
genitive;
not merely where the appositiontogether, give the;
consists
of severalas the
members which, takenway, the other that^ ['
same meaning
substantive to which they are appended
e.g. :
They^zvent, one thisnaufraepe, Ihov;'^ further, in;
cir^e
used before a
plural,
and again
Latin
we
find cave dirumpatis
(Pla.utMS, Poen. Prol., ii6), etc.
in
ordinary
German
conversation
we hear sometimes suchmonly addressed by
expressions as warte mal, even where theis
words are addressed to several persons, or to one only whoSie.
com-
In the older stages of NHG.;
we
find sieht
employed even where more than one are accosted the French voici and voild. are completely crystallised. In late Greek &
^an gaswiltan \ainma unledin jah brigganBe aiToOavelv top TrreB^oj/ koI
fram aggilum = iyeveTOviro
a,veve')(drivai
t&v ayyeXoav,
of.
Gramm.
iv.
57 sgq.
This
is
natural
when we take
notice of thesideIE.
originally neutral nature of the infinitive.it
But on the otherin
is
equally intelligible that the want
felt
the individual
languages led by gradual but inevitable steps to the creation ofa passive infinitive.naturally
Themost
necessity for thefelt
employment
of such
made
itself
in
the case of those languages in
which the accusative has developed into the subject-case of theinfinitive.
474.
A
grammatical passive exists only
in
cases where such
passive has been formed from the
same stem
as the active,
and has
been separated therefrom by a special method of formation.relation
Theis
of
an intransitive
to
the corresponding
causative
approximately analogous to the relation of the passive to theactive,cf.
fallen
fallen,
hangen
hdngen,sterben
and the
pairs
from
unrelated roots, warden{hui) werfen.
machen,
is
tddien, (kin) fallenin this, that in
The
difiference,
however, consists
the
case of the intransitive, an operative agency
not contemplated asis
normally as
in the case of the passive.
This differenceis
therefore
easily cancelled.
In Greek the phraseis
allowed, aTrodv^a-Keiv vvo
nvo^.
In
Latin Jio
employed
in
the present simply as thethis are the periphrases for
passive offacio.
In no other
way than
the passive
by means pf werden and
sein intelligible.
On
the other
hand, the so-called deponents show us the transition from the
310
PR/NCIPLES OF THE HISTORY OF LANGUAGE. [Ch.XV.]These cannotjustifiably be placedin a
passive to the active.
separate category from the proper passive or middle voice
by the
circumstance that they have to be translated by the active in aforeign language.
On
the other hand,
we have
to take into con-
sideration the entire loss of the active
which originally belongs to
them, and what
is still
more important, a method of construction;
which commonly
falls
only to the active
thus especially the con-
nexion with an accusative of the object.475.its
Oneis
of the most ordinary
ways
in
which the passive takesits
origin
from the middle voice, which on
side
is
capable of
being formed from the composition of the active with the reflexivepronoun.
[Cf French
se marier, the-sa,
Scand.
-sk, etc.,
the Russian
way
of forming the passive in
and possibly the Latin form
in -ier?^
The exact
process
is
that one element in the significa-
tion of the middle disappears.origin of an action in the subject
The middleandits
involves at once the:
return thither
the passive,
the latter only.
In the case of
many
reflexive combinations in
NHG., the consciousness of an activity of the subject has likewise
disappearedtive
;
but they approximate more to the simple intransi-
owing;
to the relationshipsich
which exists betweendrehen,teilen;
this
and thefreuen,is
passive
cf
regen,
ausdehnen,etc.
sich
schdmen, verwundern, irren,
Still
more completely
every
active operation of the subject
excluded
in sichfinden, befinden, in
expressions like das Idsst sich koren, es Idsst sick da gut leben, dashort sich
gut1
an, hier tanzt es sich sehr leicht.
See however King
&
Cookson's Sounds and Inflections,
p. 443.
PASSAGES TRANSLATED.Page297.
Ni shdun,
etc.
Nor
shall children hoard for fathers, but fathers forsees the lovely otff, to
children.
Page 298. Swey Page298.
gesihi, etc.
Whoever
him must she
he well
pleasing, so that they praise her virtue.
Das
iesUcher, etc.
That each knight sat in
his saddle
and arranged
their
troop.
CHAPTER
XVI.cl',,Ia^tr.los.
DISPLACEMENT OF THE SYNTACTICAL DISTRIBUTION.*
WEinrelation,
have already seen,a sentence,
in
Chapterin
VI.,
that the distribution of The diverpsychological
the manner which we combine elements larger or smaller groups, admits of being readily modified.(or logical) relation
and
It grammaticaldistribution
was likewise hinted there that the psychologicalof the elements
among
themselves, and their purely grammatical
may
be
in absolute conflict.first
The
syntactical forms (e.g.
the cases) arise, in the
instance, in connexion with definite
elements of the sentence,of a substantive,specificetc.
such
as subject, object, determinationat the
But they express
same time
a
more
mutual relation than can be expressed by the mere juxta-
position of the several words.'specific
Now the usefree
of this method of mere
expression, while the old
combination of notions,still
which can never be wholly abolished,contradiction, which inits turn, if it
prevails,'
produces a
becomes
usual,' gives rise to
new
constructions.
The departure from
the
external form
of
grammar here
consists partly in a different
way
of grouping and
detaching the single elements, partly in a different psychological
arrangement of them, by which subject, predicate,
object,
etc.,
change functions.477. Duality of elementsis,
as
we have
seen, the primitive
form
Duality andMultiplicity
of the sentence.
Even the
fullest
sentences admit of being so
of dements.
constructed, the whole of the supplementary matter being thrown811
312
PRINCIPLES OF THE HISTORY OF LANGUAGE.two elements.
[Ch.
into extensions of the
But
it
is
possible for the
determinants of the predicate, the nearer and remoter object, the
determinants of place and time, to likewise obtain the value of
independent members, so that a multipHcity of membersConversely, this multiplicityseveral
arises.
may
itself
give rise to a simple
pair,
members being grouped
in
one without regard to thehistorical developIf
distribution
which would be demanded by thein
ment of the mode of sentencesubject
question.
we
indicate the
by
a,
the predicate
by
b,
the determinants of the latter by
Greek
letters,
and the single groups by brackets, we should have
as our fundamental(7)(S).
scheme
{d){baP'^h),
and besidesuchas
it
{a){b){a){^)
Hence canetc.,
develop
schemes
(aba^yXS)etc.,
or
{aba^B){y),beside.further,it
or again (a)(ba^y)(B), (a){ba0B)(y),
and others
The
violation of the original distribution can
go even
yet
determinants of the subject being likewise detached from;
and combined with other elements
and those of the object
in
the
same way,
etc.
478. Multiplicity of elements, resulting from an approximate
equality in the value of each, occurs especially in calm, connectedexposition.
Ordinary conversation Always tends to sentencesonly.
of
two or three elementsThe Psychologic3,l
479.
The element most sharplycontaining as
distinguished from the rest
is
Pre-
dicate.
in the first place,
the psychological predicate, as being the mostit
important of
all,
does that which
it is
the
final
aim
of the sentence to communicate, and onstrongest emphasistois laid.
which therefore the
The
sentence Charles drives to-morrow
London can be conceived
as of four
membersall its
in case
it is
spoken
'
to a wholly unprepared hearer, to
whom
several elements aredis-
therefore alike new.
We can
then say equally well that three
tinct predicates are attached to the subject Charles; or, perhaps
more
correctly, that to the subject Charles is attached the predi-
XVI.] DISPLACEMENT OF THE SYNTACTICAL DISTRIBUTION.
313
cate drives, to the subject Charles drives the predicate to-morrow
and to the subject Charles drives to-morrow the predicateLondon.only
to
Here the
last
determinant
is
no doubt somewhat, butrest.is
slightly,
more emphasised than the
On
the other hand,
where the mental disposition of the hearera manner
previously defined in
known
to the speaker, each of the fourpredicate.
members mayjourney togoal remains
become a sharply emphasised
If Charles'its
morrow has already beenuncertain, then to
discussed,is
and only
Londonthe
the predicate.
We
might then ex-
press
it
otherwiseis
goal of the journey which Charles makesIf his journey to
to-morrowtioned,
London.
London has been menthen
and only the time wasand we might expressIfit
indefinite,it
to-morrow
is
predicate,
Charles' journey to
London
takes place to-morrow.
is
known
that Charles will travel towill
London to-morrow, but not whether hethe predicatedrivesis
walk or drive
there,
lies in drives.
But we could not exactly say that
psychological predicate in accordance with the gram;
matical form
it
is
rather to be split into two elements, a general
verb of motion and a determinant to this verb indicating thespecies of motionis;
and only theis
latter is predicate.
If, finally, itit is
known
that
some one
driving to
London to-morrow,is
only
doubtful who, then the grammatical subject Charleslogical predicate,
the psycho-
and weto
can say equally wellis Charles.
the person
who
is
driving to-morrow480.
London
As opposed
to the psychological predicate,
all
the otheris
psychological subject
elements of the sentence can be
conceived as subject, asit
clear and w//
for
themselves, on
assumption thatis
a
generally recog-
273, 485-
INDEX.Poetical constructions, 123, 153.foltern, 184.
S9{Sansk.), 303.
pura
Popular Etymolygy, 231-6, 464, 465. posthumous, 233.Praterito-prasens, 304.
quanquam, 332.
Predicate in agreement with several subjects, 130.,
Rr in auslaut after long vowel, disappear-
the derminant a degraded, 132. the sentence as, 139. the Copula nota,
ance
of,
204.for,
,
r in Bavarian, sound-lawraben, 277.
no.
,
327.
,
concord
of,
343-7.
radebrechen, 270.rant, 86.
,
psychological and grammatical, 112,
312, 314, 318, 331, 337, 364. substantive in connection with an ,adjectival, 156.
rappe, 68, 277.
rmih, 214,
Predicative accusative, 327, 344.,
Reaction agst. sound-change, 202, 208. -recht in proper nameSj 232.Reduplication, 182, 183, 219. Reflex Sounds, 185, 188.reiter, 278.
attribute,
136,
158,
167, 342, 350,
425.Prefixes, origin of derivative, 396.
Prepositions, 154, 159,- 168-9, 204, 404.,
Relative
introducing
independent
sen-
origin of, 426.
tences, 332.
and conjunction, 430.,
as psychological subject, 315.
pleonastic use of, 169-70.in M.H.G., 195.
Rhetorical c[uestions, 128.ritensplit, 377.ritter, 199,
,
final
sound of Greek, 203.case, verbs derived from con-
278.
andnection
its of,
rosary, 88.
270.
ruher-ruch, 108.
Prepositional determinants, 136, 168.
Present tense, 302-5.referring alike
to past and future,
J,
Dutch233.
plurals in, 280.in
303-
J of
Nom.
Greek Masc. d stems, 293.
Pronouns, 66, 67, 142, 164, 252, 298, 333,335> 403-
-sal,
sallow, 230.
(demons,
and
relat.),
concord
of,
340, 346. as subject, agreement of, 340.
-sam, compounds in, 265, 283, 397. sammeln sammlung, versammeln,differentiation of, 284.
&*c,y
Pronunciation
and
spelling,
divergence
sandhi phenomena, 108.schade, 410.schaffen, 281.-schaft,
between, 38, 446, 453, 454. Pronunciation, convenience as a factorin, 46, 47.
words ending
in,
282, 397.
of
same word
inevitably varies, 43.
schanz, 230.scheuen-scheuchen, 278.schirm, 81.schlingen, 230.
Proper names, 67, 73, 82, 86, 199, 232,234, 251, 291, 320, 340, 379, 381. Proportion groups, 93-7, 200.
Proverbs, Syntax
in, 113.
schmach schmahen, 214.See underschmalen, 234. schmelzen, 247, 249.
Psychological categories, 288-326.subject or predicate.subj.
and pred.
5IO
INDEX.spurilon, 267.-St,
schnur, 229.schopfer, 281.
198.
schweigen, 234, 305.sehen-sach, 108.sehen-gesicht, 108, 214,
Stage-language, German, 477.stein, 68.
Stem, without case designation, use155. 340-
of,
icAB (used for aussehen), 156.isAr, igg.
stevern, 68.streitbar, 265,
sein in Bavarian, 256.selbey, 253.
Subject, 155.,
Sentence, the, 88, 110-48, 139, 142, 310,365.shed, 229.sheer, 230.sJcA, 255.
double, 129.in impersonal verbs, 120.
,
psychological and grammatical, 112,
306, 316, 318, 331, 337, 364-5.,
psychological and copula, 313.the sentenceas, 139.
sichey, secure, stir, 157.
,
Singular after numerals, 299. sU, M.H.G., 159.
,
concord of the pronoun
as, 340.
Subjective genitive, 151.
sk
in o. N., 255.
Subordinate sentences, 330-8, 354, 362.Substantive, 403-5.,
skaidan, 216.skal, in O.N.so, 283,,
307.
transformation into adjective; and
334.of, 39.of, 53.
Sound, continuity
vice versa, 407. sucht, 233.
Sound-change, the main occasion
Sounds of language,
first,
185-6.
SufSxes, 184, 201, 396, 400. Suffixes, fusion of two, 265,
Sound-change, isolation by, 200, 392. independent of individual caprice,&c., 62.,
of foreign origin, 469.ffvveSpiov, 235.
Superfluity in language, causes
of,
272.
reaction against, 202, 208.obliterates distinctions, 229-50.
Superlatives, pleonastic, 161, 169, 389.,
confusion of comparative and, 164.
Sound-groups, etymological or material,95. 101-2.
Supplied, words or phrases, 353. Surprise or admiration, expressions127, 185.
of,
conception of widelyjdifferent groupsas essentially identical, 42.
svairhan, 216.
Soundlog.
lavifs,
for
definition of, 57. in H. M. German dialects,
Syntax,
The fundamental
facts of, ill.
&
Syntactical differentiation, 286.
groups, 192.
Sound-shifting, 31, 41, 55, 200, 465. Sound signs of identical value, variation
abolished
in,
447.
-tel,
398.
substitution, 58, 107.
Tense, 300-6.,
variationssovereign, 232.
all
involuntary, 227.
concord
of,I.
350.
,
system in282.
E. development,
of, 287,
sparrowgrass, 235.Specialisation, difference
-ii,
200.
between occasand usual, 81. Spelling and pronunciation, divergence of,ional38, 446, 453, 454.
tiefe,till,
prepositional use
of,
168.
to,
204, 231.
tor, 229.
INDEX.tor
5"useof,
,
tiir,
279.
vol,
156.
tragen, lengthening of vowel in, 215.
vor, 257.
Transformation of words, 180.phonetic, 234.trotz, 154.
vormund, 232. Vowels, M.H.G., lengthening
of,
209.
trubsalig, 233..
Win, 282, 397.
-turn,
words ending
wahn, {wan), wdhrend, usewan, 231.
in
compounds, 232,
of, 159.
U, declension in original,
wald, in proper names, 232.
German,
222, 242.
stems, identification of Nom. and Accus.in, 248.
construction after, 258.
wandelbaere, 265.
um, 154. Umlaut, 201, 218, 221-3, 226, 237, 246.umrlngen, 232.-ung, 198.Unification, 202-11, 214, 243.
wanhope, 232.
wannewemie, 282. ward wtirde, 287.
warum worum, 282. warn ware (a.s.), 296.weder
and formal groups, 207, 224, 236-50. and material 207, 231. between verbal and noun compounds,269.
noch,
329.
Oder, 329.
weges {gerades), 194.weide, 68.weil, 159.
Uninflected words, 406.
Unit of language,unter, 230.'
88.
weise, 378. weissagen, 233, 270. werden, variation in sing, andplur.wiewol, 332. winden wenden, 452.of,
221.
Usual
'
meaning, 65, 149, 153.
VVaucluse, 386.
wis, 160.
Wish and demandwistuom
Verb, 403, 404.
wisheit, 285.
sentences, 123.
and414.
adjective, contrast in
meaning
without, incorrect use
of,
168.
of,
wol, combinations with, 388.
and noun, distinction between, 413. derived from connection of preposition and its case, 270. Verbal and noun compounds in German,268.
Writing, Language and, 433.
ze
zuo, 204,108.
231.
zer, 231.
verderben, 249.
verdorben
verderbt,
Ziehen282.
zug, changezucht, 214.
between h and
g
in,
vergessen, 197.
Verner's Law, 192, 201, 207, 210, 224.verweisen, 232.
ziemen, 215.zu, 154, 196. ziicken zucken, 282.
Vocative, 347.in
naming, 341.
zuhidri, 264.
Voice, 306-10.
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