Patient Centered Knowledge Translation: Ian Graham, PhD FCAHS August 8, 2013 TEACH, NYC
Jan 08, 2016
Patient CenteredKnowledge Translation:
Ian Graham, PhD FCAHS
August 8, 2013TEACH, NYC
Biases and Disclosures
• Training: medical sociologist, Postdoc- clin epi• Methods: mixed methods- qual + quant• Research interests: KT science, HSR• Philosophy: social construction of knowledge;
pragmatist
Biases and Disclosures
• Relationships: – no industry funding or relationships
– co-editor, KT in Health Care• Royalties go to fellowship fund
– co-editor, Evaluating the Impact of Evidence-based Practice
Session Objectives
• To improve understanding of what is KT
• To be able to distinguish: between end of project KT, integrated KT and KT science
• To appreciate what patient centered KT looks like
Take Home Messages1. Knowledge Translation is about getting
evidence into practice/policy and improving the lives of patients
2. Integrated KT is about meaningful engagement of knowledge-users (including patients) in research
3. Engagement can range from determining the research question to dissemination and application of findings
Take Home Messages Con’td
5. Partnerships in KT, as in clinical practice, should be premised on respect and developing a process to ensure that it happens and can be sustained
6. Much of KT science is patient centered
What is Knowledge Translation?
Knowledge translation practice is about:• Making users aware of knowledge and facilitating their use of it
to improve health and health care systems• Closing the gap between what we know and what we do
(reducing the know-do gap)• Moving knowledge into action
Knowledge translation science (implementation science) is about:• Studying the determinants of knowledge use and effective
methods of promoting the uptake of knowledge
What is Knowledge Translation?KT is a dynamic and iterative process that includes synthesis, dissemination, exchange and ethically sound application of knowledge to improve health (patients lives), provide more effective health services and products and strengthen the health care system.
This process takes place within a complex system of interactions between researchers and knowledge users which may vary in intensity, complexity and level of engagement depending on the nature of the research and the findings as well as the needs of the particular knowledge user.
http://www.cihr-irsc.gc.ca/e/39033.html
Knowledge synthesis
Ethically sound application of knowledge
Dissemination
Knowledge exchange
What is Knowledge Translation? The contextualization and integration of research findings of individual research studies within the larger body of knowledge on the topic. Synthesis is a family of methodologies for determining what is known in a given area or field and what the knowledge gaps are.
The iterative process by which knowledge is actually considered, put into practice or used to improve health and the health system. KT activities must be consistent with ethical principles and norms, social values as well as legal and other regulatory frameworks
Refers to the interaction between the knowledge user and the researcher resulting in mutual learning, it encompasses the concept of collaborative or participatory, action oriented research where researchers and knowledge users work together as partners to conduct research to solve knowledge users’ problems (Integrated KT).
Involves identifying the appropriate audience for the research findings, and tailoring the message and medium to the audience.
Knowledge synthesis
Ethically sound application of knowledge
Dissemination
Knowledge exchange
What is Knowledge Translation? The contextualization and integration of research findings of individual research studies within the larger body of knowledge on the topic. Synthesis is a family of methodologies for determining what is known in a given area or field and what the knowledge gaps are.
The iterative process by which knowledge is actually considered, put into practice or used to improve health and the health system. KT activities must be consistent with ethical principles and norms, social values as well as legal and other regulatory frameworks
Refers to the interaction between the knowledge user and the researcher resulting in mutual learning, it encompasses the concept of collaborative or participatory, action oriented research where researchers and knowledge users work together as partners to conduct research to solve knowledge users’ problems (Integrated KT).
Involves identifying the appropriate audience for the research findings, and tailoring the message and medium to the audience.
Knowledge synthesis
Ethically sound application of knowledge
Dissemination
Knowledge exchange
What is Knowledge Translation? The contextualization and integration of research findings of individual research studies within the larger body of knowledge on the topic. Synthesis is a family of methodologies for determining what is known in a given area or field and what the knowledge gaps are.
The iterative process by which knowledge is actually considered, put into practice or used to improve health and the health system. KT activities must be consistent with ethical principles and norms, social values as well as legal and other regulatory frameworks
Refers to the interaction between the knowledge user and the researcher resulting in mutual learning, it encompasses the concept of collaborative or participatory, action oriented research where researchers and knowledge users work together as partners to conduct research to solve knowledge users’ problems (Integrated KT).
Involves identifying the appropriate audience for the research findings, and tailoring the message and medium to the audience.
Knowledge synthesis
Ethically sound application of knowledge
Dissemination
Knowledge exchange
What is Knowledge Translation? The contextualization and integration of research findings of individual research studies within the larger body of knowledge on the topic. Synthesis is a family of methodologies for determining what is known in a given area or field and what the knowledge gaps are.
The iterative process by which knowledge is actually considered, put into practice or used to improve health and the health system. KT activities must be consistent with ethical principles and norms, social values as well as legal and other regulatory frameworks
Refers to the interaction between the knowledge user and the researcher resulting in mutual learning, it encompasses the concept of collaborative or participatory, action oriented research where researchers and knowledge users work together as partners to conduct research to solve knowledge users’ problems (Integrated KT).
Involves identifying the appropriate audience for the research findings, and tailoring the message and medium to the audience.
Three Aspects of KTThree Aspects of KT
End of grant KT
Integrated KT research
The researcher develops and implements a plan for making knowledge users aware of the knowledge generated through a research project
Research approaches that engage potential knowledge-users as partners in the research process. requires a collaborative or participatory approach to research that is action oriented and is solutions and impact focused (co-production of knowledge, Mode 2).
KT/implementation Science
The study of how to promote uptake of research in decision making
What is end of grant KT?
A broad spectrum of activities including:
Diffusion Diffusion (let it happen)(let it happen)
DisseminationDissemination (help it happen)(help it happen)
(activities that tailor the message and medium to a specific audience)
ApplicationApplication* (make it happen)(make it happen)
(moving research into practice in cases where the strength of evidence is sufficient)
*NB knowledge application is often a fundamental component of integrated KT as well
Patient Centered End of Grant KT
When appropriate– Explicitly targeting findings to
patients/public– Using plain and culturally appropriate
language – Using appropriate media to reach
patients/public (e.g. social media, print and broadcast media, patient decision aids)
What is integrated Knowledge Translation?
• a way of thinking about conducting research to make the results applicable to the population under study…
• a paradigm shift that focuses on engagement with the field and end-users in research (aligned with participative science and collaborative research).
What is integrated KT?
• Collaborative, participatory, action oriented, community based research, engaged scholarship, mode 2 knowledge production, co-production of knowledge
• End users can be:– Policy- and decision-makers from the
community to the federal level, the public and patients, industry, clinicians, health system managers, even whole communities
– Researchers from different pillars, disciplines, teams, countries
Knowledge users (patients) and researchers (knowledge creators) work together to:
shape the research questionsdecide on the methodologyhelp with data collection, tools development,
selection of outcome measures interpret the study findings and craft messaging
around themmove the research results into practicewidespread dissemination and application
What is (patient centered) integrated KT?
Why integrated KT approach?Through partnerships, the research is strengthened:
• end-user engaged in developing the research question = solutions-based research that is relevant
• end user engaged in the research process = confidence in the results and in the researchers
• end-user (patients, health system decision makers, clinicians) engagement means readiness for the results and willingness to move those results into practice =
impact (improved health care and outcomes)
Steps for successful partnerships:
1. Ensure early & on-going involvement– How to engage and involve patients who want to interact in this way?
2. Plan for interaction & communication– Who wants to be involved, in what way, to what extent?
3. Have processes in place– What are the mechanisms for communication and providing input? Are they targeted to the audience (web 2.0 or face to face)?
4. Develop a shared culture & language– Address power differences, explain terminology, share common goals
5. Ensure partnerships are sustainable– Follow through with commitments, plans, suggestions
S.L. Sibbald. A focused Literature Review on Integrated knowledge translation partnerships (IKTP). CIHR commissioned report
Patient centered iKT
How do these steps:shape the research questions & decide on the
methodologyhelp with data collection, tools development,
selection of outcome measures interpret the study findings and craft messaging
around themmove the research results into practicewidespread dissemination and application
...translate into patient centred KT, research, and care?
Patient Centered iKT
Consider levels where patient/public engagement with iKT may be possible
•macro level: research and research funding priority setting•meso level: study/project governance, research question, study design, outcome measures; grant review •micro level: participation in studies; use research findings
Research priority setting
In the UK, the James Lind Alliance has been supported by the MRC and the Department of Health to foster discussion among patients and clinicians about variations in practice and the related unanswered research questions about the effects of care.
The aim is to identify which uncertainties about the effects of treatments are sufficiently important that they should be addressed in systematic reviews of existing research evidence or additional primary research.
shape the research questions & methodology
As Iain Chalmers pointed out (Chalmers and Glaziou, 2009):
“An efficient system of research should address health problems of importance to populations and the interventions and outcomes considered important by patients and clinicians.”
e.g. The research priorities of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee favoured more rigorous evaluation of physiotherapy and surgery and assessment of educational coping strategies. 9% wanted more research on drugs: 80% of RCTs on patients like this are drug evaluations
shape the research questions & methodology
In the UK, the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) wants patients and the public to be involved in all stages of research and has put structures in place to achieve and facilitate this.
(Thornton, BMJ 2008;336;903-904) The UK MRC encourages the involvement of consumers
and patient advocate groups in all stages of trial development, with the aim of better trial design and greater acceptability of both the trial and its findings
(http://www.mrc.ac.uk/consumption/groups/public/docum
ents/content/mrc001738.pdf)
data collection, tools development, selection of outcome measures
Most rheumatoid arthritis patients, when asked, indicated that fatigue was the dominant symptom of concern – not pain, as researchers had assumed. (Hewlett et al, 2005)
People with AIDS challenged researchers’ approaches to conducting trial, which had overlooked patients’ preferred outcomes (Thornton, 2006)
Canada is developing a core set of validated patient-reported cancer care outcomes. (Howell et al 2010)
interpret the study findings and craft messaging around them
Given their experience with their condition, patients/knowledge users may have insights about the findings and can offer suggestions on how to communicate the findings in linguistic and culturally appropriate ways to make them more accessible and understandable to patients
move the research results into practice
The first priority is to share the findings with the study knowledge users (patients) and the study participants (patients) so that they can benefit from the application of the findings.
e.g. Malcolm Man-Son-Hing et al, provided the results of the SPAFIII trial to study participants using a patient decision aid to help them make post study treatment decisions about whether to take aspirin or warfarin for their atrial fibrillation.
A Patient Decision Aid Regarding Antithrombotic Therapy for Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation: a Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA. 1999; 282(8):737-43
Patient Centered KT Science
• Studying KT interventions directed at health care professionals to improve patient health outcomes (Cochrane EPOC group)
• Studying KT interventions directed at patients to improve their health and other outcomes (Cochrane Consumers group)
For example: – Health literacy interventions– Clinical decision making interventions– Self care and chronic disease management interventions
0 5 10 15 20
Knowledge
Experience
UseHealthService
Behaviour andHealth Status
0 5 10 15 20 0 20 40 60
Positive
Mixed
No Effect
25 Reviews:
Health Literacy
22 Reviews:
Clinical Decision Making
67 Reviews:
Self Care & Chronic Disease Self Management
Positive
Mixed
No Effect
Coulter review conclusions
• Patient education/ information patient knowledge• To patient experience, service use, health outcomes, behaviour change…
- specificity/personalization of information- combine interventions with professional or other social support- extend duration for long term behaviour change
• Research gaps: underlying frameworks, essential elements & duration, cost-effectiveness, best implementation strategies
Reflections on Session Objectives
• To improve understanding of what is KT
• To be able to distinguish: between end of project KT, integrated KT and KT science
• To appreciate what patient centered KT looks like
Take Home Messages1. Knowledge Translation is about getting
evidence into practice/policy and improving the lives of patients
2. Integrated KT is about meaningful engagement of knowledge-users (including patients) in research
3. Engagement can range from determining the research question to dissemination and application of findings
Take Home Messages Con’td
5. Partnerships in KT, as in clinical practice, should be premised on respect and developing a process to ensure that it happens and can be sustained
6. Much of KT science is patient centered
The Last Word Don Berwick
(Yale medical school graduation address 2010)
“All that matters is the person. The individual. The patient. The poet. The Husband. The Wife. In the moment. You must recover, embrace and treasure the memory of your shared, frail humanity – of the dignity in each and every soul.”