Participatory disease searching using participatory epidemiology techniques in agropastoral and pastoral areas of Mbarara District, Uganda

PARTICIPATORY DISEASE SEARCHING USING

PARTICIPATORY EPIDEMIOLOGY TECHNIQUES

IN AGROPASTORAL AND PASTORAL AREAS

OF MBARARA DISTRICT, UGANDA

Nantima N., Twinamasiko J, Nasinyama G. W, Ademun R., Serugga J, Rutebarika C.S.

U G A N D A

PRESENTATION OUTLINE

1. BACKGROUND

2. OBJECTIVES

3. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

4. METHODOLOGY

5. RESULTS

6. DISCUSSION

7. CONCLUSION

8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Location of study area

Uganda

Human Population-

32 million people

Size- 241,000 km2

No. of districts-112

BACKGROUND

Agriculture -most

important sector of

the economy

-Contributes nearly

40% of GDP

-accounts for 40% of

the export

-employs 73% of the

population

BACKGROUND

BACKGROUND

Livestock •Contributes-8% of the agric. GDP, 1.6% of the GDP

•Country has rich and diverse

animal genetic resource with-

•Cattle-11.4 million,

•Goats-14.3 million,

•Sheep-3.482 million

•Poultry-42.133 million

•Pigs-3.584 million

Mostly in cattle corridor

KAABONG

MOROTO

NAKAPIRIPIRIT

KOTIDO

ABIM

LIRA

APAC

AMOLATAR

DOKOLO

KABERAMAIDO

SOROTIKUMI

BUKEDEAPALLISA

BUDAKA

NAMUTUMBA

KALIRO

KAMULI

NAKASONGOLA

KA

YU

NG

A

LUWEERO

NAKASEKEKIBOGA

KIBAALE

MUBENDEMITYANA

MPIGI

MASAKA

SEMBABULE

RAKAI

KABULA

KIRUHURA

MBARARA

ISINGIRONTUNGAMO

IGANGA

IBANDA

AMURIA

KATAKWI

JINJA

100 0 100 200 Miles

Lakes

Districts

Cattle Corridor districts

N

KEY

Objective

• Application of Participatory Disease Searching

in animal disease surveillance in agro pastoral

and pastoral areas of Uganda

Specific objectives of study

• To collect and analyse animal health data of major animal diseases of cattle

• To sensitise extension staff and some members of the pastoral and agro pastoral communities on the mainstreaming of Participatory Epidemiology (PE) tools for disease surveillance

• To form a basis for a proactive and improved reporting system for animal diseases.

• To compare the results of PE and conventional epidemiological studies

Methodology

� Study area-Rugaga sc,

Isingiro county,

Mbarara district

� Practice Agropastoral

and pastoral farming

� Keep cattle mainly

indigenous long

horned cattle and

grow bananas

Methods

Participatory Epidemiology Study

• Two parishes were purposively selected in

Rugaga sub county each representing a

management system (agro pastoral and

pastoral)

• 10 villages were randomly selected from a

total of 19 villages in the two parishes

Participatory Epidemiology Methods

• Mapping

• Semi structured Interviews

• Pair wise Ranking

• Proportional piling

• Matrix scoring

• Seasonal calendars'

Methods

Conventional survey

• Sample size determined using standard

methods as in Martin et al., 1987

• A sample size of 384 heads of cattle was

determined assuming a 50% estimated sero-

prevalence using FMD as an important disease

at 95% confidence interval with an allowable

error of 5%

• Rugaga subcounty has about 8,000 H/C

Methods

Conventional survey

• Laboratory samples collected

• Serum, whole blood and faecal samples

• Testing of samples at NADDEC

• Samples tested for CBPP –CFT and c-ELISA

• Brucellosis using -ELISA,

• FMD using –ELISA (3ABC and Blocking)

• Tick Borne Diseases-microscopy

• Faecal samples-Floatation methods

Clinical Disease Monitoring

• Analysis of existing data received at the study sub county using the passive reporting system during the past 2 years

• Clinical disease monitoring-consisted of proactively examining herds reported sick to local veterinary staff and those reported during PM inspection and keeping these records for three months prior and after the study (#6 months)

Results from Pair wise Ranking

1. Ekipumpuru/ Trypanosomosis

2. Ezwa/FMD

3. Ruhaha/CBPP

4. Enjooka/Worms

5. Amashiyo/ECF

• Names in Runyankole

Results from Matrix scoring INDICATORS

/SIGNS

EKIPUMPURU

(Trypanosomosis

EZWA

FMD

RUHAHA

(CBPP)

ENJOOKA

(WORMS)

AMASHIYO

(ECF)

Abortion

W=0.506

•••

2.5(0-7)

•••••

•••••

8.5 (0-19)

0 (0-3)

0 (0-0)

0 (0-2)

High

mortality

W=0.231

•••

3 (0-20)

••

••

3.5 (0-11)

•••

•••

5.5 (0-15)

0 (0-4)

1 (0-11)

Emaciation

W=0.151

••••

••••

7.5 (0-15)

•••

2.5 (0-7)

•••

••••

6.5 (0-16)

••

1.5 (0-13)

0 (0-5)

High cost of

treatment

W=0.0412

••

••

4 (0-11)

••

1.5 (0-5)

•••

•••

5.5 (0-12)

•

0.5 (0-7)

•

1 (0-16)

Ticks

W=0.35

0 (0-25)

0 (0-2)

0 (0-0)

0 (0-0)

••••••

••••••

12 (0-25)

Diseases

Results from Matrix scoring

INDICATORS

/SIGNS

EKIPUMPURU

(Trypanosomos

is

EZWA

FMD

RUHAHA

(CBPP)

ENJOOKA

(WORMS)

AMASHIYO

(ECF)

Tsetse flies

W=0.933

••••••

••••••

12 (0-25)

0 (0-2)

0 (0-12)

0 (0-0)

0 (0-0)

Diarrhoea

W=0.467

••••••••

•••••••

14.5 (0-25)

0 (0-7)

0 (0-5)

••

1.5 (0-25)

•

1 (0-5)

Lameness

W=0.732

0 (0-25)

••••••••

•••••••••

••••••••

25 (0-25)

0 (0-8)

0 (0-0)

0 (0-0)

Cough

W=0.04

0 (0-14)

0 (0-19)

••••

5 (0-25)

•

1 (0-13)

••••

4 (0-14)

Results from Matrix scoring

• Generally, matrix scoring demonstrated good

agreement between the 10 informant groups

• Disease signs ranged from low, moderate and

high levels of agreement (W=0.04-0.933) among

the 10 informant groups

• The strongest association was in Tsetse flies with

Tryps. W=0.933, lameness W=0.732 with FMD

• Moderate was observed for abortion, ticks and

diarrhoea and least for the rest.

Results from Matrix scoring

• Ekipumpuru/ Trypanosomosis-associated with presence of biting flies and tsetse flies, diarrhoea, abortion, death, emaciation, poor hair coat and reduced milk production.

• Ezwa/FMD -was attributed to wounds on feet (W=0.73)-highly significant but low with abortion, death, emaciation, high cost of treatment, ticks, tsetse flies, diarrhoea and cough.

Results from Matrix scoring

• Ruhaha/CBPP demonstrated medium

agreement with indicators such as death,

emaciation, high cost of treatment and cough

• Enjooka/Worms-demonstrated low

agreement with amongst the 10 groups for all

disease signs

• Amashiyo/ECF was associated with ticks

W=0.35

Results from Seasonal Calendars SEASON

Diseases Akanda

(less severe dry)

Eitumba (Rain) Ekyanda

(Very dry)

Musenene

(Rain) Jan Feb Marc Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Tryp

0 (0-7)

•••

••••

6 (0-9)

0 (0-4)

•••

•••

9 (0-21)

Ezwa

(FMD),

••

2 (0-6)

•

1 (0-3)

••••••

•••••

10 (0-26)

0 (0-4)

Ruhaha

(CBPP),

2 (0-6)

0 (0-4)

••••••

•••••

10 (0-26)

0 (0-3)

Enjooka

(worms),

0 (0-8)

•

1 (0-9)

0 (0-10)

•

1 (0-11)

Amashiyo

(ECF)

0 (0-8)

••

2 (0-10)

0 (0-7)

•

1 (0-12)

Results from Seasonal Calendars

• Ekipumpuru/ Trypanosomosis was associated

with rainy seasons

• Ezwa/FMD incidence was reported to be high

during dry seasons

• Ruhaha/CBPP was reported to occur during

dry season

• Enjooka/Worms and Amashiyo/ECF were less

associated to occur during rainy season

Results from Conventional Survey

Disease

No. of

samples

tested

No. Positive Percent

Positive

CBPP 160 2 2

Brucellosis 160 123 77

FMD 94 19 20

Trypanosomosis 387 0 0

Tick Borne

Diseases

387 0 0

Heliminths 57 7 12

Results from Conventional Survey

• Brucellosis had the highest sero-prevelance of

77% followed by FMD at 20%

• Suprisingly, trypanosomosis that was

regarded most important during PE was not

identified by conventional testing of blood

samples nor Tick Borne Diseases such as ECF

and Anaplasomosis

Results from Clinical monitoring and

reports from sub county

Disease

No. of cases

(May –July

2009) –most

occurring

No. of cases

Jan 2009-April 2010

(most frequently

reported)

Lumpy Skin Disease 22 20

Trypanosomosis NA 760

East Coast Fever 9 41

Other TBDs 22 11

Eye Infections 0 30

Brucellosis 0 5

Mastitis 0 4

Other diseases 2 74

Results from Clinical monitoring and

reports from sub county

• Lumpy Skin Disease, East Coast Fever and

other Tick Borne Diseases were the most

occurring diseases during and after the study

period.

• Trypanosomosis, East Coast Fever and eye

infections were the most frequently reported

during the previous year.

DISCUSSION

• PE is a useful tool for investigation of livestock

diseases especially in pastoral and agro

pastoral communities

• Communities have a good knowledge of the

common diseases affecting their herds

DISCUSSION

• Results from PE from the different villages were similar especially from pair wise ranking

• The occurrence of contagious diseases such as CBPP and FMD during the dry season makes sense because that is when there is a lot of animal movement in search of water and pasture during dry season that brings animals together increasing disease transmission.

DISCUSSION • The difference between PE results and

laboratory results may be due to disease control practice by pastoralists

• Anecdotal information shows that cattle owners in this area use a lot of chemotherapeutics and acaricides. Therefore, no parasites in the samples could have meant regular usage of those drugs.

• Also samples tested using the most basic methods commonly used for detection of current disease rather than previous exposure.

DISCUSSION

• Lack of clarity on the criteria used in determining the most important disease amongst groups during PE could have biased the participants responses.

• Some livestock farmers described the most important diseases as those that plagued the herd continually while others associated importance with economic loss

• Thus it is important to agree on the criteria at the beginning

DISCUSSION

• Another source of error during PE could have

arisen from most recent disease. Livestock

owners tended to mention the most recent

disease as very important because it was very

fresh in their minds

CONCLUSION

• PE is good because it helps livestock owners

to discuss diseases that have occurred even if

the signs are no longer evident at the time of

investigation

• This study provided useful information

regarding the financial and socioeconomic

impact of livestock diseases to the livelihoods

of the livestock keeping communities.

Acknowledgement • Sponsors of the study –DFID and AU-IBAR

• ILRI-for participating in the study and for organising and sponsoring this workshop

• University of Chiang Mai and the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine that organised the workshop

• The government and people of Thailand

• FAO

• Institutions in Uganda that participated in the study -MAAIF, NaLIRRI, MUK-COVAB & MoLG

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• Heffernan, C. (1994). Health care for Tibetan Agro-pastoralists in : Application of rural rapid appraisal techniques. RRA notes Number 20, Special issue on livestock.

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•