Park Management Plan - Ontariofiles.ontario.ca/environment-and-energy/parks-and-protected-areas/... · consultation that occurred as part of the planning process. ... Management Plan

Park Management Plan

Kakabeka Falls

NOTE: This document has been scanned and formatted, and therefore is slightly different from theoriginal version. -March 2002

©2001, Queen’s Printer for OntarioPrinted in Ontario, Canada

Additional copies of this publication are available from the Ministry ofNatural Resources at the following location:

Kakabeka Falls Provincial Parkc/o Ontario ParksNorthwest ZoneSuite 221d 435 James St. S.Thunder Bay, Ontario P7E 6S8(807) 475-1535

51318-20.5k P.R. 01 05 01ISBN – 0-7794-0259-6

Dear Sir/Madam:

I am pleased to approve the Kakabeka Falls Provincial Park Management Plan as the official policy forthe management and development of this park. The plan reflects the Ministry of Natural Resources’ andOntario Parks’ intent to protect the natural and cultural features of Kakabeka Falls Provincial Park andmaintain and develop high quality opportunities for outdoor recreation and heritage appreciation for theresidents of Ontario and visitors to the Province.

The plan outlines a prioritized implementation strategy for the plan’s elements and summarizes the publicconsultation that occurred as part of the planning process.

The public is given a final opportunity to review the approved Management Plan for a period of forty-five(45) days after its formal release. This allows interested participants in the planning program a finalopportunity to determine if their concerns have been considered, and if necessary, to initiate an appealconcerning the plan’s contents.

The plan for Kakabeka Falls Provincial Park will be used to guide the management of the park. It may bereviewed to address changing issues or conditions. A mandatory review is to be held after 10 years.

I wish to extend my sincere thanks to all those who participated in the public consultation process.

Yours truly,

Adair Ireland-Smith DateManaging DirectorOntario Parks

Table of ContentsStatement of Environmental Values and the Environmental Bill of Rights 31.0 Introduction 32.0 Summary of Significant Issues

53.0 Park Classification 64.0 Goal 65.0 Objectives 6

5.1 Protection Objective 65.2 Heritage Appreciation Objective 75.3 Tourism Objective 75.4 Recreation Objective 8

6.0 Park Boundary 87.0 Park Zoning 8

7.1 Nature Reserve Zones 97.2 Historical Zone 97.3 Natural Environment Zones 97.4 Development Zone 11

8.0 Resource Stewardship Policies118.1 Natural Resources 118.2 Cultural Resources 15

9.0 Operational Policies 159.1 Natural Heritage Education 159.2 Recreation Management169.3 Tourism Services199.4 Marketing 199.5 Research 20

10.0 Development Policies 2010.1 Access and Circulation 2010.2 Campgrounds 2110.3 Comfort Stations2110.4 Day-use Areas 2110.5 Trails 2110.6 Viewing Pods and Boardwalks 2110.7 Utilities 2110.8 Recreation and Tourism Services

2110.9 Interpretive Facilities 2110.10 Park Maintenance and Operation21

11.0 Plan Implementation and Review2211.1 Resource Stewardship 2211.2 Development 2211.3 Operations/Administration2211.4 Project Screening2211.5 Social and Economic Impact Analysis 2211.6 Plan Review and Amendment 22

12.0 Summary of Public Consultation23

13.0 References 24Tables and Figures

Table 1 Resource Stewardship Policies for Kakabeka Falls Provincial Park13

Table 2 Permitted Recreation Uses by Park Zone for Kakabeka Falls Provincial Park14

Figure 1 Regional Setting4

Figure 2 Park Zoning10

Figure 3 Existing Development17

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Statement of Environmental Values andthe Environmental Bill of Rights

In accordance with the provisions of TheEnvironmental Bill of Rights, the Ministry ofNatural Resources prepared a Statement ofEnvironmental Values. It describes how thepurposes of the Environmental Bill of Rights are tobe considered whenever decisions are made whichmight significantly affect the environment. Thisincludes decisions made as a result of the parkmanagement planning process.

The primary purpose of the Environmental Bill ofRights is “to protect conserve and, whereverreasonable, restore the integrity of the environment.”From the Ministry’s perspective, that broadstatement of purpose translates into four objectivesin its Statement of Environmental Values:

To ensure the long-term health of ecosystems byprotecting and conserving our valuable soil,aquatic resources, forest and wildlife resourcesas well as their biological foundations;

To ensure the continuing availability of naturalresources for the long-term benefit of the peopleof Ontario;

To protect natural heritage and biological featuresof

provincial significance; and, To protect human life, the resource base and thephysical property from the threats of forest fires,floods and erosion.

The Ministry’s Statement of Environmental Valueshas been considered in the development of this ParkManagement Plan for Kakabeka Falls ProvincialPark.

1.0 INTRODUCTIONKakabeka Falls Provincial Park is located 32 kmwest of Thunder Bay on the Kaministiquia River inthe Municipality of Oliver Paipoonge, immediatelyadjacent to the Village of Kakabeka Falls (population350 in 1997) (Figure 1).

The park was established in 1957, and since 1967,has been classified as a Natural Environment Park.The park was first regulated under the ProvincialParks Act in 1967 (Ontario Reg. 245/67) and lastamended in 1991 (Ontario Reg. 412/91). In May1991 the park area was increased by addingapproximately 150 ha on the south boundary.Presently the park occupies an area of 500 ha.

The park is significantly smaller than therecommended 2,000 ha size for NaturalEnvironment Parks. Its classification reflects theprovincial significance of the natural features it wasestablished to protect.

The park contains Kakabeka Falls, one ofNorthwestern Ontario’s best known natural features.Kakabeka, derived from Ojibwa, means thunderingwater. There is a rich cultural history associatedwith the waterfall, and with the Kaministiquia River.The river was an important water corridor linkingLake Superior to the west. Prior to and duringEuropean exploration and the fur trade, KakabekaFalls represented one of the most formidableobstacles to travel along this route.

In addition to year-round viewing opportunities of thefalls, the park offers visitors camping, swimming andpicnicking during summer, and cross-country skiing,snowmobiling and snowshoeing during winter. Inrecent years, visitation has ranged from 250,000 to300,000 annually, with three-quarters of visitorscoming between May and October.

Most visitors enter the park with the singularpurpose of viewing the falls. The two principal usergroups include highway travellers, who may stopbriefly to view the falls or to use the campground, aswell as Thunder Bay area residents who travel to thepark to view the falls, camp, picnic, swim or ski.Residents of the Village of Kakabeka Falls mayeasily walk from the town to the day-use facilities.

Kakabeka Falls draws increasing numbers oftourists from the United States, Europe and Asia.Tourism industry trends indicate growing interest inthe outdoors, and natural and cultural heritage. Thepark and the village are well positioned as aninternational attraction with potential for growth inthis market segment.

A Park Master Plan was prepared for KakabekaFalls Provincial Park in 1978. This documentprovided the background information for the presentplanning process.

A Minor Amendment was made to the ParkManagement Plan in 1994 to allow the Ministry ofTransportation to undertake maintenance andhighway improvement on the right-of-ways within thepark for highways 11/17 and 590.

The Park Management Plan has evolved from thepublic review of the Background Information and thePreliminary Management Plan. This document

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replaces the 1978 Master Plan and sets direction forthe next 20 years by establishing policy andidentifying appropriate development consistent withOntario Parks goals and objectives.

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Figure 1: Regional Setting

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2.0 SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANTISSUES (Not Ranked)

Park users, local residents, park staff, as well asother groups and individuals, identified the followingconcerns related to the management of KakabekaFalls.

2.1 Water Flow over Kakabeka Falls

Adequate water flow over Kakabeka Falls is crucialto the very essence of the park because itdetermines the aesthetic quality of the viewingexperience of the falls. In order to ensure adequateflow, Ontario Parks will formalize an agreement withOntario Hydro Services Company regardingminimum flow, as well as establishing a long-termframework for water flow. (Refer to sections 8.0 and8.1.2).

2.2 The Relationship between the Park and theVillage of Kakabeka Falls

The relationship of the park and the Village ofKakabeka Falls has a number of unique facets.There is a strong indication in the responsesreceived that the park and the village businessesshould cooperate in ways that would be mutuallybeneficial (e.g. marketing and promotion). Localbusiness people consider the village economy to bedependent upon Kakabeka Falls Provincial Park andperceive that the park is in direct competition withthem as its operations become moreentrepreneurial. They have expressed their desire toparticipate in discussions regarding any expansionof commercial activities within the park andmarketing of the park.

In order to ensure a positive relationship betweenthe park and the village, Ontario Parks will engage indiscussions with representatives of the Municipalityof Oliver Paipoonge regarding marketing andcommercial initiatives that the park may undertake.Ontario Parks will endeavor to optimize opportunitiesfor mutual benefit with the village in marketing andentrepreneurial activities. (Refer to sections 9.0,9.1.1, 9.2, 9.2.6, 9.3 and 9.4).

2.3 The Greater Park Ecosystem

The greater park ecosystem of Kakabeka FallsProvincial Park considers the ecological, social andeconomic relationships with the surrounding area,including links to the Village of Kakabeka Falls, theMunicipality of Oliver Paipoonge, the City of Thunder

Bay, and the Kaministiquia River corridor. OntarioParks will participate in land use planning initiativesthat affect the greater park ecosystem and toconnect the park to other natural areas. There aremany activities and sites within a short drive that canattract visitors and help keep them in the park areafor several days. Ontario Parks will support theprovision of information to connect recreationalactivities and economic benefits both within andaround the park. The Park’s Natural HeritageEducation program will provide information about thepark, the parks system and local attractions. (Referto sections 5.1, 9.0, 9.1.1, 9.2, 9.2.6, 9.3 and 9.4).

2.4 Permitted Uses on the Park Trails

The trail system at Kakabeka Falls Provincial Park isused primarily for hiking and for cross-country skiing,as well as for some interpretation. NaturalEnvironment Zone 2 has been established toprovide the flexibility to manage these trails forcross-country skiing in the winter and mountainbiking (potentially) and hiking in the summer.

The permitted uses for the Beaver Meadows andRiver Terrace trails may be expanded to includemountain biking, subject to a trail/site inventory andin accordance with a trail/site plan. To minimizepotential conflict between trail users, Ontario Parksmay post trail courtesy signage if necessary. Tominimize potential impacts to the trails duringperiods of wet weather and/or during the springthaw, Ontario Parks will restrict access to the trailsby mountain bikes.

During the public consultation for the PreliminaryManagement Plan, a petition was received fromlocal equestrians requesting access to the PoplarPoint, Beaver Meadows and River Terrace trails.The permitted uses on the Poplar Point trail may beexpanded to include horseback riding subject to atrail/site inventory and in accordance with a trail/siteplan. To minimize potential conflict between trailusers Ontario Parks will allow access to the trail byhorses only during the snow-free spring and autumnshoulder seasons (e.g. prior to May 15 and afterOctober 1).

Ontario Parks will not permit horseback riding on theRiver Terrace and Beaver Meadows trails, due tothe potential for conflicts with other trail users, aswell as the potential for trail erosion, braiding andthe introduction of exotic plant species into thepark’s NR2 zone by way of horse manure. (Refer tosections 7.3, 9.2.4, 9.2.5, and Table 2).

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2.5 The Bridge and Traffic Circulation

The structural integrity of the main access bridgeover the Kaministiquia River is an ongoing concern.Ontario Parks will continue to monitor the structuralintegrity of the bridge. In the event that the bridgerequires extensive repairs or replacement exceedingavailable financial resources, Ontario Parks willconsider reconfiguration of access to and circulationwithin the park. (Refer to section 10.1).

3.0 PARK CLASSIFICATIONAll provincial parks in Ontario fall into one of sixclasses: Wilderness, Nature Reserve, Historical,Natural Environment, Waterway and Recreation.Natural Environment parks incorporate "outstandingrecreational landscapes with representative naturalfeatures and historical resources to provide highquality recreational and educational experiences "(Ontario Provincial Parks: Planning and ManagementGuidelines, 1992). Despite its small size of 500 ha,Kakabeka Falls Provincial Park is classified as aNatural Environment park. The Natural Environmentstatus reflects the park's provincially significant naturalfeatures, as well as its rich historical legacy andrecreational values.

4.0 GOALTo protect the outstanding landscape andprovincially significant natural and cultural featuresof Kakabeka Falls Provincial Park and to provideopportunities for compatible heritage appreciation,recreation, and tourism activities.

5.0 OBJECTIVESOntario’s provincial park system has four objectives:protection, recreation, heritage appreciation, andtourism. Each park in the system contributes insome way to each of these objectives, depending onits resource base. Kakabeka Falls Provincial Parkcontributes to the achievement of all four objectives.

5.1 Protection Objective

To protect the provincially significant natural andcultural features of the park including the falls, theGunflint formation, and the microfossil site.

Kakabeka Falls Provincial Park contains a variety ofnatural and cultural resources that are provinciallysignificant. These include:

The falls; The Kaministiquia River which was used as a

transportation route by aboriginal people, furtraders, coureurs-de-bois, and explorers travellingwestward from Lake Superior; and

The geological contact between the Archeanintrusive rocks and the Proterozoicmetasedimentary rocks at the upper rapids area,and

The algal chert, which contains stromatolites ofblue-green algae, some of the oldest known lifeforms on earth.

The protection objective will be accomplished throughappropriate park zoning, resource managementpolicies (land use controls), research, monitoring, anda greater park ecosystem approach to park planningand management. The greater park ecosystem isdefined as the area of influence surrounding the parkfrom an ecological, social and economic perspective. Itis the area where most of the cross-boundary impactsaffecting the park and the surrounding area will occur,and vice versa. 5.1.1 Earth Science Kakabeka Falls Provincial Park straddles theboundary between the Superior Structural Provinceand the Southern Structural Province of thePrecambrian Shield. The low, rolling topography isfamiliar to those who have travelled throughnorthwestern Ontario. Northern portions of the park are in the SuperiorStructural Province, and consist mainly of graniticrocks, primarily quartz monzonite. The remainder of the park is underlain by rocks ofthe Gunflint Formation (Animikie Group) and is in theSouthern Structural Province of the CanadianShield. The Gunflint formation is made up of shale,chert-carbonate, and siliceous iron formation withalgal chert. Within the lower algal chert sub-member, there are the remains of very primitive lifeforms, one-celled organisms that lived within abioherm called a stromatolite. Believed to be from1.85 to 2.1 billion years old, these stromatolites areconsidered to be among some of the oldest knownspecimens in the world. The most spectacular feature in the park isKakabeka Falls, a typical example of a waterfall thathas developed along a river course where easily-eroded rocks are overlain by a capping of hardresistant material (Pye, 1969). The falls have a

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vertical drop of 39 m, a width of approximately 71 m,and a gorge 30 m deep extending downstream forsome 700 m. The falls are the focal point of the parkand are important to the region from a geological,historical, and scenic point of view. The formation ofthis gorge and of Kakabeka Falls is an integral partof the glacial history of Northwestern Ontario. Glacial Lake Kaministiquia drained through theKaministiquia spillway into a post-Duluth glacial lakecalled Lake Beaver Bay. The Kaministiquia spillway,in conjunction with the Kashabowie spillway north ofDog Lake, became a major drainage channel for themelting ice lobes. The large volumes of glacialmeltwater provided the force required to deepen thefractured zone in the Kaministiquia spillway bed,thus forming the gorge and Kakabeka Falls(Grootenboer, 1971). Earth science values are protected within NatureReserve and Natural Environment zones. 5.1.2 Life Science The park is located within the northern limit of theQuetico Section of the Great Lakes - St. LawrenceForest Region and the southern boundary of theSuperior Section of the Boreal Forest Region (Rowe,1972). Consequently, the park’s vegetation istransitional and representative of both forest regions.Vegetation consists of trembling aspen, white birchand jack pine mixed with white spruce and balsam firon higher ground, while black spruce and birchfavour low-lying areas. The prominence of theseboreal species results from disturbances such aslogging, fire and agriculture. Some black ash andAmerican elm, typical of more southerly areas, arefound adjacent to the river’s edge. Moss speciesare well established on the vertical rock faces of thegorge where they are subject to spray from the falls. The wildlife of the park is typical of the Boreal ForestRegion and includes black bear, moose, white-taileddeer, beaver, snowshoe hare, red fox, striped skunk,and chipmunk. Wolf, porcupine and raccoon aretransient park residents. Avifauna includes ruffedgrouse, raven, wood warblers, and thrushes. Leopardfrog, boreal chorus frog, spring peeper, common toad,eastern garter snake, and blue spotted salamanderreside within the park. Kakabeka Falls represents an insurmountableobstacle to fish travelling up the Kaministiquia River.Eighteen species have been identified in the fourkilometers below the falls. The major species livingin the river near the falls are white sucker, walleye,

northern pike, burbot, and smallmouth bass.Salmon have been introduced to the KaministiquiaRiver from a hatchery that is located adjacent to thehydro generating station, across the river from thepark. Sturgeon are also inhabitants of theKaministiquia River. Life science values are protected within NatureReserve and Natural Environment zones. 5.2 Heritage Appreciation Objective To provide both structured and individualopportunities for exploration and appreciation ofthe natural and cultural heritage of Kakabeka FallsProvincial Park, including early inhabitants,exploration, the fur trade, and industrial heritage,as well as the earth and life science features of thepark. Unstructured self-use facilities such as trails, displaysand viewing platforms, allow users to experience adramatic landscape that illustrates a chronology ofgeological events and processes spanning two billionyears. The park's variable terrain provides excellentvantage points for observing dynamic, ongoingprocesses associated with the modern day KakabekaFalls. This objective will be achieved through theprovision of accurate up-to-date information to parkvisitors regarding the natural, cultural and recreationalresources of the park using signage, park literature,trail guides and interpretive displays. Staff-led interpretation programs based from the VisitorCentre / Amphitheatre during July and August willprovide park visitors with the opportunity to appreciateand understand the area's natural and culturalresources. Themes include early exploration, the furtrade, the logging era and hydroelectric development,as well as the park's earth and life science features. A Natural Heritage Education Plan will be developed toguide the operation of the park’s Visitor Centre /Amphitheatre. 5.3 Tourism Objective To provide both Ontario residents and out-of-province visitors with opportunities to discoverand to experience the unique natural and culturalfeatures of Kakabeka Falls Provincial Park, throughthe provision of year-round viewing opportunitiesas well as seasonal day-use, car-camping andtourism facilities and services.

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Kakabeka Falls Provincial Park receives the highestannual visitation of any provincial park inNorthwestern Ontario. Total visitation for the parkcan account for more than one third of all parkvisitation for the Northwest Zone. In 1999, 286,913visitors came to Kakabeka Falls, while total parkvisitation for the zone was 786,372. In the sameoperating season, Kakabeka Falls received 254,031day-users that accounted for approximately 71% oftotal day-use for Northwest Zone (353,661). Mostpeople visit Kakabeka for the single purpose ofviewing the falls. The relatively high levels of visitation for the park aredue to the combination of the attraction of the fallsand its accessibility. The Trans Canada Highway,with heavy vacation traffic in the summer months,passes directly through the park. Tourists travellingthis route participate primarily in viewing the falls,with day use and stopover camping. The park’sproximity to Thunder Bay attracts area residents forviewing, camping, and day-use activities. Day-trippers from Northern Minnesota also make thepark a primary destination. Tourism industry trends such as an agingpopulation, increasing concern for the environment,and interest in educational experiences, indicatemarket growth potential for soft adventure andecotourism. Examples of products includeexperiences in natural environments/culturalheritage with packaging of wildlife/scenic viewing,water- and land-based recreation. Trend analyses ofvisitors from overseas (Europe and Asia) indicatesstrong interest in the outdoors, natural and culturalheritage, especially that of First Nations. KakabekaFalls Provincial Park and the surrounding locale arewell positioned as an international attraction wherethere is opportunity for growth with independenttourists, package tours, bus tours, and Great Lakescruises. Kakabeka Falls Provincial Park provides day-use andcamping opportunities for stopover visitors travellingHighway 11/17 as well as travellers specificallydestined to view the falls. The tourism objective is achieved by having anoutstanding natural feature with the high qualityinfrastructure and customer service that will optimizeopportunities to attract and retain visitors. 5.4 Recreation Objective

To provide park visitors with opportunities forrecreation such as camping, picnicking, hiking,horseback riding, mountain biking, swimming,cross-country skiing and viewing, through theprovision of appropriate facilities and services. Kakabeka Falls Provincial Park provides opportunitiesfor a variety of high quality recreational usescompatible with the character of the park. The park provides day-use opportunities for viewingthe falls from viewing pods or by hiking along the gorgetrails, as well as using the beach area for family picnicsand swimming. During the winter, the park provideshigh quality cross-country skiing opportunities. Part ofthe Trans-Provincial Snowmobile Trail passes throughthe park. The TransCanada Trail, a multi purpose trailinitiative, will be accommodated for trail uses that arepermissible within the park. The recreation objective will be achieved throughappropriate development and natural environmentzoning; the identification of management policies toprevent any compromise of significant natural and/orcultural heritage values; market research andmonitoring; and mitigating impacts of recreationaluse. Any outdoor recreation skills programs will becompatible with the park’s resource base and will relateto the park’s themes. 6.0 PARK BOUNDARY Kakabeka Falls Provincial Park is bounded by theKaministiquia River on the east while the westboundary is essentially Lucken’s Road. The north andsouth boundaries coincide with township andconcession survey lines in the Municipality of OliverPaipoonge, Conmee and O’Connor townships (Figure2). Contiguous park expansion is limited to the westby roads, to the north by Ontario Power Generationdevelopment and to the east by the KaministiquiaRiver, Ontario Power Generation. development andthe Village of Kakabeka Falls. If any lands nearby oradjacent to the park become available foracquisition, they will be evaluated with regard to theircontribution to park objectives and available funding. The park is bisected by the Trans-Canada Highway,Highway 11-17, the major east-west link in this partof Ontario, and by Highway 590. The landsurrounding the park is predominantly patented.Most of this land, which was once farmed, can nowbe classified as non-farm residential or speculativeproperty. Adjacent to the park are highway rights-of-way, a hydro dam, an aqueduct, a generating

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station, the CNR line, an Ontario Ministry ofTransportation yard, and a gravel pit. The parkcontains a hydroelectric and telephone transmissionline, and a small research plantation. 7.0 PARK ZONING Zoning is a key part of a Park Management Plan.Zones fulfill a variety of functions that include:

Providing recognition of the features and attributesof a park;

Delineating areas on the basis of theirrequirements to protect and buffer provinciallysignificant representative features;

Delineating areas on the basis of their ability tosupport various recreational activities; and

Identifying uses that will protect significantfeatures, yet allow opportunities for recreation andheritage education. (Tables 1 and 2).

The four zones, which will guide the resourcemanagement and development of Kakabeka FallsProvincial Park, are Development, NaturalEnvironment, Nature Reserve and Historical (Figure2). 7.1 Nature Reserve Zones Nature Reserve zones include significant earth and lifescience features that require management distinct fromthat in adjacent zones as well as a protective bufferwith a minimum of development. Development islimited to trails, signs and temporary facilities forresearch and management. Nature Reserve Zone 1 (8 ha) (Contact Zone) Nature Reserve Zone 1 incorporates two significantearth science features, the geological contact andthe microfossils. The primary role of Nature ReserveZone 1 is to highlight the significance of theseresources. The contact, adjacent to the heavily usedbeach-picnicking area, is durable. The microfossils,although sensitive to sample collection, are affordeda degree of natural protection by the site's small sizeand relatively isolated location. Nature Reserve Zone 2 (287 ha) (Terrace Zone) This zone is comprised of the southern half of thepark. It protects a variety of earth science featuresand associated processes related to theKaministiquia River spillway-gorge complex. Thezone's primary resources are highly durable by mostindicators of resource fragility, and not generally

dependent upon restrictive management policies.Low-intensity recreational use, emphasizingresource appreciation and interpretation is permitted.Acceptable recreation activities include hiking,snowshoeing, viewing, photography and naturestudy. Natural Environment Zone 2 (Corridor) islocated within this zone. 7.1.1 Zone Management Policies Management will be directed towards the maintenanceof an evolving natural succession, unless the rationalefor an alternative approach can be documented. 7.2 Historical Zone Historical zones protect the provincially significantcultural resources of a park which requiremanagement distinct from that of other zones. Theygenerally focus on a specific site (e.g. building) andits relationship to the surrounding landscape.Historical zones support the minimum developmentrequired for visitor exploration and appreciation, andscientific research. Historical Zone (8 ha) (The Mountain Portage) This zone has been established to ensure thatproper recognition is granted to the park’s mostimportant historical element - The Mountain Portage.Recreational opportunities vary within the zone. Inaddition to historical interpretation, the upland portionof the zone contains viewing opportunities of thefalls, the main gorge and the northern edge of thewestern gorge. It also contains geomorphologicfeatures associated with the formation of both themain and the western gorges. Development in thiszone consists of viewing pods, interpretive displaysand a network of interconnecting trails. TheMountain Portage Trail is constructed to a conditionand alignment that approximates that of the originalroute. 7.2.1 Zone Management Policies New development is limited to trails, necessary signs,interpretive, educational, research and managementfacilities, and historical reconstruction whereappropriate. All decisions regarding the type, extentand location of facilities must be supported by a siteinventory. All development will be carried out inaccordance with approved site and developmentplans; will conform to high standards of historicalauthenticity; and will complement the historicalresource.

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7.3 Natural Environment Zones Natural Environment zones include important naturaland cultural landscapes in which minimumdevelopment is required to support low-intensityrecreational activities. Development is limited to simplefacilities. Natural Environment zones often serve asbuffers between Development or Access zones andthe more protective Historical or Nature Reservezones. Natural Environment Zone 1 (102 ha) (BufferZone) Natural Environment Zone 1 has six parts. Part one (10 ha), part two (28 ha), and part three (26ha) occupy the northeastern corner of the park, northof Highway 590 and Highway 11-17, and west of theKaministiquia River. These portions possessrelatively low capabilities to sustain use andassociated development.

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Figure 2: Park Zoning

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Their primary function is to ensure visual aestheticsand site protection. Part four (16 ha) has two purposes: the graniticoutcrop provides an alternative for low-intensityrecreation, such as hiking and nature appreciation,adjacent to the high-intensity activity of the beach-picnicking area; it also serves as a visual buffer forthe development to the east and southeast. Part five (6 ha) functions as a visual buffer betweenthe Kaministiquia River and the Village of KakabekaFalls. Part six (14 ha) consists of the Kaministiquia Riverbed. Natural Environment Zone 2 (8 ha) (CorridorZone) Natural Environment Zone 2 is the six metre widetrail corridor through the Nature Reserve Zone 2 forthe Beaver Meadows and River Terrace trails. Thiszone is intended to provide the flexibility to managethese trails for cross-country skiing in the winter andmountain biking (potentially) and hiking in thesummer. 7.3.1 Zone Management Policies Management will normally be directed towards themaintenance of an evolving natural succession, unlessthe rationale for an alternative approach can bedocumented. Existing and new development islimited to trails and signs. Development will besupported by a resource inventory and will beundertaken in accordance with approved site anddevelopment plans. Details on the proposed newtrail in this zone can be found in section 9.2.4(Trails). 7.4 Development Zone Development zones provide the main access to thepark and facilities for a wide range of day-use andcamping activities. They constitute a relatively smallportion of most parks. Development may include roads,visitor control structures, beaches, picnic areas,campgrounds, commercial service facilities, andorientation, interpretive, educational, research andmanagement facilities. One development zone hasbeen designated in Kakabeka Falls Provincial Park. Development Zone (97 ha)

The development zone incorporates the existingarea of intensive recreational use and development,including the beach-picnicking area, the falls viewingarea, the Visitor Centre, the Ferns Edge andRiverside campgrounds, the Whispering Hillscampground, the Group Camping area, the PortageGroup Camping area, the Poplar Point Trail, theexisting roads and bridges and the maintenance andoffice areas. Resource management will maintainthe integrity of the resource base where it issubjected to the impacts of use and development.The zone’s cultural resources (three recognizedarchaeological sites) will be managed as fundspermit. Recreational opportunities provided withinthe zone include viewing, interpretation, education,swimming, picnicking, hiking, mountain biking, cross-country skiing, horseback riding (potentially), carcamping, and group camping. Hot-air balloondeparture may also be permitted in this zone.Judicious site selection and facility design will be theprincipal agents for effective integration of suchdiverse and potentially conflicting activities. 7.4.1 Zone Management Policies Development will be subject to a site inventory tomitigate detrimental impacts on the values of the park.All development will be carried out in accordance withapproved site and development plans. Archeologicalsites will be protected. New development may include signs, secondary andtertiary roads, park administration and maintenancefacilities, utilities, staff facilities, beaches, picnic areas,alternative accommodation, campgrounds, stores,displays and facilities for natural heritage education,research and management. 8.0 RESOURCE STEWARDSHIPPOLICIES The management of Kakabeka Falls Provincial Parknatural and cultural resources will conform with thepolicies identified for Natural Environment class parksin Ontario Provincial Parks: Planning and ManagementGuidelines 1992. Additional policy direction is providedin the following section. 8.1 Natural Resources 8.1.1 Landform The management of the park's land base will bedirected towards maintaining the natural landscape.Mineral exploration and mining are prohibited within the

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boundaries of the park. Aggregate extraction fromsources within the park is prohibited. Aggregate forpark purposes will be acquired from commercialsources outside the park. Erosion control work to protect park values and publicsafety is permitted in the Development, Historical, andNatural Environment 1 zones. Monitoring the stabilityof the bedrock footings for the viewing pods and thewalkways will be ongoing to ensure visitor safety.Restorative capping of the eastern side of KakabekaFalls was completed in 1989. The rate of the recessionof the lip of the falls will be monitored on an ongoingbasis. In the event of significant erosion, restorativecapping may be undertaken subject to completion ofan Environmental Study Report in accordance withOntario Parks Policy. 8.1.2 Water The Kaministiquia River is the significant aquaticresource of the park, providing the falls viewingopportunity as well as the water and shoreline areas forthe beach activities. There are several smallephemeral streams draining into the KaministiquiaRiver within the park. The most important of these is awetland area that enters the park from the south anddrops over a small scenic waterfall before entering theKaministiquia River. Water quality for fisheries habitat and recreationalpurposes will be maintained. Water quality, adjacent to development zones andwhere camping occurs, will be monitored on a regularbasis in accordance with Provincial health standards. Several dams in the Kaministiquia River headwaters aswell as a dam immediately adjacent to the park on thenortheast boundary control the Kaministiquia Riverwater flow. Water flow over Kakabeka Falls will be maintained atthe following level as currently practiced by OntarioHydro Services Company and the Ministry of NaturalResources:

Scenic water for Kakabeka Falls during daylighthours of the tourist season (May 24 toThanksgiving weekend, inclusive) is 4.25 m3/secon weekdays and 8.5 m3/sec on weekends andstatutory holidays.

Ontario Parks will formalize this current operatingpractice.

In light of the divestment process that is beingundertaken by the former Ontario Hydro, and thepending individual water management planningprocesses for the province’s hydro plants, OntarioParks will remain vigilant to ensure that the scenicwater flow levels will be maintained and any formalor informal waterflow agreement will beincluded/reconfirmed. 8.1.3 Vegetation Management of vegetation within the park will bedirected towards the maintenance of an evolvingnatural succession of communities. Commercial timber harvesting is prohibited within thepark. Infestations of forest insects and diseases will bemonitored and assessed. Non-native species will becontrolled, and native species may be controlled. Ifcontrol measures are undertaken, they will beapplied to minimize effects on the general parkenvironment. Biological controls will be usedwherever possible. The removal of hazard trees will be permitted in allzones where safety is a concern (e.g. trails, andcampgrounds). Areas experiencing adverse useimpacts will be rehabilitated whenever possible usingplant species native to the park. Landscaping will bepermitted in the development zones. Brushing along primary and secondary roads will bepermitted to improve sight lines and/or traffic flow. Herbicide applications will be discouraged forvegetation management. Development that necessitates the removal ofvegetation will be supported by a vegetation inventoryin accordance with approved site plans. 8.1.4 Fire Given the small size of the park, the capital investmentwithin the park, and the surrounding private land,natural and human caused fires in all zones will besuppressed. Fire suppression techniques which havethe least residual impact on the park’s naturalenvironment will be used whenever possible.Prescribed burning may be used to replace naturalprocesses under the proper circumstances. 8.1.5 Wildlife

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Wildlife management may be undertaken on an “asrequired” basis in order to protect the health and safetyof the park visitors or to protect park facilities. Hunting is prohibited, by regulation, within theboundaries of Kakabeka Falls Provincial Park. Commercial fur trapping is prohibited within theboundaries of Kakabeka Falls Provincial Park. Nuisance animals will be trapped and removed underthe supervision of, or directly by Ontario Parks staff.This control will be exercised as a last resort when it isessential for the protection of human health and safety,the health of animal species, or the protection ofinfrastructure. Status Indians having treaty rights to carry outtraditional natural resource harvesting activities shallbe permitted to carry on these activities inaccordance with the terms of their treaty within theirtreaty areas.

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Table 1: Resource Stewardship Policies by Zone Category for Kakabeka Falls ProvincialPark

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT POLICIES

PARK ZONES

Lands and Waters D NR HI NE

Mineral exploration / extraction Aggregate extraction Commercial hydro development Water control structures (new) Y M M Y Land disposition – commercial outpost camps, lodges

Flora

Vegetation Management Y M M Y Commercial logging Insect / disease suppression• Native• Non-native

Y Y

Y

M Y

M Y

Fire suppression• Natural & Human-caused

Y

Y

Y

Y

Prescribed burning M M M*

Fauna

Commercial trapping Status Indians only Wildlife population management M M M M Bait fishing Fish stocking• Native species• Non-native species

Y

Y

Y

Fish habitat management Y M M Y

Recreation Management

Commercial tourist operations• New

M

Restrictions on vehicles, aircraft, motor boats• Private• Commercial

M M

Y Y

Y Y

M M

Legend Note: This table does not include policies/zones that are not relevant to /present in KakabekaFalls Park. Y compatible in zone category Blank not permitted M may be required Ma may be encouraged if authentic to the historiczone M* in the event of a prescribed fire in the NR2, it would not be possible to exclude the NE2

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Table 2: Permitted Recreational Uses By Park Zone for Kakabeka Falls Provincial Park

ACTIVITIES AND FACILITIES

ZONES NE 1 NE 2 NR 1 NR 2 D H

All terrain Vehicle (ATV) Travel

Hot Air Balloon (take-off) M

Boating (powered) commercial

private

M

M

Campgrounds Car

Group

Y

Y

Canoeing-Kayaking M

Demonstration Areas (e.g. logging Exhibits) M Ma

Hiking Y Y Y Y Y Y

Historical Appreciation – self guided M M M Y Y Y

Horseback Riding – Designated Trail M

Mountain Biking - Designated Trails M Y

Nature Appreciation – self guided Y Y Y Y Y Y

Orienteering Y Y Y Y Y Y

Painting/Photography Y Y Y Y Y Y

Picnic Grounds Y

Playgrounds Y

Recreation Programs (organized) Y Y Ma

Resorts/Lodges M

Restaurants – food and beverage M

Rock / Ice Climbing

Skiing – cross-country Y M Y

Snowshoeing Y Y Y Y M

Ice Skating Y

Tobogganing – Designated Hill Y

Snowmobiling- Designated Trail Y

Sport Fishing Y Y

Swimming – facility based Y Legend Note: activities not in this list are prohibited within the park (e.g. scuba & skin diving, sailing and sailboarding,

spelunking, sport hunting, outfitting services, commercial outpost camps) Y permitted use in designated zone Blank not permitted M may be permitted in designated zone Ma may be encouraged if authentic to the historic zone

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8.1.6 Fisheries The Thunder Bay District Fisheries Management Planidentifies strategies for the Kaministiquia River, but notspecifically for the park. Rehabilitation of degraded walleye habitat may occur. Sport fishing is permitted in the park. All fishing activitywill be subject to the policies and regulations ofDivision 21 of the Ontario Fishing Regulations. Fishingat the base of the falls is becoming more popular. ThePark Superintendent may restrict sport fishing atcertain times and locations for the purposes of fisheriesmanagement and/or public safety. Stocking and spawn collection by permit is allowed. Commercial fishing and commercial bait fishing areprohibited in park waters. Status Indians having treaty rights to carry outtraditional natural resource harvesting activities shallbe permitted to carry on these activities inaccordance with the terms of their treaty within theirtreaty areas. 8.2 Cultural Resources The focus of cultural/heritage representation in OntarioParks is the protection of significant landscape-relatedcultural resources. Kakabeka Falls contains fourarchaeological and historic sites, representing thePaleo-Indian occupation, the Laurel culture and the FurTrade. Cultural resources will be managed to ensuretheir protection, and to provide opportunities forheritage appreciation and research where theseactivities do not impair the resource. This will beachieved through zoning and by controlling anyrecreational activities, development and research thatmay occur in these areas. Ontario Parks will continue to work with the Ministry ofCitizenship, Culture and Recreation in the inventory,protection and maintenance of archaeological andhistoric sites. If deemed appropriate for the protectionand preservation of cultural resources, such inventorymay include excavations of archaeological sites.Excavations by authorized licensed personnel withappropriate research permits will be conducted underthe approval and supervision of the above Ministries.Upon completion of an excavation, the site or portionsof the site will be returned to their original condition, orwill be developed for the purposes of interpreting thecultural resources of the site. The type and extent of

such development will be determined by the findingsfrom the excavation. Periodic inspection of significant sites will occur withprotective controls established as required. Theremoval of artifacts or destruction of historicalfeatures is illegal and is prohibited. Additionalsignificant archaeological discoveries maynecessitate alterations to future development plans. 9.0 OPERATIONAL POLICIES Operations policies deal with topics such as NaturalHeritage Education, recreation management, and theprovision of recreation services, business planning andresearch. The Park Operating Plan provides park staffwith the necessary information required to operate thepark on a day-to-day basis. In addition to addressingoperations policies, the Operating Plan will includesuch topics as budget, staffing, maintenanceschedules, enforcement and emergency services. Theprovisions of the Operating Plan will be consistent withthe approved Ontario Provincial Parks MinimumOperating Standards (1992). The Operating Plan willbe reviewed annually and revised as required. A Sign Plan will be prepared. 9.1 Natural Heritage Education As outlined in the Strategic Plan for Natural HeritageEducation in Ontario Parks (1997), the goal of theNatural Heritage Education (NHE) program is todevelop visitor awareness and appreciation ofOntario Parks’ natural and cultural heritage,fostering a commitment to its protection for allgenerations. Opportunities to do so will beeducational and recreational, formal and informal,and accessible to all people. The objectives of the Natural Heritage Educationprogram are to provide basic information in all parks;interpretation of Ontario’s natural and culturalheritage in Provincial Parks; and outdoor recreationin representative landscapes in Ontario. There arethree levels of NHE service in the Provincial Parks’system: Self-use, Seasonal, and Major Activity.Kakabeka Falls presently offers a seasonal level ofprogramming. A Natural Heritage Education Plan will be preparedfor Kakabeka Falls. Direction will be taken fromprovincial policy, the Northwest Zone NaturalHeritage Education Plan, and the Park ManagementPlan. Kakabeka Falls Natural Heritage Education

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plan will be reviewed and updated annually. Thescope and intent of all Natural Heritage Educationactivities will be carefully defined to ensure theircompatibility with park features. The Visitor Centre/Amphitheatre offers a centrallocation for Natural Heritage Education programsand self-guided heritage appreciation and recreationopportunities. The Park Store is presently located inthe Visitor Centre. The Visitor Centre may beexpanded for use as a trailhead facility for cross-country skiing. 9.1.1 Park Information The public information program (Parks Guide, parktabloid and the Ontario Parks website) will becontinued. It will provide visitors with information aboutthe park and its resources, environment and facilities.This information emphasizes the visitor's role inmaintaining the natural environment of the park,appropriate behaviour in the park, safety in theoutdoors, and nuisance animals. Park literature willalso advise visitors about commercial services andattractions in the Village of Kakabeka Falls, the localarea and other provincial parks. The park map and brochures enable visitors to exploreand use the park. A “respect the environment” ethic ispromoted in order to minimize human impact on thepark environment. The importance of respecting otherusers is also stressed. 9.1.2 Interpretation Interpretive programs and facilities provide park visitorswith a greater appreciation for and understanding ofthe natural and cultural features of Kakabeka FallsProvincial Park. Interpretive programs, printedmaterial, self-use facilities and informal personalcontact will be the primary means of interpretation. Thepark's primary interpretive theme relates to itsgeological significance (Geology and Landscape) andhow this geology has affected cultural activities (e.g.the use of this section of the Kaministiquia River by furtraders; the timber industry having to divert logs aroundKakabeka Falls, the industrial history of hydroelectricdevelopment). Other themes include Pre-Europeansettlement, Early European Exploration, Logging Era,Boreal Forest and Wildlife. Innovative ways ofcooperative portrayal of these themes will be pursuedwith other agencies. 9.1.3 Recreation

Basic recreation information provided on the parkmap will acquaint visitors with the attributes of thepark, its dangers (e.g. vertical cliffs) and safetyconsiderations. Outdoor recreation skills programs will be compatiblewith the park’s resource base and the park’s themes,and may include hiking, cross-country skiing,snowshoeing, camping and orienteering 9.2 Recreation Management Recreation management provides a variety ofrecreational opportunities while aspiring to minimizeenvironmental impacts in recognition of the park'ssignificant landscape. Recreational activities that areincompatible with the park goal or with specific zones are prohibited orrestricted. Prevention and control of such activitieswill be achieved through education of park visitorsconcerning appropriate uses in the park in generaland within specific zones (Figure 3 and Table 2). 9.2.1 Viewing Pods and Boardwalks In 1981, viewing pods were built along both sides ofthe gorge to mitigate the compaction and erosionimpacts of the large numbers of visitors viewing thefalls. A program is in place to monitor the stability ofthe bedrock on which the viewing pods have beenbuilt. Monitoring will continue and, if the needarises, the viewing pods and boardwalks will bemodified and/or redeveloped to maintain anacceptable standard of public safety. Any changesor development of new pods and boardwalks will besupported by a site inventory in accordance withapproved site and development plans. 9.2.2 Day Use Areas Most visitors who come to view the falls, park in thelot on the east bank of the river. In 1996, a pay anddisplay fee collection system was installed in order tocollect fees on a year-round basis. Visitors also useparking lots near the Information Centre and at thebeach area. There are 560 parking spaces. 9.2.3 Campgrounds Kakabeka Falls Provincial Park has two maincampgrounds with a total of 169 sites, 90 of whichhave electrical service. The July/August occupancyof 69% (1999) is greater than the Northwest Zoneaverage (57%). Kakabeka Falls has a higher than

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average proportion of recreational vehicle userscompared to other provincial parks. The Riverside and Ferns Edge campgrounds will bemonitored to ensure their continued viability; this willinclude necessary improvements to bring them toOntario Parks’ operating standards. Should the needfor additional / replacement sites be justified,development of up to 117 sites in the WhisperingHills campground will be undertaken, as per the1978 site plan.

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Figure 3: Existing Development

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Waste disposal sites and dumping are prohibitedwithin the park. Garbage collection facilities will belocated in the development zones only. Wastegenerated by park users will be disposed outside thepark at an established facility. 9.2.4 Trails The trail system at Kakabeka Falls experiencesmoderate use by campers and day-use visitors. Thesystem’s popularity for cross-country skiing is wellestablished. Use levels are showing some growth. The Poplar Point trail (3.6 km) permits walking,

automobiles and mountain bikes, and maypermit horseback riding (subject to a trail/siteinventory and in accordance with a trail siteplan);

The River Terrace loop (3.6 km) permits hiking,cross-country skiing, and may permit mountainbiking, (subject to a trail/site inventory and inaccordance with a trail/site plan);

The Beaver Meadows trail (5.6 km) permitshiking, cross-country skiing, and may permitmountain biking, (subject to a trail/site inventoryand in accordance with a trail/site plan);

The Contact trail (1.0 km) permits hiking; The Little Falls trail (3.0 km) permits hiking and snowshoeing; and

The Mountain Portage trail (1.2 km) permitshiking

and snowshoeing, and is barrier free. Ontario Parks may post trail courtesy signage asrequired to minimize potential conflict between trailusers. Ontario Parks will restrict access to the trails bymountain bikes during periods of wet weather orduring the spring thaw to minimize potential impactsto the trails. The use of mountain bikes is permittedonly on designated trails; off-trail biking is notpermitted. Horseback riding is prohibited on the BeaverMeadows and River Terrace trails, due to thepotential for conflicts with other trail users, as well asthe width of the corridor and the potential for trailerosion, braiding (where horses compact a narrowsection of trail into a trough and subsequent userscreate a widening and/or branching of the trail), andthe introduction of exotic plant species into thepark’s NR2 zone by way of horse manure. The Poplar Point trail will be evaluated for horseback

riding as a permitted use, because the trail is an oldroadbed whose width will deter linear travel and thepotential for braiding. The use of the trail by horseswill be restricted to the spring/fall shoulder season,(e.g. prior to May 15 and after October 1), to reducethe potential for conflicts between automobiles,horses, bicycles, and pedestrians. Riders will beresponsible for the removal and disposal of horsedroppings from the trail, or access privileges to thetrail will be revoked. Motorized use of the Beaver Meadows, RiverTerrace, Contact and Little Falls trails is prohibitedwith the exception of service and emergencyvehicles. Existing road, rail and utility line corridors through thepark are a permitted non-conforming use. New road,rail and utility line corridors will not be permitted withinthe park boundary. The TransCanada Trail, a multi purpose trail initiative,will be accommodated for trail uses that arepermissible within the park. 9.2.5 Winter Use Winter use of Kakabeka Falls is dominated by shortstopover viewing of the falls. However, day-usecross-country skiing on the trail system hascontinued to grow in popularity. This is due to thepromotion of Kakabeka Falls as part of the NordicTrail package that includes Sleeping Giant ProvincialPark and the Kamview Nordic Ski Area. A portion of the Trans-Provincial Snow Machine Trailpasses through the development zone of KakabekaFalls Provincial Park. It uses the existing roadcorridors. Snow machine use in the park isrestricted to this corridor. The abandoned toboggan hill will be assessed forcontinued use. Ice skating on a rink in theDevelopment zone may also be considered. Ontario Parks will continue to support the winterday-use of Kakabeka Falls. Support will be realizedthrough the provision of groomed ski trails, the re-alignment of extremely steep trails subject to siteinventory, the development andadaptation/expansion of the Visitor Centre as atrailhead facility, and the relocation of the existingNordic ski trailhead to the Visitor Centre. 9.2.6 Greater Park Ecosystem

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Within the context of the greater park ecosystem, itis important to consider the ecological, social andeconomic relationships that Kakabeka FallsProvincial Park has with the surrounding area.Especially important is the ecological link betweenthe park and the Kaministiquia River corridor andwatershed. Social and economic links include theVillage of Kakabeka Falls, the Municipality of OliverPaipoonge, and the City of Thunder Bay whoseresidents and businesses either visit the park and/orutilize the Falls as an anchor/draw for recreationactivities and/or for business opportunities. The regulation of the water flow of the KaministiquiaRiver by Ontario Hydro Services Company, whoseprimary purpose is the operation of dams togenerate hydro power, is one example of ecologicalimpacts on the park. Ontario Parks will participate inwatershed management planning processes toprotect park values associated with theKaministiquia River. Ontario Parks will pursueopportunities to participate in land use planninginitiatives that affect the greater park ecosystem andto connect the park to other natural areas. OntarioParks will also endeavor to optimize the relationshipbetween the park and the village businesses. Examples of recreation activities that cross parkboundaries include the potential use of the park aspart of the Trans Canada Trail, the Trans-ProvincialSnow Machine Trail, and the Kaministiquia River asa hiking, fishing and paddling corridor. Associatedgroups and sites include the Lakehead RegionConservation Authority’s Cedar Falls ConservationArea; Old Fort William and interpretation of the furtrade; the Thunder Bay Kayak and Canoe Clubwhich uses the Hume Gorge upstream from thepark; and the Kaministiquia River Corridor Groupwhich is examining recreation opportunities alongthe river. Ontario Parks will provide support in theform of information to park visitors and participationby staff in local and regional initiatives to assist inthe coordination of recreation opportunities that arecompatible with park values. Ontario Parks will seekto maintain a supportive working relationship/dialogue with groups and agencies that share thegreater park ecosystem. 9.2.7 Alternative Accommodation A variety of factors will, over time, affect thedemographic profile of park users. Those factorsinclude the influence of the aging ‘baby boomers’,immigration, recreation, and travel preferences. The1997 Ontario Consumer Survey for Ontario Parks,undertaken by COMPAS Inc., investigated a variety

of factors that might encourage Ontario residents tovisit a Provincial Park. The survey indicated that theprovision of accommodations and a conveniencestore were motivations among non-park users. Italso indicated that the provision of cabins/shelterswould motivate visitors to use parks more in theautumn, winter and spring. Ontario Parks will consider the feasibility ofalternative roofed accommodation (e.g. yurts, rusticcabins) in Kakabeka Falls, in the development zonewithin the vicinity of the Portage Group CampingArea and/or the Whispering Hills campground. Thefeasibility assessment will include consideration ofthe type, number and siting of structures, impacts onother recreational uses, profitability, water source,waste disposal, access, and maintenance (Figure 3). 9.3 Tourism Services The North of Superior Travel Association (NOSTA)jointly operates a tourism information outlet withOntario Parks in the Information Centre. It providesboth residents and visitors with information aboutrecreation opportunities, accommodation, and regionalinformation. The development of other tourismoperations such as alternative accommodation, foodand beverage services, recreation equipmentrental/sales and retail sales will be determined throughbusiness planning, in conjunction with the Zone andPark Marketing Plan. 9.4 Marketing A Marketing Plan will be developed for KakabekaFalls Provincial Park in accordance with establishedOntario Parks policy. It will be reviewed annuallyand revised as required. Marketing activities will beconsistent with the Zone and Provincial MarketingPlan. The objectives of the marketing plan areprotection of the park values as well as:

To capitalize on the park's natural and culturalfeatures in order to provide visitors with a unique outdoorexperience within the park goal and objectives;

To optimize the local, regional, provincial, national,and international markets for the park;

To encourage park visitation and the use of thepark as a catalyst to stimulate the local andregional economy;

To encourage park shoulder season use andvisitation to low use areas of the park but inkeeping with the park goal and objectives;

24

To work cooperatively with local commercialestablishments;

To encourage visitors to enjoy the attractions of thesurrounding area; and

To work cooperatively with municipal, regional, andprovincial marketing travel and tourismassociations.

To increase the park’s market share of the region’sForeign Independent Traveler, package tours, bustours and Great Lakes cruises.

To increase awareness of Ontario Parks’ seasonalday-use permits.

To encourage use by non-park users. To maintain existing levels of park use by park

visitors and to increase their scope of usage of thepark.

9.5 Research Ontario Parks’ research and information needs relatedirectly to the Ministry of Natural Resources’ mandateand the Provincial Parks’ goal and objectives. Park-based research needs to address the wide range ofenvironmental, social and economic factors necessaryto administer an ecologically sustainable system ofparks. It is also important that research activitiesaddress the demand for good quality outdoorrecreation experiences and customer satisfaction. Research information needs are diverse. They coverthe full spectrum of geological, biological, ecological,cultural and social sciences. Scientific research and monitoring by qualified groupsand individuals which contributes to the knowledge,inventory and identification of natural and culturalfeatures and to environmental and recreationalmanagement objectives will be encouraged whereappropriate. Subjects of particular interest to KakabekaFalls Provincial Park include archaeology,geomorphology (e.g. raised shorelines) and geology,as well as life science studies (e.g. plant communitiesand animal species). All research programs must be compatible with thepark's goal, objectives and zoning prescriptions.Research projects require prior approval and must beconducted in accordance with MNR policy concerningresearch in provincial parks. Research must also meetall other applicable provincial requirements. Park staffat the zone office will monitor these researchprograms. Any archaeological research will alsorequire approval and monitoring by the Ministry ofCitizenship, Culture and Recreation. Shouldprovincially or nationally significant features/resources

be found, the Management Plan may be amended toensure that protection will be provided throughappropriate zoning or revision of plan policies. Park user surveys will address levels of satisfaction,needs assessment, demographics, spendingpatterns and user profiles. 10.0 DEVELOPMENT POLICIES Development policies identify priorities for newdevelopment as well as redevelopment of existingfacilities. Development is implemented throughbusiness and work program planning, based on priorityand subject to the availability of funds, and inaccordance with approved site and development plansthat detail the location, type and extent of developmentpermitted. Ontario Parks will:

Work in conjunction with the Ministry ofCitizenship, Culture and Recreation to conductarchaeological site assessments in the area of theproposed development. Should sites be known ordiscovered to exist in an area, inventory of thesite(s) will occur; and

Undertake earth and life science inventories sothat developmental impacts can be mitigated.

No development will take place in the Nature Reservezones except for necessary signs and trails.

10.1 Access and Circulation

The construction of new roads, bridges and utilitycorridors for park purposes will be directed byapproved implementation and site plans. Such projectswill be permitted in the development zones only.Construction will be closely monitored.

The construction of new trails in the NaturalEnvironment and Nature Reserve zones will be subjectto approved site plans.

Ontario Parks will continue to monitor the structuralintegrity of the main access bridge over theKaministiquia River. In the event that the bridgerequires replacement or extensive repairs, and thatthe cost to repair or replace the bridge exceedsavailable financial resources, Ontario Parks willconsider reconfiguration of access to and circulationwithin the park. The park entrance may be relocatedto Lucken’s Road on the west side of the park wherea separate access control facility will be constructed.The existing access control will remain in place for

25

the east side parking and the day-use area. Internalcirculation will be reviewed to determine anyadjustments required to maintain safe traffic flow.

10.2 Campgrounds

Ontario Parks will continue to assess the viability ofthe Riverside and Ferns Edge campgrounds todetermine if they should be closed or maintained.The requirement for additional capacity will bemonitored on an ongoing basis. Development ofadditional sites will comply with Ontario Parks’standards, guidelines governing capitaldevelopment, and be in accordance with approvedsite plans and Environmental Assessment Actrequirements. Part of the ongoing assessment willdetermine the need for additional campsites in theWhispering Hills campground. Until such time as adetailed site analysis of the Whispering Hillscampground is completed and funding is in place todevelop it, improvements can be made to thefacilities in the Ferns Edge and Riversidecampgrounds, such as adding electrical hookups,shower facilities or upgrading the comfort station.

10.3 Comfort Stations

Ontario Parks will assess the viability of existingcomfort stations. The comfort stations will beupgraded and/or replaced as required, in the mostcost-effective manner.

10.4 Day-use Areas

Ontario Parks will continue to monitor the quality ofthe beach area. When required, appropriateupgrading will be undertaken to maintain thebeach/picnic area to Ontario Parks’ standards. Dogsare not permitted in this area. Beach area two will beclosed and allowed to regenerate as a naturalshoreline area.

The development of picnic shelters at thebeach/picnic area and the picnic area near theMountain Portage trail will be undertaken subject tosite planning and business planning.

10.5 Trails

Adaptation/expansion of the Visitor Centre to serveas a chalet and trailhead facility to support cross-country skiing activity will proceed as funds permit.

This change will necessitate some modification toexisting trails that will include a new trail linking the

existing trail system with the Information Centre, andrealigning a section to avoid a steep hill. All traildevelopment will be supported by a site inventory inaccordance with a trail site plan. Figure 3 showshow the trail system might appear. The final layoutwill depend on site analysis.

The expansion of permitted uses to includemountain biking for the Beaver Meadows and RiverTerrace trails and horseback riding for the PoplarPoint trail will be subject to trail/site inventories andin accordance with trail/site plans, which will includetrial periods for impact assessment. Trail courtesysignage will be posted to minimize potential conflictbetween trail users. Ontario Parks will restrictaccess to the trails by mountain bikes during periodsof wet weather and/or during the spring thaw tominimize potential compaction and erosion impacts.Ontario Parks will restrict access to the Poplar Pointtrail by horses to the spring/autumn. Ontario Parkswill designate an authorized entry/exit point forhorses.

10.6 Viewing Pods and Boardwalks

Ontario Parks will continue to monitor the stability ofthe bedrock on which the viewing pods andboardwalks are built. Any significant changes willresult in upgrading and/or replacement.

10.7 Utilities

Ontario Parks will continue to assess the viability ofthe park’s water, sewage, and electrical facilities. Allupgrading and/or replacement will be undertaken inaccordance with the Ontario Parks OperatingStandards.

Existing utility corridors that pass through the parkwill continue to be a permitted non-conforming useand are required to remain in present locations. Newutility corridors will not be permitted.

10.8 Recreation and Tourism Services

Ontario Parks will continue to operate in a business-like way. Park staff will monitor visitor needs andcustomer service. Any new or additional services,such as the development of alternativeaccommodation, will be implemented through thenormal business and work planning processes.Analysis will include the review of impacts of new

26

services on the surrounding municipalities andbusinesses.

10.9 Interpretive Facilities

The combination of provincially significant featuresand the high visitation level requires that KakabekaFalls Provincial Park provides a “seasonal activity”level of service. Ontario Parks will upgrade orexpand the Visitor Centre as funding permits.

Adaptation / expansion of the Visitor Centre to serveas a chalet to support winter day-use will proceed asfunds permit.

10.10 Park Maintenance and Operation

Ontario Parks will monitor the performance of theoperations and maintenance facilities. This willinclude facilities such as the park office, thegatehouse, the warehouse and the water facility.Upgrading and/or replacement of these facilities willoccur as funds permit or as required to ensure publicand staff health and safety.

11.0 PLAN IMPLEMENTATION AND REVIEW

In the implementation of the approved parkmanagement plan, Ontario Parks may pursueopportunities for partnerships involving other agenciesand groups. Park development, operations andresource stewardship will be contingent upon theavailability of funding and unforeseeable changes inpriority or policy. Funding may be derived from avariety of sources, including corporate sponsorshipsand donations. Implementation of the managementplan and the operation of the park will meet therequirements of the Environmental Assessment Act,Provincial Parks Act and other pertinent legislation.

Unless otherwise identified in this document,implementation priorities may be established insubsidiary operating and resource stewardship plans.Preparation of these plans will involve the appropriatelevel of public consultation. A list of implementationpriorities follows.

11.1 Resource Stewardship

Preparation of a Natural Heritage Educationplan.

Preparation of trail/site inventories and trail/siteplans for mountain biking and horseback riding.

If required/deemed necessary, the completion ofan Environmental Study Report, to evaluateoptions for restorative capping of KakabekaFalls.

11.2 Development

Preparation of a development plan, within thecontext of an Environmental Study Report, toevaluate options for repair/replacement of theaccess bridge and/or reconfiguration of parkaccess via Luckens Road.

Preparation of a sign plan; Site inventory and plans for trailhead

development and trail slope re-alignment; and Chalet and trailhead plan for the Visitor Centre. Preparation of an assessment of feasibility for

alternative accommodation; 11.3 Operations/Administration

Formalize the minimum flow agreement withOntario Hydro Services Company;

Preparation of a park marketing plan/strategy;and

Annual review of the operating plan and thebusiness plan.

11.4 Project Screening The Environmental Assessment Act requires that allpark management activities conform to approvedlegislation, policy, procedures, guidelines andstandards, including provisions for public notice.The preparation of this Park Management Planconstitutes the principal public review opportunity foractivities and projects. Exceptions to this areprojects where further study is required, or where adecision has been deferred to a subsidiary plan. Preparation of a concept plan for alternativeaccommodation requires the preparation of aseparate project plan. 11.5 Social and Economic Impact

Analysis

Ontario Parks will base approvals for operationalprojects, such as roofed accommodation, onanalysis of a supporting business case. The analysiswill address both costs and long term benefits for thepark, as well as consideration of the socio-economic

27

impacts on the surrounding area, including theVillage. Ontario Parks will make use of availableeconomic models in analyzing business cases. 11.6 Plan Review and Amendment The management plan for Kakabeka Falls ProvincialPark may be reviewed to address changing issues orconditions. A mandatory review is to be held after 10years. This may involve a reassessment of all orpart of the plan, including classification, zoning, goal,objectives and all resource management, operationsand development. A variety of programs will provide essentialinformation concerning the implementation of themanagement plan and the effectiveness of approvedpolicies. Such mechanisms as the collection of userstatistics, periodic user surveys, park managementaudits, ecological monitoring and user impactassessments will provide valuable information toensure that policies remain current and relevant.Research findings and resource inventory work mayaid in conducting plan reviews.

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12.0 SUMMARY OF PUBLICCONSULTATION

Public consultation was a very important part of theKakabeka Falls Provincial Park Management Planreview process. The three phases of the reviewconsisted of:

Phase 1 Invitation toParticipate/Background

Information, Issues and Options June – September 1999

This phase included distribution of more than 100copies of the Background Information, Issues andOptions tabloid to the mandatory contact list as wellas to known stakeholders, posting the EnvironmentalBill of Rights electronic registry (EBR) proposalnotice, and distribution to MNR Information Centresin Toronto and Peterborough. A workshop was held at the park Information Centrein September 1999 for plan advisors, stakeholdersand interested members of the public. Thisworkshop was preceded by newspaperadvertisements. Twelve people attended theworkshop. Fourteen written comments were received fromindividuals and groups including the WildlandsLeague, the Federation of Ontario Naturalists, theLakehead Region Conservation Authority, theThunder Bay Kayak and Canoe Club, and theKakabeka Falls Jackrabbit Ski Club.

Phase 2 Preliminary Management Plan

July – September 2000

This phase included distribution of 115 copies of thePreliminary Park Management Plan to the mandatorycontact list and to known stakeholders, as well as theEBR notices listed above. A meeting was held for plan advisors at the parkInformation Centre in July 2000 to discuss thecontent of the Preliminary Plan. Six written comments (one with 69 signatories) werereceived from individuals and groups including localequestrians, the Wildlands League, and the PeacefulParks Coalition. The dominant themes in thecomments are reflected in the content of this ParkManagement Plan. Concerns and suggestions thatwere raised by respondents are summarized below:

Concerns were expressed regarding the smallsize of the park relative to the amount ofdevelopment within the park (500 ha compared

to the recommended 2000 ha for NaturalEnvironment parks). Suggestions includedincreasing the size of the park,removing/relocating/minimizing developmentwithin the park, and closing and rehabilitatingimpacted areas.

Concerns were expressed regarding the

relationship between the park and the economyof the Village of Kakabeka Falls. Suggestionsincluded acknowledging the dependence ofvillage businesses upon the park, throughengaging municipal representatives indiscussions regarding marketing and commercialinitiatives, as well as relocating existing/potentialcommercial operations from the park to thevillage.

Concerns were expressed on the subject of

water flow over Kakabeka Falls and the longterm management of the Kaministiquia River, inlight of the planned divestment process byOntario Hydro Services Company. It wassuggested that Ontario Parks participate in thepending water management planning process forthe river.

Concerns were expressed about the inclusion of

ecological and social considerations within thegreater park ecosystem approach to parkplanning and management. It was suggestedthat Ontario Parks take into account ecologicaland social associations in addition to theeconomic benefits of recreation activities bothwithin and around the park.

Concerns were expressed regarding the pay and

display meters in the east parking lot.Suggestions included removing the meters,and/or increasing promotion of the use byregular visitors to the park, of the Ontario Parks’seasonal pass.

Concerns regarding permitted uses included the

potential for expanded mountain bike access, theuse of the road corridor by snowmachines, andthe inclusion of horseback riding as a permitteduse. It was suggested that both mountain bikeand snowmachine access be prohibited. It wasalso suggested that horseback riding bepermitted.

Phase 3 Approved Park Management Plan

April – May 2001

This is the public’s final opportunity to review theapproved Management Plan. For a period of forty-five (45) days, interested participants in the planning

29

program have a final opportunity to determine if theirconcerns have been considered and addressed andto initiate an appeal concerning the plan contentswhere appropriate.

Ontario Parks will retain on file reference copies ofrelevant background information, Terms ofReference, Preliminary Management Plan and theapproved Park Management Plan.

30

13.0 REFERENCESAcres International Limited. Lakehead Regional Conservation Authority Kaministiquia River WatershedManagement Study. November 1990

Chapman, L.J. and M.K. Thomas. The Climate of Northern Ontario. Canada Department of Transport,Meteorological Branch, Climatological Studies, No. 6.

COMPAS Inc., Ontario Consumer Survey, 1997 Cullis, K., Momot, W. T. and Sein R. Fish Community and Aquatic Habitat of the Kaministiquia River, 1987.Lake Superior Fisheries Unit, Technical Report Series, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources

Fox, W.A. “The Palaeo-Indian Lakehead Complex”. Canadian Archaeological Association - Collected Papers.Ontario Ministry of Culture and Recreation, Historical Planning and Research Branch, Research Paper No. 6,Toronto, 1975.

Franklin, J.M. Metallogeny of the Proterozoic Rocks of Thunder Bay District, Ontario. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis,University of Western Ontario, 1970.

Grootenboer, J.F. Former Shorelines in the Kaministiquia Plain and the Geomorphology of the Kakabeka Falls -Stanley Area. Honours B.A. Dissertation, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, 1971.

Held, R. et al. A Study to Develop Practical Techniques for Determining the Carrying Capacity of Natural Areasin the National Park System. USDI National Park Service and the Centre for Research and Education, ColoradoState University, Contract No. 14-10-9-990-40, 1969.

James F. MacLaren Ltd. Report on a Water Use Study for the Lakehead Regional Conservation Authority.Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Toronto, 1970.

Kor, P.S.G. Geomorphology and Geology of Kakabeka Falls Provincial Park. Unpublished Research Report,Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Park Planning Branch, Toronto, 1974.

Mountain, J.A. An Historical Outline of Kakabeka Falls Provincial Park. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources,Historical Sites Branch, Unpublished Research Report, Thunder Bay, 1973.

Newton, B.B. et al. North Central Region Archaeological Survey. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources,Historical Sites Branch, Unpublished Research Report, Thunder Bay, 1974.

Noble, T.W. A Vegetation Analysis of Kakabeka Falls Provincial Park. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources,Park Planning Branch, Unpublished Life Science Report, Toronto, 1974.

Ontario Ministry of Agriculture Food and Rural Affairs. Soils of the Thunder Bay Area, Kakabeka Falls 52 A/5,Soil Survey Report No.48.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Kakabeka Falls Business Plan 1996/97 -2000/01. Ontario ParksNorthwest Zone. Revised 1998.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Kakabeka Falls Summary of Visitor Statistics 1974-1997. UnpublishedReport. Ontario Parks Northwest Zone. n.d.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Kakabeka Falls Preliminary Park Management Plan. Queen’s Printer forOntario. June 2000.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Summary of Survey Comparisons: 94 Camper, 94 Day-user, 82 Day-user. Unpublished Report. Ontario Parks Northwest Zone. n.d.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Ontario Provincial Parks Statistics 1997 . Park Operations andDevelopment Section, Ontario Parks. Peterborough, 1998.

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Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Ontario Provincial Parks Statistics 1998 . Park Operations andDevelopment Section, Ontario Parks. Peterborough, 1999.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Ontario Provincial Parks Statistical Report. Park Planning Branch,Toronto, 1958-1975.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Park Camper Survey, Kakabeka Falls Provincial Park. Park PlanningBranch, Unpublished computer printouts, Toronto, 1975.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Park Day-user Survey, Kakabeka Falls Provincial Park. Unpublishedcomputer printouts, Toronto, 1974.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Park Management/Operating Plan. Division of Parks, Park ManagementBranch, Toronto, 1976.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Planning Guidelines and Design Standards for the Ontario ProvincialPark System, Draft Report, Park Planning Branch, Toronto, 1973.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Provincial Park Visitor Services Policy Programme. Interim Policy. ParkManagement Branch, Toronto, 1976.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Traffic Analysis - Free Parking Lot, Kakabeka Falls Provincial Park,Parks and Recreation Division, North Central Region, Thunder Bay, 1974.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Thunder Bay District Fisheries Management Plan, 1989.

Prest, V.K. “Quaternary Geology”. Geology and Economic Minerals of Canada. Geological Survey of Canada,Department of Mines and Resources, Economic Geology Report No. 1, Ottawa, 1970.

Pye, E.G. Geology and Scenery, North Shore of Lake Superior. Ontario Department of Mines, GeologicalGuidebook No. 2, 1969.

Rowe, J.S. Forest Regions of Canada. Canada Department of the Environment, Canadian Forestry Service,Publication No. 1300, 1972.

Stoltman, J.B. The Laurel Culture of Minnesota. Minnesota Prehistoric Archaeology Series No. 8, St. Paul,1973.

United States Department of Agriculture. Forest Landscape Management. Volume One, Forest Service,Northern Region, 1972.

Van Wagoner, D. Tourism: Trends and Opportunities in the North of Superior Region. Unpublished report.Ontario Ministry of Northern Development and Mines. August 2000.

Wagar, J.A. The Carrying of Wild Lands for Recreation. Society of American Foresters, Forest ScienceMonograph 7, 1964.

Wanlin, M. Harnessing the Potential: A Tourism Development Study for Kakabeka Falls. Boreal EcosystemsAssociates. Ltd. Thunder Bay. 1998.

Wilkie, K. Kakabeka Falls Provincial Park Visitor Management Analysis of 1994 Data Collection. Department ofRecreation and Leisure Studies. University of Waterloo. 1996.

Zoltai, S.C. “Glacial Features of the Canadian Lakehead Area”. Canadian Geographer. Volume 7, No. 3, 1963.