Parenteral products are dosage forms, which are delivered to the patient by a injection or implantation through the skin or other-external layers such.

Parenteral products are dosage forms, which are

delivered to the patient by a injection or

implantation through the skin or other-external

layers such as stratum corneum and directed into

the body fluids, tissues or organs.

The drug is then transport from the site of

administration to the site of action.

PARENTERAL PRODUCTS

l- Produce a local effect, e.g. local anesthetics for

tooth extraction.

2- Administer drugs if the oral route cannot be used.

3- Deliver drugs to the unconscious patient.

4- Rapidly correct fluid and electrolyte imbalances.

5- Ensure delivery of the drug to the target tissues.

6- Ensure delivery of adequate concentration of the

drug to diseased or target area of the body e.g.

intraventicular injection of aminoglycerides in

meningitis

Parenteral therapy is used to:

Route of Parenteral Administration

Routes of Administration•Intravenous (IV)

•Intramuscular (IM)

•Subcutaneous (SQ)

•Intradermal (ID)

•Intraspinal

•Intra-arterial

•Intra-cardiac injections

•Intra- articular injections

Intravenous Injection

(I.V.)These are made into a vein,

therefore are introduced directly

into the blood stream.

The volume injected varies from 1

ml or less to 500 ml or even more.

Drugs are given by this route when

a very rapid effect is required.

Advantages1) Predictable dosage

2) I.v. route may be used to administer drugs which

are too irritating or caustic when given by other

routes.

Due to the rapid dilution in the circulating blood

and the general insensitivity of the venous wall to

pain.

3) Immediate presence in blood plasma and provides

maximum availability and assurance in delivering

the drug to the site of action.

4) I.V. infusion, large - volume parenterals (LVP). can

be used to replace body fluids lost from the

circulation as a result of severe burns, vomiting,

diarrhea or hemorrhage

Disadvantages1) The risk of thrombosis is increased

when irritating IN. products are

used.

2) A certain level of knowledge and

skill are required for safely

parenteral administration.

3) The rapidity of absorption makes

antidoting very difficult, if not

impossible

4) Only drugs in aqueous or

hydroalcohloic solution are to be

given by IV route.

I.M. route of administration is second only to the

I.V. route in rapidity onset of systemic action.

The volume is rarely greater than 2 ml and should

not exceed 4 ml at one site.

Intramuscular injection (I.M.)

I.M. route is the only site to be used for suspensions and oily solutions and can tolerates them. because they cause pain and irritation if given subcutaneously or cause blockage of small blood vessels if given intravenously.

These are made under the skin, into

the subcutaneous tissue.

The volume injected is 2 ml or less.

This is the most popular route for administration

of a great variety of drugs including vaccines and

insulin.

Drugs given by this route will have a slower onset

of action than by I.M. or IN. routes, and total

absorption may also be less.

When daily or frequent administration is

required, the injection site should be

continuously changed.

Subcutaneous or Hypodermic injection (S.Q.)

These are made into the skin, between the inner

layer (dermis) and the outer layer (epidermis).

The volume that can be injected intradermally is

necessarily small, usually 0.1- 0.2 ml.

The route is use mainly for diagnostic purposes in

investigations of immunity and allergy.

Intradermal injections (I.D.)

These are aqueous solutions,

which are injected in volumes

less than 20ml into particular

areas of the spinal column.

The specific gravity of these

injections may be adjusted to

localize the site of action of

the drug.

Intraspinal injectionsInjection

These are similar to I.V. injections

Used occasionally for an immediate effect

in a peripheral area:

to improve circulation to the extremities when

arterial flow is restricted by arterial spasm

(early

gangrene)

To direct the drug to the target organ e.g.

(liver,

spleen, lung)

to minimize the side effect of the drug in the

other

body tissues (anticancer drugs) etc.,

Intra- arterial injections

These are given into the heart muscle or ventricle

in emergency only as a stimulant following cardiac

arrest. using Adrenaline or isoprenaline.

Intra-cardiac injections

These are administered as an aqueous solution or

suspension into the synovial fluid in a joint cavity.

They are often used for the local administration of

anti-inflammatory agents.

Intra- articular injections

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