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DOSAGE AND DOSAGEFORMS IN PHYTOTHERAPY
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DOSAGE AND DOSAGE FORMS IN
PHYTOTHERAPY
THE PHYLOSOPHIES ABOUT THERAPEUTIC ACTION OFMEDICINAL PLANTS
• THE THERAPEUTIC EFFECT RELIES ON A SPESIFIC
DOSE OF THE ACTIVE CHEMICALS CONTAINED IN
EACH PARTICULAR PLANT
• A HERBAL MEDICINE BEING DERIVED FROM LIVING
ORGANISM, CARRIES CERTAIN ENERGY OR VITAL
FORCE. THE QUALITY OF ENERGY CONFERS THETHERAPEUTIC EFFECT
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DOSAGE APPROACH OFCHINESE HERBAL MEDICINE
• THE DAILY DOSE FOR INDIVIDUAL NON TOXICHERBS : 3 – 9 GRAMS TAKEN THREE TIMEDAILY GIVEN AS A DECOCTION, PILLS, OR
POWDERED FORMS• DOSE ALSO VARIES ACCORDING TO THE
WEIGHT AND AGE OF PATIENTS ANDACUTNESS OF THEIR CONDITION.
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DOSAGE APPROACH OFCHINESE HERBAL MEDICINE
(continued)
• IF FORMULAS GAVE IN A GRANULATED
FORM, THE GRANULES WERE PREPARED BYDRYING OR FREEE DRYING THE DECOCT.
• THE DAILY DOSE OF GRANULES : ! GRAMSCORESPONDING TO ABOUT "#$% GRAMS OF
ORIGINAL DRIED HERBS TAKEN THREE TIMEDAILY
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DOSAGE APPROACH OF
AYURVEDIC
• THE DAILY DOSE FOR INDIVIDUAL NON TOXIC HERBS: $#" GRAMS AS POWDER OR TINCTURES
• HIGHER DOSE OFTEN RECOMMENDED FORDECOCTION
• MORE DOSAGE DIVERSITY THAN CHINESE HERBALMEDICINE
• AYURVEDIC HERBAL MEDICINE OFTEN INVOLVESCOMPLEX FORMULATIONS WHICH ARE PREPARED
OVER SEVERAL DAYS AND CAN CONTAIN MANYHERBAL AND MINERAL COMPONENTS
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BRITISH HERBALPHARMACOPOEIA
• THE DOSE GIVEN BY BRITISH HERBALPHARMACOPOEIA CONTAIN SOME
INCONSISTENCY
• DOSE FOR TINCTURES OFTEN DO NOTCORRELATE TO CORESPONDING DOSE
FOR LIQUID EXTRACT
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BRITISH HERBALPHARMACOPOEIA
(continued)
• THE BHP DOSE WERE IN PART DERIVES
FROM SURVEY OF HERBAL PRACTITIONER. ITIS PROBABLE THAT THERE WERE DIFFERENTDOSAGE PHYLOSOPHY
• THE DIFFERENT TECHNIQUE OF
MANUFACTURING IS AN IMPORTANT ASPECTWHICH CAN CAUSE INCONSISTENCY IN THE
DOSE
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DOSAGE APPROACH OFCOMMISION E MONOGRAPH
DOSE FOR INFUSIONS OR DECOCTIONS
ARE REFLECTS THE COMMON USE INTHE GERMAN MARKET PLACE
•
THE DAILY DOSES ARE USUALLY INRANGE OF ! – $% GRAMS
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DOSAGE APPROACH OFCOMMISION E MONOGRAPH
(continued)
• TINCTURES AND EXTRACTS DOSE ARE
GIVEN BY THE COMMISION E THERE IS
NOT ALWAYS A GOOD CORRELATIONCAUSE OF THE SAME REASON WITH
BRITISH HERBAL PHARMACOPOEIA.
RATIONAL SYSTEM FOR
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RATIONAL SYSTEM FORMODERN PHYTOTHERAPY
• A RATIONAL APPROACH
ESTABLISHED BY
CLINICAL TRIALS CAN
BE USED AS A
PROBLEM SOLVING OF
DOSE INCONSISTENCY
THE CONCEPT OF
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11
THE CONCEPT OFHERBAL PHARMACOLOGY
THE BASIC IS A QUESTION :• WHY PLANT SECONDARY METABOLITES HAVE
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES IN HUMAN BODY &
THE ANSWER ARE :• PLANTS AND HUMAN BODY HAVE SEVERAL
ENYMES AS CATALYST FOR MANYBIOCHEMICAL REACTION
• BOTH OF THE ENYME SYSTEM CAN REACT
WITH AN IDENTIC SUBSTRATS'SECONDARY METABOLITES ACT AS A SUBSTRAT
FOR ENYMATIC REACTIONS IN PLANTS ANDHUMAN BODY(
THE CONCEPT OF
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12
THE CONCEPT OFHERBAL PHARMACOLOGY
PLANT METABOLITES : PRIMARY METABOLITES :
PROTEINS, CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS,CHLOROPHYL
NECESSARY TO SUSTAIN THE LIFE
SECONDARY METABOLITESDO NOT APPEAR TO BE NECESSARY TO
SUSTAIN THE LIFE INCREASING SURVIVAL IN ITS NATURAL
ENVIRONMENT
THE CONCEPT OF
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13
THE CONCEPT OFHERBAL PHARMACOLOGY
MODEL OF HERBAL PHARMACODYNAMIC
• TANNINS
• HYDROLYABLE TANNIN
» GALLOTANNIN» ELLAGITANNIN
• CONDENSED TANNIN
» CATECHIN» EPICATECHIN
» OPC 'OLIGOMERIC PROCYANIDIN)
THE CONCEPT OF
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14
THE CONCEPT OF
HERBAL PHARMACOLOGY
MODEL OF HERBAL PHARMACODYNAMIC(Continued)
• TANNIN• ADTRIN!ENT• ANTI "LCER•
ANTI O#IDANT• NE"TRALI$E INFLAMATION PROTEIN
• TANNIN CAN COMPLE#IN! METAL ION ANDINHIBIT THEIR ABORPTION
• TANNIN CAN ALO REACT %ITH THIAMINE ANDDECREAE IT ABORPTION
THE CONCEPT OF
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1&
THE CONCEPT OF
HERBAL PHARMACOLOGY
MODEL OF HERBAL PHARMACODYNAMIC(Continued)
• PHENOLIC• BACTERIOTATIC ' BACTERICIDE
• ANTI O#IDANT• ANTI THYROID
• CYANO!ENIC !LYCOIDE• ANTI CANCERCANCER TI"E CONTAIN β−GLUCOSIDASE THAT WAS
CONYUGATED TO TUMOR ASSOCIATED ANTIBODY
THE CONCEPT OF
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1
THE CONCEPT OF
HERBAL PHARMACOLOGY
MODEL OF HERBAL PHARMACODYNAMIC'C)*+*-/)
• MUCILAGE• ANTI GI TRACT INFLAMATION• ANTI OBESITY• LAXATIVES
• FLAVONOIDS• ANTI OXIDANT• ANTI INFLAMATION• IMUNNOMODULATOR
• VOLATILE OILS
• ANTIBACTERIAL• CARMINATIVES• EXPECTORANT• SPASMOLYTIC• SEDATIVES
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ORAL DOA!E FORM
IN HERBAL MEDICINE
POWDERS
LIQUIDS
TABLETS CAPSULES
STANDARDIED
EXTRACT
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ORAL DOSAGE FORMS
IN HERBAL MEDICINE
PO%DER
PARTICULARLY APPLIES TO MUCILAGE CONTAINING HERBS. WHENTHESE HERBS ARE MIXED WITH WATER, THE MUCILAGE REACT WITH
WATER TO FORM , AND THE WET HERBS SWELL TO MANY ITS ORIGINALVOLUME
APPLIES TO TANNIN CONTAINING HERBS FOR TREAMENT OF COLONPROBLEMS. THIS BECAUSE THE TANNINS ARE ONLY SLOWLY DISSOLVED
IN HERB MATRIX AND ARE THEREFORE STILL BEING RELEASE IN ANACTIVE FORM WHEN THE HERB REACHES THE COLON
WHERE THE FAT SOLUBLE COMPONENTS ARE IMPORTANT PART OF THEACTIVITY OF THE HERBS, THE POWDER SHOULD BE FOLLOWED BY A
DOSE OF VEGETABLE OILS OR LECITHIN TO ASSIST ABSORPTION
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ORAL DOA!E FORM
IN HERBAL MEDICINE
LI"ID
THE AD*ANTA!E OF LI"ID DOA!E FORM +
EAY PREPARATION OF FORM"LATION FOR EACH
INDI*ID"AL PATIENT
IN*OL*E MINIMAL PROCEIN!
DOA!E FLE#IBILITY
READILY ABORBED
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ORAL DOA!E FORM
IN HERBAL MEDICINE
LI"ID(continued)
THE DIAD*ANTA!E OF LI"ID DOA!E FORM +
"NPLEAANT TATE CAN NOT BE ELIMINATED THE ALCOHOL CONTENT IN CAE OF %ATER A OL*ENT, TABILITY OF
LI"ID FORM BE A PROBLEM, EPECIALLY IN CAEOF BACTERIA AND F"N!I !RO%TH
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ORAL DOA!E FORM
IN HERBAL MEDICINE
LI"ID(continued)
INFUSION 0*/ DECOCTION INFUSION AND DECOCTION ARE MAINLY USED WERE THE
ACTIVE COMPONENTS OF THE HERBS ARE WATERSOLUBLE
MA1OR DISADVANTAGE OF THOSE FORMS IS THAT WATERIS NOT GOOD SOLVENT FOR MANY OF THE ACTIVECOMPONENTS IN HERBS
TINCTURES EXTRACTS
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ORAL DOA!E FORM
IN HERBAL MEDICINE
THE PREPARATION OF THE HERBALLIQUIDS
THE FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE PREPARATION OF HERBAL LIQUID : THE STRENGTH OF RATIO
THE STRENGTH OF LIQUIDS PREPARATIONS IS USUALLYEXPRESSED AS RATIO, FOR EXAMPLE 1 : 5 MEANS THAT 5 mLOF THE FINAL PREPARATIONS IS EQUIVALENT TO 1 GRAM OFDRIED HERB FROM WHICH THE PREPARATION WAS MADE
LIQUID PREPARATION WHICH HAVE RATIO 1 : 1 OR 1 : 2 ARE
CALLED EXTRACT WHEREAS WEAKER THAN 1 : 2 ARE CALLED TINCTURES
INCTURES ARE USUALLY MADE BAY MACERATION, WHEREASEXTRACT ARE BEST MADE USING PERCOLATION WITHETHANOL AS THE SOLVENT
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ORAL DOA!E FORM
IN HERBAL MEDICINE THE PREPARATION OF THE HERBAL LIQUIDS
!CONTINUED"
THE FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE PREPARATION OF HERBAL
LIQUID
DER (DRUG TO EXTRACT RATIO) DER IS THE RATIO OF THE MASS OF HERBAL DRUG
(STARTING MATERIAL) TO THE MASS OF RESULTING NATIVEHERBAL PREPARATION (NATIVE EXTRACT)
HIGH VALUE OF DER ALWAYS STAND FOR LOW QUANTITY OFEXTRACTABLE MATTER AND VICE VERSA.
DER 20 : 1 MEANS THAT THE EXTRACT CONTAIN OF ! EXTRACTABLEMATTER
DER 2 : 1 MEANS THAT THE EXTRACT CONTAIN OF 0 !EXTRACTABLE MATERIAL
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ORAL DOA!E FORM
IN HERBAL MEDICINE
THE PREPARATION OF THE HERBALLIQUIDS
!CONTINUED"
CALCULATION OF THE DER :
HERBAL DRUG ("#) DER $ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% NATIVE EXTRACT ("#)
100 "# OF NATIVE HERBAL DRUG PREPARATION (NATIVEEXTRACT) ARE OBTAINED FROM &00 "# OF HERBAL DRUG
&00 ("#) . 1X $ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% $ & %%%%%%%% DER $ & : 1 100 ("#)
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ORAL DOA!E FORM
IN HERBAL MEDICINE
THE PREPARATION OF THE HERBALLIQUIDS
!CONTINUED"
CALCULATION OF THE DER AT THE STAGE OF SOFT EXTRACT
HERBAL DRUG ("#). 1. 100! DER $ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%% DS $ DRY
SUBSTANCE SPISSUM EXTRACT ("#). DS (!)
200 "# OF SOFT EXTRACT CONTAINING 0! DRY
SUBSTANCE ARE OBTAINED FROM &00 "# HERBAL DRUG
&00 ("#) . 1. 100 (!)X $ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% $ & %%%%%% DER $ & : 1 200 ("#) . 0 (!)
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ORAL DOA!E FORM
IN HERBAL MEDICINE
THE PREPARATION OF THE HERBAL LIQUIDS!CONTINUED"
CALCULATION OF THE DAILY DOSE OF NATIVE EXTRACT
DD HERBAL DRUG (#) DD $ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
DER
FOR VALERIAN EXTRACT' THE DOSE TO BE ADMINISTERED SHOULD BE GRAMS OF HERBAL DRUG DIVIDED INTO THREE TIMES PER DAY. THE DERIS : 1
DD VALERIAN ROOTS (GRAMS) DD $ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% $ %%%%%%%%%%%%% $
DER
THE DAILY DOSE OF THE EXTRACT IS GRAMS DIVIDED INTO THREETIMES EACH OF 1 GRAM
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ORAL DOA!E FORM
IN HERBAL MEDICINE
TABLET
NO PROBLEMS WITH TASTE AND ALCOHOL CONTENT MA1OR PROBLEM IS THE DEGREE OF PROCESSING REQUIRED
TABLETS ARE USUALLY MADE FROM EXTRACTS WHICH ARE MORECONCENTRATED THAN THE ORIGINAL HERBS
THE HERBS ARE FIRST EXTRACTION WITH A SOLVENT THE RESULTANT LIQUID IS THEN DRIED TO EITHER SOFT EXTRACT OR
POWDERED CONCENTRATE USING PROCESS HEAT SENSITIVE OR VOLATILE COMPONENTS CAN BE DAMAGE OR
LOST BY THE PROCESS
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ORAL DOA!E FORM
IN HERBAL MEDICINE
THE HERBALIT AID THAT HERB ACTION I AN
E#PREION OF THE "M TOTAL OF -NO%N AND
"N-NO%N CHEMICAL CONTIT"ENT
THERE I TRON! BELIE*E THAT THE
RELATIONHIP AMON! THE CONTIT"ENT MAY BE
A IMPORTANT A ACT"AL CONTIT"ENTTHEMEL*E