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Dosage and Dosage Forms in Phytotherapy

Feb 18, 2018

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Page 1: Dosage and Dosage Forms in Phytotherapy

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DOSAGE AND DOSAGEFORMS IN PHYTOTHERAPY 

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DOSAGE AND DOSAGE FORMS IN

PHYTOTHERAPY

THE PHYLOSOPHIES ABOUT THERAPEUTIC ACTION OFMEDICINAL PLANTS

• THE THERAPEUTIC EFFECT RELIES ON A SPESIFIC

DOSE OF THE ACTIVE CHEMICALS CONTAINED IN

EACH PARTICULAR PLANT

• A HERBAL MEDICINE BEING DERIVED FROM LIVING

ORGANISM, CARRIES CERTAIN ENERGY OR VITAL

FORCE. THE QUALITY OF ENERGY CONFERS THETHERAPEUTIC EFFECT

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DOSAGE APPROACH OFCHINESE HERBAL MEDICINE

• THE DAILY DOSE FOR INDIVIDUAL NON TOXICHERBS : 3 – 9 GRAMS TAKEN THREE TIMEDAILY GIVEN AS A DECOCTION, PILLS, OR

POWDERED FORMS• DOSE ALSO VARIES ACCORDING TO THE

WEIGHT AND AGE OF PATIENTS ANDACUTNESS OF THEIR CONDITION.

 

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DOSAGE APPROACH OFCHINESE HERBAL MEDICINE

(continued) 

• IF FORMULAS GAVE IN A GRANULATED

FORM, THE GRANULES WERE PREPARED BYDRYING OR FREEE DRYING THE DECOCT.

• THE DAILY DOSE OF GRANULES : ! GRAMSCORESPONDING TO ABOUT "#$% GRAMS OF

ORIGINAL DRIED HERBS TAKEN THREE TIMEDAILY

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DOSAGE APPROACH OF

AYURVEDIC

• THE DAILY DOSE FOR INDIVIDUAL NON TOXIC HERBS: $#" GRAMS AS POWDER OR TINCTURES

• HIGHER DOSE OFTEN RECOMMENDED FORDECOCTION

• MORE DOSAGE DIVERSITY THAN CHINESE HERBALMEDICINE

• AYURVEDIC HERBAL MEDICINE OFTEN INVOLVESCOMPLEX FORMULATIONS WHICH ARE PREPARED

OVER SEVERAL DAYS AND CAN CONTAIN MANYHERBAL AND MINERAL COMPONENTS

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 BRITISH HERBALPHARMACOPOEIA

• THE DOSE GIVEN BY BRITISH HERBALPHARMACOPOEIA CONTAIN SOME

INCONSISTENCY

• DOSE FOR TINCTURES OFTEN DO NOTCORRELATE TO CORESPONDING DOSE

FOR LIQUID EXTRACT

 

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 BRITISH HERBALPHARMACOPOEIA

(continued) 

• THE BHP DOSE WERE IN PART DERIVES

FROM SURVEY OF HERBAL PRACTITIONER. ITIS PROBABLE THAT THERE WERE DIFFERENTDOSAGE PHYLOSOPHY

• THE DIFFERENT TECHNIQUE OF

MANUFACTURING IS AN IMPORTANT ASPECTWHICH CAN CAUSE INCONSISTENCY IN THE

DOSE

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DOSAGE APPROACH OFCOMMISION E MONOGRAPH

 

DOSE FOR INFUSIONS OR DECOCTIONS

ARE REFLECTS THE COMMON USE INTHE GERMAN MARKET PLACE

THE DAILY DOSES ARE USUALLY INRANGE OF ! – $% GRAMS 

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DOSAGE APPROACH OFCOMMISION E MONOGRAPH

(continued)

• TINCTURES AND EXTRACTS DOSE ARE

GIVEN BY THE COMMISION E THERE IS

NOT ALWAYS A GOOD CORRELATIONCAUSE OF THE SAME REASON WITH

BRITISH HERBAL PHARMACOPOEIA.

RATIONAL SYSTEM FOR

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RATIONAL SYSTEM FORMODERN PHYTOTHERAPY 

• A RATIONAL APPROACH

ESTABLISHED BY

CLINICAL TRIALS CAN

BE USED AS A

PROBLEM SOLVING OF

DOSE INCONSISTENCY 

THE CONCEPT OF

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THE CONCEPT OFHERBAL PHARMACOLOGY 

THE BASIC IS A QUESTION :• WHY PLANT SECONDARY METABOLITES HAVE

BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES IN HUMAN BODY &

THE ANSWER ARE :• PLANTS AND HUMAN BODY HAVE SEVERAL

ENYMES AS CATALYST FOR MANYBIOCHEMICAL REACTION

• BOTH OF THE ENYME SYSTEM CAN REACT

WITH AN IDENTIC SUBSTRATS'SECONDARY METABOLITES ACT AS A SUBSTRAT

FOR ENYMATIC REACTIONS IN PLANTS ANDHUMAN BODY(

THE CONCEPT OF

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THE CONCEPT OFHERBAL PHARMACOLOGY 

PLANT METABOLITES : PRIMARY METABOLITES :

 PROTEINS, CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS,CHLOROPHYL

 NECESSARY TO SUSTAIN THE LIFE

 SECONDARY METABOLITESDO NOT APPEAR TO BE NECESSARY TO

SUSTAIN THE LIFE INCREASING SURVIVAL IN ITS NATURAL

ENVIRONMENT

THE CONCEPT OF

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THE CONCEPT OFHERBAL PHARMACOLOGY 

MODEL OF HERBAL PHARMACODYNAMIC

• TANNINS

• HYDROLYABLE TANNIN

» GALLOTANNIN» ELLAGITANNIN

• CONDENSED TANNIN

» CATECHIN» EPICATECHIN

» OPC 'OLIGOMERIC PROCYANIDIN)

THE CONCEPT OF

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 THE CONCEPT OF

HERBAL PHARMACOLOGY

MODEL OF HERBAL PHARMACODYNAMIC(Continued)

• TANNIN•  ADTRIN!ENT•  ANTI "LCER•

 ANTI O#IDANT• NE"TRALI$E INFLAMATION PROTEIN

• TANNIN CAN COMPLE#IN! METAL ION ANDINHIBIT THEIR ABORPTION

• TANNIN CAN ALO REACT %ITH THIAMINE ANDDECREAE IT ABORPTION

THE CONCEPT OF

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1&

 THE CONCEPT OF

HERBAL PHARMACOLOGY

MODEL OF HERBAL PHARMACODYNAMIC(Continued)

• PHENOLIC• BACTERIOTATIC ' BACTERICIDE

• ANTI O#IDANT• ANTI THYROID

• CYANO!ENIC !LYCOIDE• ANTI CANCERCANCER TI"E CONTAIN β−GLUCOSIDASE THAT WAS

CONYUGATED TO TUMOR ASSOCIATED ANTIBODY

THE CONCEPT OF

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1

 THE CONCEPT OF

HERBAL PHARMACOLOGY

MODEL OF HERBAL PHARMACODYNAMIC'C)*+*-/)

• MUCILAGE• ANTI GI TRACT INFLAMATION• ANTI OBESITY• LAXATIVES

• FLAVONOIDS• ANTI OXIDANT• ANTI INFLAMATION• IMUNNOMODULATOR

• VOLATILE OILS

• ANTIBACTERIAL• CARMINATIVES• EXPECTORANT• SPASMOLYTIC• SEDATIVES

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ORAL DOA!E FORM

IN HERBAL MEDICINE

POWDERS

LIQUIDS

TABLETS CAPSULES

STANDARDIED

EXTRACT

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ORAL DOSAGE FORMS

IN HERBAL MEDICINE

PO%DER

PARTICULARLY APPLIES TO MUCILAGE CONTAINING HERBS. WHENTHESE HERBS ARE MIXED WITH WATER, THE MUCILAGE REACT WITH

WATER TO FORM , AND THE WET HERBS SWELL TO MANY ITS ORIGINALVOLUME

APPLIES TO TANNIN CONTAINING HERBS FOR TREAMENT OF COLONPROBLEMS. THIS BECAUSE THE TANNINS ARE ONLY SLOWLY DISSOLVED

IN HERB MATRIX AND ARE THEREFORE STILL BEING RELEASE IN ANACTIVE FORM WHEN THE HERB REACHES THE COLON

WHERE THE FAT SOLUBLE COMPONENTS ARE IMPORTANT PART OF THEACTIVITY OF THE HERBS, THE POWDER SHOULD BE FOLLOWED BY A

DOSE OF VEGETABLE OILS OR LECITHIN TO ASSIST ABSORPTION 

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ORAL DOA!E FORM

IN HERBAL MEDICINE

LI"ID

THE AD*ANTA!E OF LI"ID DOA!E FORM +

EAY PREPARATION OF FORM"LATION FOR EACH

INDI*ID"AL PATIENT

IN*OL*E MINIMAL PROCEIN!

DOA!E FLE#IBILITY

READILY ABORBED

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ORAL DOA!E FORM

IN HERBAL MEDICINE

LI"ID(continued)

THE DIAD*ANTA!E OF LI"ID DOA!E FORM +

"NPLEAANT TATE CAN NOT BE ELIMINATED THE ALCOHOL CONTENT IN CAE OF %ATER A OL*ENT, TABILITY OF

LI"ID FORM BE A PROBLEM, EPECIALLY IN CAEOF BACTERIA AND F"N!I !RO%TH

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ORAL DOA!E FORM

IN HERBAL MEDICINE

LI"ID(continued)

INFUSION 0*/ DECOCTION  INFUSION AND DECOCTION ARE MAINLY USED WERE THE

ACTIVE COMPONENTS OF THE HERBS ARE WATERSOLUBLE

MA1OR DISADVANTAGE OF THOSE FORMS IS THAT WATERIS NOT GOOD SOLVENT FOR MANY OF THE ACTIVECOMPONENTS IN HERBS

TINCTURES EXTRACTS

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ORAL DOA!E FORM

IN HERBAL MEDICINE

 THE PREPARATION OF THE HERBALLIQUIDS

 THE FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE PREPARATION OF HERBAL LIQUID :   THE STRENGTH OF RATIO

 THE STRENGTH OF LIQUIDS PREPARATIONS IS USUALLYEXPRESSED AS RATIO, FOR EXAMPLE 1 : 5 MEANS THAT 5 mLOF THE FINAL PREPARATIONS IS EQUIVALENT TO 1 GRAM OFDRIED HERB FROM WHICH THE PREPARATION WAS MADE

  LIQUID PREPARATION WHICH HAVE RATIO 1 : 1 OR 1 : 2 ARE

CALLED EXTRACT WHEREAS WEAKER THAN 1 : 2 ARE CALLED TINCTURES

  INCTURES ARE USUALLY MADE BAY MACERATION, WHEREASEXTRACT ARE BEST MADE USING PERCOLATION WITHETHANOL AS THE SOLVENT

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ORAL DOA!E FORM

IN HERBAL MEDICINE THE PREPARATION OF THE HERBAL LIQUIDS

!CONTINUED"

THE FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE PREPARATION OF HERBAL

LIQUID 

 DER (DRUG TO EXTRACT RATIO)  DER IS THE RATIO OF THE MASS OF HERBAL DRUG

(STARTING MATERIAL) TO THE MASS OF RESULTING NATIVEHERBAL PREPARATION (NATIVE EXTRACT)

  HIGH VALUE OF DER ALWAYS STAND FOR LOW QUANTITY OFEXTRACTABLE MATTER AND VICE VERSA.

DER 20 : 1 MEANS THAT THE EXTRACT CONTAIN OF ! EXTRACTABLEMATTER

DER 2 : 1 MEANS THAT THE EXTRACT CONTAIN OF 0 !EXTRACTABLE MATERIAL

 

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ORAL DOA!E FORM

IN HERBAL MEDICINE

 THE PREPARATION OF THE HERBALLIQUIDS

!CONTINUED"

 CALCULATION OF THE DER :

  HERBAL DRUG ("#) DER $ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%  NATIVE EXTRACT ("#)

  100 "# OF NATIVE HERBAL DRUG PREPARATION (NATIVEEXTRACT) ARE OBTAINED FROM &00 "# OF HERBAL DRUG

  &00 ("#) . 1X $ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% $ & %%%%%%%% DER $ & : 1  100 ("#)

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ORAL DOA!E FORM

IN HERBAL MEDICINE

 THE PREPARATION OF THE HERBALLIQUIDS

!CONTINUED"

 CALCULATION OF THE DER AT THE STAGE OF SOFT EXTRACT

  HERBAL DRUG ("#). 1. 100! DER $ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%% DS $ DRY

SUBSTANCE  SPISSUM EXTRACT ("#). DS (!)

  200 "# OF SOFT EXTRACT CONTAINING 0! DRY

SUBSTANCE ARE OBTAINED FROM &00 "# HERBAL DRUG

  &00 ("#) . 1. 100 (!)X $ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% $ & %%%%%% DER $ & : 1  200 ("#) . 0 (!)

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ORAL DOA!E FORM

IN HERBAL MEDICINE

 THE PREPARATION OF THE HERBAL LIQUIDS!CONTINUED"

 CALCULATION OF THE DAILY DOSE OF NATIVE EXTRACT

  DD HERBAL DRUG (#) DD $ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

DER

  FOR VALERIAN EXTRACT' THE DOSE TO BE ADMINISTERED SHOULD BE GRAMS OF HERBAL DRUG DIVIDED INTO THREE TIMES PER DAY. THE DERIS : 1

  DD VALERIAN ROOTS (GRAMS) DD $ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% $ %%%%%%%%%%%%% $

DER

  THE DAILY DOSE OF THE EXTRACT IS GRAMS DIVIDED INTO THREETIMES EACH OF 1 GRAM

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ORAL DOA!E FORM

IN HERBAL MEDICINE

TABLET

NO PROBLEMS WITH TASTE AND ALCOHOL CONTENT MA1OR PROBLEM IS THE DEGREE OF PROCESSING REQUIRED

TABLETS ARE USUALLY MADE FROM EXTRACTS WHICH ARE MORECONCENTRATED THAN THE ORIGINAL HERBS

THE HERBS ARE FIRST EXTRACTION WITH A SOLVENT THE RESULTANT LIQUID IS THEN DRIED TO EITHER SOFT EXTRACT OR

POWDERED CONCENTRATE USING PROCESS HEAT SENSITIVE OR VOLATILE COMPONENTS CAN BE DAMAGE OR

LOST BY THE PROCESS

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ORAL DOA!E FORM

IN HERBAL MEDICINE

  THE HERBALIT AID THAT HERB ACTION I AN

E#PREION OF THE "M TOTAL OF -NO%N AND

"N-NO%N CHEMICAL CONTIT"ENT

THERE I TRON! BELIE*E THAT THE

RELATIONHIP AMON! THE CONTIT"ENT MAY BE

 A IMPORTANT A ACT"AL CONTIT"ENTTHEMEL*E