Paradigma Baru Dalam Memahami Dan Merespon Bencana

Paradigma Baru dalamMEMAHAMI dan MERESPON

Bencana

disarikan dari kerangka kerja the World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine (WADEM)

Ahmad Muttaqin Alim

Yang Mana termasuk bencana?

Change in Function

Hazard

Event

Damage

Needs

Disaster

Local Response Emergency/MCI

OutsideResponse

Hazard

Event

Damage

Change in Function

Needs

Disaster

Local Response Emergency/MCI

OutsideResponse

• Apapun yang bisa mengakibatkan bahaya• Bisa natural, human-made, campuran• Memiliki potensi untuk berefek negatif

terhadap kesehatan manusia, properti, aktivitas dan/atau lingkungan

• “Energi Potensial”

Hazard

Event

Damage

Change in Function

Needs

Disaster

Local Response Emergency/MCI

OutsideResponse

• Peristiwa/kejadian yang memiliki potensi untuk mempengaruhi makhluk hidup ataupun lingkungan.

• Aktualisasi dari Hazard• Primer – Sekunder• Energi yang dilepaskan

Hazard

Event

Damage

Change in Function

Needs

Disaster

Local Response Emergency/MCI

OutsideResponse

• Kerusakan atau luka• Hasil negatif dari event

Hazard

Event

Damage

Change in Function

Needs

Disaster

Local Response Emergency/MCI

OutsideResponse

• Damage dapat mengakibatkan berubahnya fungsi (change in function)– Kerusakan pipa mengakibatkan kekurangan

suplai air– Kerusakan jembatan mengakibatkan

terganggunya transportasi– Robohnya bangunan mengakibatkan

kehilangan tempat tinggal– Kaki yang patah mengakibatkan kehilangan

mobilitas

Hazard

Event

Damage

Change in Function

Needs

Disaster

Local Response Emergency/MCI

OutsideResponse

• Perbedaan antara kebutuhan dan sumberdaya yang tersedia

Hazard

Event

Damage

Change in Function

Needs

Disaster

Local Response Emergency/MCI

OutsideResponse

• Gangguan serius atas keberfungsian masyarakat,

• yang menyebabkan kerugian manusia, material maupun lingkungan,

• yang melebihi kemampuan masyarakat tsb untuk mengatasinya dengan kemampuan/sumberdayanya sendiri

• A serious disruption of the functioning of a society, causing widespread human, material, and/or environmental losses, which exceed the ability of an affected society to cope using only its own resources. (WADEM)

Risk, Probability, Capacity, Resilience

Risk

• Risk = Probability of something will occur• “High”, “Moderate”, “Medium”, “Mild” etc• “1 in 10”, “1 in 1000”, “1 in 1 million”• “4 tahun sekali”

Hazard

Event

Damage

Change in Function

Needs

Disaster

Local Response Emergency/MCI

OutsideResponse

Hazard

Event

Damage

Change in Function

Needs

Disaster

Local Response Emergency/MCI

OutsideResponse

Prob Event Hazard Modification

Hazard

Event

Damage

Change in Function

Needs

Disaster

Local Response Emergency/MCI

OutsideResponse

Prob Event

Absorbing CapacityProb Damage

Hazard Modification

Hazard

Event

Damage

Change in Function

Needs

Disaster

Local Response Emergency/MCI

OutsideResponse

Prob Event

Absorbing Capacity

Buffering Capacity

Prob Damage

Prob ∆ function

Hazard Modification

Hazard

Event

Damage

Change in Function

Needs

Disaster

Local Response Emergency/MCI

OutsideResponse

Prob Event

Absorbing Capacity

Buffering Capacity

Local Response Capacity

Prob Damage

Prob ∆ function

Hazard Modification

Hazard

Event

Damage

Change in Function

Needs

Disaster

Local Response Emergency/MCI

OutsideResponse

Prob Event

Absorbing Capacity

Buffering Capacity

Local Response Capacity

Res

ilien

ce

Prob Damage

Prob ∆ function

Hazard Modification

Hazard

Event

Damage

Change in Function

Needs

Disaster

Local Response Emergency/MCI

OutsideResponse

Prob Event

Absorbing Capacity

Buffering Capacity

Local Response Capacity

Res

ilien

ce

Prob Damage

Prob ∆ function

Prob Disaster

Hazard Modification

Prob Emergency

“Risk Reduction”

• World Health Organization (WHO)• International Strategy for Disaster Reduction

(ISDR)• UN-Ooffice for Coordination of Humanitarian

Affair (UN-OCHA)• Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC)

Risk = Probability

Hazard

Event

Damage

Change in Function

Needs

Disaster

Local Response Emergency/MCI

OutsideResponse

Prob Event

Absorbing Capacity

Buffering Capacity

Local Response Capacity

Res

ilien

ce

Prob Damage

Prob ∆ function

Prob Disaster

Hazard Modification

Prob Emergency

Hazard

Event

Damage

Change in Function

Needs

Disaster

Local Response Emergency/MCI

OutsideResponse

Risk Event

Absorbing Capacity

Buffering Capacity

Local Response Capacity

Res

ilien

ce

Risk Damage

Risk ∆ function

Risk Disaster

Hazard Modification

Risk Emergency

Hazard

Event

Damage

Change in Function

Needs

Disaster

Local Response Emergency/MCI

OutsideResponse

Risk Event

Absorbing Capacity

Buffering Capacity

Local Response Capacity

Res

ilien

ce

Risk Damage

Risk ∆ function

Risk Disaster

Hazard ModificationR

isk

Red

uctio

n

Pre

pare

dnes

s

Risk Emergency

Hazard

Event

Damage

Change in Function

Needs

Disaster

Pre-Event

Event

Damage

Change in Function

Relief

Recovery

Waktu

Mengamati Proses Bencana (Assesment)

Hazard

Event

Damage

Change in Function

Needs

Disaster

Pre-Event

Event

Damage

Change in Function

Relief

Recovery

Waktu

Status Masyarakat, Status Rumah Sakit

EarthquakeRumah Sakit colaps

Tidak bisa operasi, tempat tidur kurang

RS Lapangan

Rebuild

Mengamati Proses Bencana (Assesment)

Hazard

Event

Damage

Change in Function

Needs

Disaster

Pre-Event

Event

Damage

Change in Function

Relief

Recovery

Waktu

Status Masyarakat, Status Rumah Sakit

EarthquakeRumah Sakit colaps

Tidak bisa operasi, tempat tidur kurang

RS Lapangan

Rebuild

Assessment 1 Assessment 2 Assessment 3

Mengamati Proses Bencana (Assesment)

Paradigma

D-I-S-A-S-T-E-Rdalam Respons Bencana/MCI

disarikan dari Advanced Disaster Life Support®

D-I-S-A-S-T-E-R

• D – Detection• I – Incident Command• S – Scene Security and Safety• A – Assess Hazards • S – Support• T – Triage and Treatment• E – Evacuation• R – Recovery

• M Major Incident – Apa yang terjadi? • E Exact location – Dimana?• T Type of incident – Tipe Kejadian?• H Hazard at scene – kemungkinan bahaya• A Access and egress routes – Akses ke lokasi?• N Number of casualties involved – Jumlah korban?• E Emergency services present and requested - kalkulasi

resource yang ada dan diminta?

• Apakah membutuhkan resource dari luar? • Kalau ya, siap-siap deklarasikan BENCANA!

D-I-S-A-S-T-E-RDetect

• Lapor Kepada Komandan/Koordinator• Atau.. Jadilah komandan/koordinator• Aktifkan Incident Command System

D-I-S-A-S-T-E-RIncident Command

• Violence? Power lines? Secondary devices?• Hati-hati bahaya berikutnya

– Bombs, Shrapnel devices, Incapacitating Devices, Multiple Snipers/Terrorists, Delay Devices

D-I-S-A-S-T-E-R Scene Security and Safety

D-I-S-A-S-T-E-R Assess Hazards

• Fire? • HAZMAT? (Chemical, Biological, Radiation, Nuclear)• Radiation? • Building collapse? • Etc.

D-I-S-A-S-T-E-RSupport

• Panggil Bantuan! (Polisi, PMK, Ambulan, Pemerintah lain)

• Menejemen Relawan• Menejemen Logistik• Menejemen Keuangan

M.A.S.S. Triage

M – MoveA – AssessS – SortS – Send

• M.A.S.S. Triage is a disaster triage system that utilizes US military triage categories with a proven means of handling large numbers of casualties in a mass casualty incident (MCI).

D-I-S-A-S-T-E-RTriage & Treatment

• Caranya?• Sarananya?• Jalurnya?• Tujuannya?• Tindakan Pasca Evakuasi?

D-I-S-A-S-T-E-REvacuation

Prioritas:• Public Safety• Healthcare• Special Needs

D-I-S-A-S-T-E-RRecovery