Overview of Smart Grid - FAU44 Week Lectures Exercises 12.10-16.10 Overview of Smart Grid No exercises 19.10-23.10 Basics of Power Systems1 Power Systems 26.10-30.10 Basics of Power

Informatik 7

Rechnernetze und

Kommunikationssysteme

Overview of Smart Grid

Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad

14.10.2015

The EU climate and energy package

The "20-20-20" targets are three key objectives for 2020:

A 20% reduction in EU greenhouse gas emissions from 1990 levels;

Raising the share of EU energy consumption produced from renewable resources to 20%;

A 20% improvement in the EU's energy efficiency

Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 1

2

Source: NASA

Source: Wikipedia

3

Situation in Germany

Source: BDEW


5

Shares of energy sources to the electricity in Bavaria (2011)

Source: bayerische landesamt für statistik und datenverarbeitung


Structure of the share of renewable energy sources in electricity generation in Bavaria (2011)

Source: bayerische landesamt für statistik und datenverarbeitung


substantial amount of Renewable Energy

Is that good?

Do we have problems?

Solutions?


What is Smart grid? „Definition“

“A smart grid is an electrical grid that uses information and communications technology to gather and act on information, such as information about the behaviors of suppliers and consumers, in an automated fashion to improve the efficiency, reliability, economics, and sustainability of the production and distribution of electricity” [Wikipedia]

Short Answer: Smart Grid = ICT + Power Grid


Heat

demand

PV/T

Electricity

demand

Heat

storageBoiler

Battery

µCHP

Controller

Two-Way Power Flow

Two-Way Data Flow

Utility Company

Integration

of DER

Data/

Control

Smart meter

Smart Grid

E-Mobility

10

Why Smart Meters? What are they good for?


Provider:

billing,

dynamic rate

Operator:

adapt system

parameters,

detect outage

Internet/

NetworkCustomer:

transparent,

adjust power

usage

Who can benefit from Smart grid?

System operators

Normal user (e.g., Household)

The system

In some cases we have a win-win situation


The “Smart Grid” will exploit:Distributed computing

Real-time communication

The “Smart Grid” will involve:Smart meters

Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs)

Higher band width capability

data communication network

The “Smart Grid” will enhance:Monitoring

Control

Protection

Optimization of interconnected elements operation.


Source: Die Welt 14

Application: Demand Side Management

Shift some load from high demand periods to low demand periods

Economical Reasons

Technical Reasons

Time

Dem

and


Economical Reasons

Different costs of different energy sources

To cover a load start with the cheapest one.

Avoid expensive energy sources

Time

Dem

and

Demand

Ele

ctric

ity P

rice /M

Wh

Merit-Order


Energy Costs


Day-ahead price

Day-ahead electricity prices are calculated for each hour of the day-ahead on the basis of demand and supply

Time

Time

Dem

and

Ele

ctric

ity P

rice /k

Wh


Day-ahead price


Day Ahead Electricity

Price from European

Energy Exchange AG

In Leipzig

ww

w.e

ex.c

om

Best time to charge a battery?

20

Day Ahead Electricity

Price from European

Energy Exchange AG

In Leipzig

Negative Price!

21

Example (Losses)

5+j10 Ω

33 kV

2

1

4

186 22 24

21.5

3

186 22 24

Load Shifting

Load M

W

Load M

W

Compute Energy Losses

Load MW(P) I=P/(√3*33*1000) Losses(kW)=I2R

1 17.5 1.53

1.5 26.3 3.45

2 35 6.13

3 52.5 13.78

4 70 24.5

Load3 Phase 3 Phase


Example (Energy Loss)

5+j10 Ω

33 kV

2

1

4

186 22 24

21.5

3

186 22 24

Load Shifting

Load M

W

Load M

W

Load MW(P) I=P/(√3*33*1000) Losses(kW)=I2R

1 17.5 1.53

1.5 26.3 3.45

2 35 6.13

3 52.5 13.78

4 70 24.5

Loss/Line=8*1.53+12*6.13+4*24.5

=183.8 kWh Loss=3*183.8 kWh

Loss/Line=8*3.45+12*6.13+4*13.7

8=156.3 kWh Loss=3*156.3 kWh

Load

Compute Energy Loss in the Transmission Line


Savings

3*183.8-3*156.3

=82.5 kWh

Example (Costs)

5+j10 Ω

33 kV

2

1

4

186 22 24

21.5

3

186 22 24

Load Shifting

Load M

W

Load M

W

Time Cost (Euro/MWh)

0-8 20

8-12 30

12-16 40

16-22 50

22-0 20

Load

Compute Energy Costs


Example (Costs)

5+j10 Ω

33 kV

2

1

4

186 22 24

21.5

3

186 22 24

Load Shifting

Load M

W

Load M

W

Time Cost (Euro/MWh)

0-8 20

8-12 30

12-16 40

16-22 50

22-0 20

Cost=1*8*20+2*2*20+2*4*30+2*4

*40+2*2*50+4*4*50=1800 EuroCost=1.5*8*20+2*2*20+2*4*30+2*4

*40+2*2*50+4*3*50=1680 Euro

Load

Compute Energy Costs


Saving

=1800-1680

=120 Euro

How could be implemented?

Heat

demand

PV/T

Electricity

demand

Heat

storageBoiler

Battery

µCHP

Controller

Two-Way Power Flow

Two-Way Data Flow

Smart meter

When should I buy electricity?

I know, when it is cheap, but cheap is relative , is 20cent /kWh cheap?


Problem: profit maximization

How much energy should be sold/bought

How much energy should be charged/discharged

The answer depends on many factorsCurrent price and price in the future

Current demand and demand in the future

Current production and production in the future

Current battery level

Charging and discharging efficiency

We have also several constraintsThe capacity of the battery

Maximum charging/discharging power to/from the battery

Time Production(kW) Demand(kW) Battery(kWh)

12-13 1.2 0.06 0

Example


Day ahead price

Production forecast

Load forecast

Amount of power to export

Amount of power to import

Amount of power to store

Amount of power to retrieve

Elastic LoadAllocate the elastic load

Technical

Data

Controller

Power Management System

The controller solves an optimization problem to find

the best strategy to be followed to maximize the profitDr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 28

Example2

Self-Healing: Automated Decentralized Control:


Example2

Self-Healing: Automated Decentralized Control:

Got damaged

How to restore the

energy in the

disconnected part?


Example2

Self-Healing-Automated Decentralized Control:

Several solutions

1- SW8 on

2- SW6 on

3-SW6 on SW2 on

SW4 off

4-SW10 on SW9 off

SW6 on

.....

Got damaged


The multidisciplinary world of smart

grids

Control

Data Management

Optimization

Power Grid

Security and Privacy

Energy Market

Communication

AI

Smart Grid


Contents

Overview

Basics of Power Systems

Applications

Communications Technologies

Renewable Energy

Demand Side Management

Standards & Interoperability

E-Mobility

Monitoring and Control

Privacy and Security

Market Mechanisms


Basics of Power Systems

Loads and Generation

Power factor

3phase

Per unit

Economic Dispatch

Optimal Power Flow


Smart Grid Applications

Volt and var control (VVC)

Fault detection, isolation and restoration (FDIR)

Demand response (DR) management

Distributed energy Resources (DER) integration and management

Wide area monitoring, protection and control (WAMPC)


Communications Technologies

Network architectureHome Area Networks, Neighborhood Area Networks, Wide Area Networks

Wireless CommunicationZigBee, WSN, 6LoWPAN, WiFi, WiMAX, Mobile Communication (GPRS, UMTS, LTE), Satellite

Wired CommunicationPower Line Communication (PLC), DSL, Ethernet, Fiber, ...


Renewable & DER Integration

Importance

Types

Construction

Contribution (size)

Cost and challenges

Energy Storage

Feed-in Tariff

Goals and challenges (In Germany)

Module1

Module2

Module3

Module4

+

-

SP

Module1

Module2

Module3

Module4

+

-

AP


Demand Side Management (DSM)

Direct and Indirect DSM

Autonomous DSM

Optimal operation

Price prediction

Managing user side Storage and Generation


E-mobility (Electric Vehicles)

Electric vehicle network

Batteries

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV)

Challenges

ImportanceGeneration

33%

Trans.

94%Plug-to-Wheels

76%

Refining

82%Trans.

98%

Pump-to-Wheels

16%

31%

80%

= 23%

=

13%Source: http://www.nesea.orgDr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 39

Monitoring & Control

Sensors (number, location, data)

Optimal operation

Phasor Measurement Units (PMU)

SCADA

Requirements


Standards & Interoperability

IEEE StandardsFor Example IEEE C37.118

IEC StandardsFor example IEC 61968 Distribution


Security & Privacy

Importance

Challenges

IEC 62351 Security

IEEE 1686 Cyber Security Capabilities


Air Condition (AC)

Refrigerator

EV charging Signal

Market Mechanisms

Day-ahead Price

Risk Management

Forecast

Merit Order

Situation in Deutschland (EEX www.eex.com)


44

Week Lectures Exercises

12.10-16.10 Overview of Smart Grid No exercises

19.10-23.10 Basics of Power Systems1 Power Systems

26.10-30.10 Basics of Power Systems2 Power Systems Simulation

2.11-6.11 Applications Power Systems Simulation

9.11-13.11 Standards & Interoperability Optimization and

Applications

16.11-20.11 Demand Side Management Lab work

23.11-27.11 Communications Technologies -1 Demand Response (Profit

maximization)

30.11-4.12 Communications Technologies -2 TCP and UDP socket

Programming

7.12-11.12 Communications Technologies -3 IEEE C37.118

14.12-18.12 Communications Technologies -4 Lab work

23.12-6.1 Closed Closed

11.1-15.1 Privacy and Security Lab work

18.1-22.1 Renewable Energy sources Encryption and decryption

25.1-29.1 E-Mobility Lab work

1.2-5.2

Tentative Schedule

Literature

Literatur

[1] L. T. Berger, K. Iniewski, Smart Grid –Applications, Communications, and Security, Wiley, 2012.

[2] J. Ekanayake, K. Liyanage, J. Wu, A. Yokoyama, N. Jenkins, Smart Grid – Technology and Applications, Wiley, 2012

[3] Integration der erneuerbaren Energien in den deutsch-europäischen Strommarkt (Integration EE), Deutsche Energie-Agentur GmbH (dena), 2012

[4] Untersuchungen zu einem zukunftsfähigenStrommarktdesign, Energiewirtschaftliches Institutan der Universität zu Köln (ewi), 2012.


Literature

[5] M. D. Galus, R. A. Waraich, F. Noembrini, K. Steurs, G. Georges, K. Boulouchos, K. W. Axhausen, and G. Andersson, Integrating Power Systems, Transport Systems and Vehicle Technology for Electric Mobility Impact Assessment and Efficient Control, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, VOL. 3, NO. 2, JUNE 2012.

[6] J. Lassila, J. Haakana, V. Tikka, and J. Partanen, Methodology to Analyze the Economic Effects of Electric Cars as Energy Storages, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, VOL. 3, NO. 1, MARCH 2012.


Journals and conferences

IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid

IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy

IEEE Smartgridcomm

….


Overview of Smart Grid - FAU44 Week Lectures Exercises 12.10-16.10 Overview of Smart Grid No exercises 19.10-23.10 Basics of Power Systems1 Power Systems 26.10-30.10 Basics of Power

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