ORIGINS OF THE WAR Japanese aggression Manchuria Mongolia China When? 1931-40 Why? Natural Resources Oil Rubber Tin Metals.

ORIGINS OF THE WARORIGINS OF THE WAR Japanese aggressionJapanese aggression

ManchuriaManchuria MongoliaMongolia ChinaChina

When? 1931-40When? 1931-40 Why? Natural ResourcesWhy? Natural Resources

OilOil RubberRubber TinTin MetalsMetals

AMERICA ENTERS THE AMERICA ENTERS THE WARWAR When?When?

19411941 Why?Why?

Pearl Harbor AttackPearl Harbor Attack December 7, 1941December 7, 1941 Japan declares war on U.S.Japan declares war on U.S. Tripartite Pact members followTripartite Pact members follow

Japanese Motivations:Japanese Motivations: Eliminate threat posed by U.S. Pacific FleetEliminate threat posed by U.S. Pacific Fleet Open up Western Pacific / East Asia for exploitationOpen up Western Pacific / East Asia for exploitation Japanese Government dominated by Tojo & Army Japanese Government dominated by Tojo & Army

Japan Strikes – Where?Japan Strikes – Where? Hawaii – Pearl Harbor (US)Hawaii – Pearl Harbor (US) Philippines (US)Philippines (US) French Indochina (Fr.)French Indochina (Fr.) Southeast Asia (UK)Southeast Asia (UK) Indonesia (Holland)Indonesia (Holland)

JAPANESE “ZERO”, 1941-JAPANESE “ZERO”, 1941-4242

PRIMARY FIGHTER PLANE PRIMARY FIGHTER PLANE OF JAPANESE NAVY & OF JAPANESE NAVY &

ARMY ARMY

THE PACIFIC CAMPAIGNTHE PACIFIC CAMPAIGN Who leads the way?Who leads the way?

U.S. Navy: Adm. Chester W. Nimitz*U.S. Navy: Adm. Chester W. Nimitz* U.S. Army: Gen. Douglas MacArthurU.S. Army: Gen. Douglas MacArthur *USMC forces under his command*USMC forces under his command

Strategy:Strategy: 2-Pronged Strategey: 2-Pronged Strategey:

-Strangle Japanese shipping-Strangle Japanese shipping -Isolate & Eliminate Japanese – held islands-Isolate & Eliminate Japanese – held islands

Additional 3Additional 3rdrd Element: Element: -Bombing campaign against Japanese mainland-Bombing campaign against Japanese mainland

Where?Where? Central Pacific: USN / USMCCentral Pacific: USN / USMC South Pacific: USA, USAAF, USN / USMCSouth Pacific: USA, USAAF, USN / USMC Allied Forces: Australia Allied Forces: Australia

The Major BattlesThe Major Battles May, 1942: Coral Sea - TieMay, 1942: Coral Sea - Tie June, 1942: June, 1942: MidwayMidway – – Turning Turning

Point in WarPoint in War Jul.’42 – Aug.’43: New GuineaJul.’42 – Aug.’43: New Guinea Aug.’42 – Feb.’43: GuadalcanalAug.’42 – Feb.’43: Guadalcanal Nov.’43: TarawaNov.’43: Tarawa June, 1944: SaipanJune, 1944: Saipan Oct.’44 - Feb.’45: Philippines InvasionOct.’44 - Feb.’45: Philippines Invasion Feb.’45: Iwo JimaFeb.’45: Iwo Jima April, 1945: OkinawaApril, 1945: Okinawa

MIDWAYMIDWAY When? June 4-5, 1942When? June 4-5, 1942 Where? Central Pacific – Midway IslandWhere? Central Pacific – Midway Island Who?Who?

Japanese Fleet (Admiral Nagumo): 4 Japanese Fleet (Admiral Nagumo): 4 CarriersCarriers

U.S. Fleet (Admiral Nimitz): 3 CarriersU.S. Fleet (Admiral Nimitz): 3 Carriers Results:Results:

Devastating defeat for Japan – Devastating defeat for Japan – All 4 All 4 carriers sunkcarriers sunk

U.S. loses 1 carrierU.S. loses 1 carrier Turning point in the Pacific warTurning point in the Pacific war Japan now on defensive until end of warJapan now on defensive until end of war

U.S.S. YORKTOWN, CV-5U.S.S. YORKTOWN, CV-5

DAUNTLESS DIVE BOMBERDAUNTLESS DIVE BOMBERU.S. NAVY, 1942U.S. NAVY, 1942

PRIMARY DIVE BOMBER OF U.S. NAVY PRIMARY DIVE BOMBER OF U.S. NAVY & USMC IN PACIFIC THEATRE& USMC IN PACIFIC THEATRE

DESTRUCTION OF DESTRUCTION OF JAPANESE FLEET, BATTLE JAPANESE FLEET, BATTLE

OF MIDWAYOF MIDWAY

The End of the WarThe End of the War Japan Loses Ground: Why?Japan Loses Ground: Why?

U.S. submarine campaignU.S. submarine campaign Massive U.S. bombing campaignMassive U.S. bombing campaign Heavy battlefield casualtiesHeavy battlefield casualties

Desperate measures:Desperate measures: ““Kamikaze”Kamikaze” (Define) campaign (Define) campaign ““No surrender” on battlefieldNo surrender” on battlefield Homeland defense trainingHomeland defense training

U.S. Closes in: How will the war U.S. Closes in: How will the war End?End?

The Atomic BombThe Atomic Bomb When?When?

1942 -19451942 -1945 Where?Where?

Oak Ridge, TennesseeOak Ridge, Tennessee Los Alamos, New MexicoLos Alamos, New Mexico

Codename: Codename: The Manhattan ProjectThe Manhattan Project Who?Who?

Gen. Leslie GrovesGen. Leslie Groves J. Robert OppenheimerJ. Robert Oppenheimer

The First Test: The First Test: July 16, 1945July 16, 1945 Trinity Site, Alamogordo, New MexicoTrinity Site, Alamogordo, New Mexico SuccessSuccess

THE MANHATTAN THE MANHATTAN PROJECTPROJECT

TRINITY TEST SITE TRINITY TEST SITE TOWERTOWER

TRINITY TEST, JULY 16, 1945TRINITY TEST, JULY 16, 1945

DETONATION DETONATION SEQUENCESEQUENCE

10 SEC. AFTER 10 SEC. AFTER DETONATIONDETONATION

DETONATION – FROM DETONATION – FROM DISTANCEDISTANCE

To Bomb Or Not To BombTo Bomb Or Not To Bomb Why drop the bomb?Why drop the bomb?

Prevent an invasion of JapanPrevent an invasion of Japan Prevent the risk of massive casualtiesPrevent the risk of massive casualties End the war more quicklyEnd the war more quickly

Why Not?Why Not? Is it ethical?Is it ethical? Do we really need to?Do we really need to? Do we understand the long-term effects?Do we understand the long-term effects?

What do YOU think?What do YOU think?

THE ATOMIC BOMBINGSTHE ATOMIC BOMBINGS

When? When? August 6, 1945: August 6, 1945: HiroshimaHiroshima August 9, 1945: August 9, 1945: NagasakiNagasaki

Effect? Describe:Effect? Describe: Result? Sept. 2, 1945 – Japan Result? Sept. 2, 1945 – Japan

SurrendersSurrenders World War II EndsWorld War II Ends

TIBBETS & SWEENYTIBBETS & SWEENY

MajorMajor

Charles Sweeny,Charles Sweeny,

U.S. Army A.F.,U.S. Army A.F.,

Lead Pilot,Lead Pilot,

Nagasaki MissionNagasaki Mission

NAGASAKI BOMBER NAGASAKI BOMBER B-29 SUPERFORTRESS B-29 SUPERFORTRESS

“BOCKS CAR”“BOCKS CAR”

AERIAL VIEW - NAGASAKI AERIAL VIEW - NAGASAKI BEFORE BOMBINGBEFORE BOMBING

AERIAL VIEW – NAGASAKI AERIAL VIEW – NAGASAKI AFTER BOMBINGAFTER BOMBING

NAGASAKI BOMBINGNAGASAKI BOMBINGAUGUST 9, 1945AUGUST 9, 1945

““LITTLE MAN” ATOMIC LITTLE MAN” ATOMIC BOMBBOMB

““FAT BOY” ATOMIC BOMBFAT BOY” ATOMIC BOMB

TYPES OF ATOM BOMBSTYPES OF ATOM BOMBS

Hiroshima Hiroshima

“ “Gun” BombGun” Bomb

Nagasaki Nagasaki

“ “Implosion” BombImplosion” Bomb

ATOMIC BOMB FIGURESATOMIC BOMB FIGURES WW II ATOMIC BOMBS:WW II ATOMIC BOMBS:

1000 TONS OF TNT = 1 “KILOTON”1000 TONS OF TNT = 1 “KILOTON” WW II BOMBS = 13,000 TONS = 13 KILOTONSWW II BOMBS = 13,000 TONS = 13 KILOTONS

1952 “HYDROGEN” BOMB:1952 “HYDROGEN” BOMB: 1 MIL. TONS OF TNT = 1 “MEGATON”1 MIL. TONS OF TNT = 1 “MEGATON” HYDROGEN BOMB = 3 MIL. TONS OF TNT = 3 HYDROGEN BOMB = 3 MIL. TONS OF TNT = 3

MEGATONSMEGATONS 1955: U.S. HAD 30,000+ MEGATONS OF 1955: U.S. HAD 30,000+ MEGATONS OF

NUCLEAR WEAPONRYNUCLEAR WEAPONRY ALL EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE USED BY ALL EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE USED BY

ALL NATIONS IN WWII ADDED ALL NATIONS IN WWII ADDED TOGETHER = 1.2 MEGATONSTOGETHER = 1.2 MEGATONS

HIROSHIMA – AFTER HIROSHIMA – AFTER BOMBINGBOMBING

HIROSHIMAHIROSHIMA

“ “SHADOW”SHADOW”

NAGASAKI AFTERMATHNAGASAKI AFTERMATH

NAGASAKI DEAD, 1945NAGASAKI DEAD, 1945

JAPANESE URBAN JAPANESE URBAN TARGETSTARGETS

NAGASAKI BLAST RADIUSNAGASAKI BLAST RADIUS

NAGASAKI BOMB NAGASAKI BOMB CASUALTIESCASUALTIES

DISTANCE FROM GROUND DISTANCE FROM GROUND ZERO (KM):ZERO (KM): 0-1.0 km: 88% Killed, 6% Injured, Pop.: 0-1.0 km: 88% Killed, 6% Injured, Pop.:

30,90030,900 1.0-2.5 km: 34% Killed, 29% Injured, 1.0-2.5 km: 34% Killed, 29% Injured,

Pop.: Pop.: 27,70027,700 2.5-5.0 km: 11% Killed, 10% Injured, 2.5-5.0 km: 11% Killed, 10% Injured,

Pop.: Pop.: 115,200115,200

TOTAL: 22% Killed, 12% TOTAL: 22% Killed, 12% Injured,Pop.: Injured,Pop.: 173,800173,800

ATOMIC BOMB ATOMIC BOMB CASUALTIESCASUALTIES

BOMBING EFFECTS ON BOMBING EFFECTS ON JAPANJAPAN

20-KILOTON BLAST 20-KILOTON BLAST ESTIMATEESTIMATE