Jan 25, 2016
Dura Mater•Superficial•Fuses brain to skullArachnoid•Reduces friction•Filled with CSF; shock absorberPia Mater•Very Vascular; needs a lot of oxygen due to high metabolic rate of neurons
1. Cerebrum
2. Diencephalon
3. Midbrain
4. Pons
5. Medulla Oblongata
6. Cerebellum
Gyri: elevated ridgesSulci: furrows
Bridge between Right and Left Hemispheres•Enables Right and Left sides to communicate with each otherProblems“Split Brain” Syndrome
Functions:•Cognition and Memory
•Prefrontal Area: involved with intellect, complex learning abilities and personality; plays a role in mood
•“Gatekeeper” Judgment, critical thinking and reasoning skills
Problems
Memory loss, inability to concentrate, behavior disorder, Inappropriate social and/or sexual behavior
Function:•Motor Strip: Control voluntary motor function•Premotor Cortex: skill area; controls learned motor skills
Gyri: elevated ridgesSulci: furrows
Broca’s area•Left hemisphere•Directs the muscles of tongue, throat and lips when speaking•Becomes active as we plan to speak•Syntax and grammar rules are remembered
Yes the bick. I would say tha the vick daysis nosis or chipickers.
Represents problems with Broca’s area!!
Only found in the left hemisphere of the frontal lobe
Problems will affect our ability to pronounce words, speaking becomes a problem
Try This!!
Located in parietal, temporal and occipital lobes
Primary Somatosensory Cortex•Process sensory input from skin receptors •Proprioceptors in skeletal muscle; body orientation•Spatial Discrimination – ability to identify the body region being stimulated•Try This!!•Gustatory cortex - tasteProblems•Inability to locate and recognize body parts; disorientation•Can’t discriminate between different sensory stimuli
•Located posterior to Primary Somatosensory Cortex•Major function to analyze different sensory stimuli (temp, pressure•Evaluate what the body is feeling•Try this!!•Different senses are distributed through all lobes
•Auditory Areas – sound waves are interpreted•Association area – defines the sound•Olfactory Cortex – interprets chemical odorsLanguage•Wernicke’s area – called the speech area•Language comprehension•Reading unfamiliar soundsProblems•Hearing problems•Aphasia – inability to speak
Affective Language Area•Regions involved in the nonverbal, emotional pieces of language•Appears to be present in the hemispheres opposite of Broca’s and Wernicke’s area (Right side mirror image)•Voice tone and gestures express your emotions when you speakProblemsMonotone – impairments in this area
Hearing and the Temporal Lobe
Visual Areas•Receives stimuli from eyes•Interprets information from past experiencesProblemsLoss of vision or “seeing stars”Can’t recognize the object you see
Left Hemisphere90% is dominant for Language abilities, logic and math skills
Right Hemisphere90% is involved in visual-spatial skills, emotion, music,poetry, & creativity
Connects to cerebrumIncludes thalamus, hypothalamus, Limbic system and pituitary gland
•Contains relay and processing centers•Relay Station; involved in memory process•Sorts out information, edits•Gateway to cerebrum
Controls Emotions, Hormone productionPleasure CenterRegulates Autonomic NS•Body temperature•Food intake; feeding center•Thirst•Circadian rhythms•Control of Endocrine
(ADH, oxytocin)ProblemsHormonal ImbalancesHypothermiaDiabetes
Emotional brain
•Contains amygdaloid bodies and hippocampus
•Involved with learning, long-term memory and storage
•Linked to emotions: rage, fear, sexual arousal
Problems
H.W. Case Study STM to LTM
Pituitary Gland ->
•Link between NS and Endocrine system•Produces GH and TSH •Posterior part of gland is a hormone storage area
Primitive Brain•Pathway between lower brain and spinal cord and lower brain and higher brain functions
•Contains 2 pairs of sensory nuclei (Colliculi); Auditory and Visual Reflex Centers I.e. rxns to flashlight or loud noises
•Motor nuclei for 2 cranial nerves (III, IV) involved in eye movements
•III Oculomotor – eye movement
•IV Trochlear – rotates eye up and down
•Cerebral Peduncles – descending bundles of nerve fibers
•Contains your RAS center; filter for sensory input (99% of all stimulus is ignored)
Corpus Quadrigemini
Superior Colliculi•Visual Reflex Centers•Associated with Cranial nerve III
Inferior Colliculi•Auditory Reflex•Startle Reflex
Midbrain
Bridge: Connects cerebellum to brain stem; cerebrum and S. cord
Relay Center
Cranial Nerves (V-VIII) are attached here
Respiratory Center – Involuntary Control of pace and depth
Pneumotaxic Center – rapid
Apneustic Center – slow
Problems
Hyperventilation
Connects Brain to S. cord; relays info to Thalamus
Contains major centers for Autonomic Regulation such as HR, Bp, respiration and digestive activities
Cardiac Center – adjusts force and rate of heart beat
Vasomotor Center – regulates BP
Respiratory Center – controls rate and depth of breathing with N. Fdbk loop in pons.
Controls other pleasant body Activities: vomit, hiccupps,, cough, sneeze & gag
•Coordination; fine tunes voluntary and involuntary movement (Sports)•Maintains balance and postureImbalances•Ataxia; Lack of coordination•Tremors•Alcohol – affects motor skills; reaction time