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Organisational Communication
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Communication Networks
A network of communication
represents the pattern of contactsamong the members of an
organization.
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Organisational Networks
The formal channel
The
informal channel
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Formal Channel
As the name implies, formal channels are
deliberately created or officially
prescribed path for the flow of
information between the various
positions in the organisation.
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Formal Channels
Single chain Network.
Wheel Network.
Circular Network.
All Channel Network.
Inverted V Network.
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Single chain Single chain communication network exists
between superiors and his subordinate.
Each individual is both superior as well as asubordinate.
Communication flow through the chain may
be orderly and easy to control.
Often we find such a communication in
bureaucratic organizations.
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Single chain
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
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Wheel Wheel relies on a central figure to act as the
conduit for all the groups communication.
It stimulates the teams communicationnetwork with a strong leader.
They are not allowed to communicate
among themselves. Here, problem of coordination is the main
drawback.
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Wheel
H
P P
P P
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Circular
P1
P2P3
P4
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All channel network
It is most often characterized in
practice by self-managed teams.
Group members are free to contribute
and no one person takes leadership
Here, communication is fast, but
problem of coordination exists.
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All channel network
P1
P4 P5
P2 P3
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Inverted V In this network, an individual is allowed to
communicate with his immediate superior as
well as his superiors superior. In the latter case, the subject matter of
communication is prescribed.
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Inverted V
SS
P1 P2
S
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Informal Channel1 Informal channel of communication , also
known as grapevine.
1
It is an important source of communication.1 75% of employees hear about matters first
through grapevine.
1 Informal communication is a method bywhich people carry on social, non-
programmed activities within the formalboundaries of the system.
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Characters
It is not controlled by management.
It is perceived by most employees as
being more believable and reliable
than formal communication.
It is largely used to serve the self
interest of the people with in it.
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How it starts
Emerge as a response to situations
that are important to them.
When there is ambiguity.
Under conditions that arose anxiety.
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Importance. Gives managers a feel for the morale of the
organisation.
Identifies issues that employees considerimportant.
Helps to tap in to employee anxiety.
It act as a filter and feed back mechanism. Translates formal communication in to
groups jargons.
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Grapevine networks.
There are four types of pattern throughwhich grapevine travels. They are
single strand. gossip.
probability.
cluster.
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Single strand
In single strand network ,the
individual communicates
with other individuals through
intervening persons.
P
P
P
P
P
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Gossip In gossip network, the individual communicates
non selectively.
P PP
PP
P P
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Probability In probability network, the individual
communicates randomly with other
individuals according to the law ofprobability.
a
ef
j
h
i
g
bc
d
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Cluster The most popular informal network
In cluster network , the individual communicates
with only those individuals whom he trusts , thusforming a cluster.
a
c
e
g h
d
i
jb
f
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BARRIERSIN COMMUNICATION
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Barriers in communication.
Any thing which obstructs or blocks the free
flow of communication in organization is
called as communication barrier When communication is obstructed what
happens??
The actual message will be interpreted in a
different manner.
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Communication Barriers
Communication
Barrier
Organizational
EmotionalSemantic
Personal
Barriers in superiors Barriers in subordinates
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Semantic Barriers
Semantics????
It is the science of meaning
Then what is
Phonetics?????
It is the science of sounds.
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SEMANTIC BARRIER
Any barrier which is due to the limitation of
the symbol used , you can call it as a
semantic barrier.
Symbols can be words, pictures, gestures,
etc..
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Popular semantic barriers
> Symbols with different meanings. > Badly expressed message
> Faulty translations
> Unclarified assumptions
> Specialists language.
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Symbols with different meanings
( In verbal communication a particular word mayhave a variety of meanings.
(For eg:- the English word round has 110 differentmeanings: as adjective-23, as noun-42,as verb-16,as preposition-13 and as adverb-16.
( The Hindi word kaka means uncle in one part of
the country but small boy in another part of thecountry and in Malayalam the meaning is entirelydifferent.
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Badly expressed message
Lack of clarity and precision in amessage makes it badly expressed.
Poorly chosen and empty words andphrases, careless omission, lack ofcoherence, bad organisation of ideas,awkward sentence structure,
inadequate vocabulary, numberingrepetition, jargon are some commonfaults in this case.
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Faulty translations
( Transformation of message should be
based on the level of the receiver.
Other wise message may beinterpreted in different manner.
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Unclarified assumptions
( There are certain uncommunicated
assumptions which underlie practically all
meanings. Though a message appears tobe specific , its underlying assumptions may
not be clear to the receiver.
For eg: Altercation occurred at the college
premises.
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Specialists language
( It is often found that technical personneland special group tend to develop aspecial, peculiar and technical languageof their own. This increases their isolation from others and builds acommunication barrier.
For Eg: JARGONS
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Emotional / psychological barriers
Emotional / psychological factors are
the prime barriers in interpersonal
communication.
The meaning described to a message
depends upon the emotional or
psychological status of both the partiesinvolved.
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Emotional Barriers
Premature evaluation.
Inattention.
Loss by transmission and poor retention .
undue reliance on the written word.
Distrust of communicator.
Failure to communicate .
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Premature evaluation
B Rogers and Roethlisberger in 1952first pointed out this barrier.
B tendency to evaluate the sendersmessage with out paying proper attention to it.
B Solution is active listening andempathy.
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Inattention
Receivers mind is pre occupied and hence
he will not listen to what is being
communicated. It is a common phenomenon that people
simply fail to react to bulletins, notices,
minutes and reports.
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Loss by transmission and poor retention
When communication passes from one level
to another level, the accuracy of the
message decreases. In the case of oral communications , about
30% of the information is lost in each
transmission.
B In case of written communication , loss ofmeaning might occur during each
interpretation.
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Distrust of communicator
B The sender may make illogical decision or
frequent countermanding of the original
communication. Repeated experience ofthis kind gradually conditions the receiver to
delay action of act unenthusiastically, hence
making the communication unsuccessful,
though apparently it is completed.
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Failure to communicate
Managers often fail to transmit the
needed messages. This might happen
because of laziness on the part of thecommunicator or assuming that
everybody knows, or procrastination.
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Organisational barriers
The main organisational barriers are
Organizational policy
Organizational rules andregulations
Status relationships
Complexity in organizational
structure
Organisation facilities
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Organizational policy
In all organizations there will be a general
policy regarding communication mostly in
writing. If the policy is not supportive to theflow of communication, then communication
will not be smooth and adequate.
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Organizational rules and regulations
Organizational rules and regulations affectthe flow of communication by prescribing thesubject matter to be communicated and also
the channel through which these are to becommunicated
The rules may restrict the flow of certainmessages and may leave many importantones. On the other hand, communicationthrough a proper channel in a specified wayprescribed by these rules delays it.
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Status relationships
The placing of people in superior /
subordinate capacity in the formal
organisational structure also blocks the flowof communication and more particularly in
upward direction.
Greater the difference between hierarchical
position in terms of their status, greater would be the possibility of communication
break down.
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Complexity in organisation structure
In an organisation whether there arenumber of managerial levels,communication gets delayed, chancesof communication getting distorted are
more as the numbers of filtering pointsare more.
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Organizational facilities
B Proper organizational facilities should
be provided for communicating. Other
wise it results in communication breakdown.
B Meetings, Conferences, Open door
system, Social and cultural gatheringsetc.
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Personal barriers
Barriers in superior
Barriers in subordinate
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Barriers in superiors
Attitude of superior.
Fear of challenge of authority.
Insistence on proper channel.
Lack of confidence in subordinates.
Ignoring communication.
Lack of time.
Lack of awareness.
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Attitude of superiors
The attitude of superiors towardscommunication in general or in any particulardirections.
For eg:-if this attitude is unfavourable, there isgreater possibility that messages would not
flow adequately from and or to superiors.
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Fear of challenge to authority
A person in the organisation always try to
get a higher position and prestige to satisfyneeds. As such managers, in general, try towithhold the information coming down theline or going up, as frequent passing of information may disclose their weakness.
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Insistence on proper channel
Superiors always like to be a main
LINK in communication.
Superiors consider By passing as
thwarting of their authority. Thus they
block such flow of communication.
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Lack of confidence in subordinates
Superiors generally perceive, that their
subordinates are less competent andcapable, and that they are not able to
advise superiors . This acts as a block
in superiors.
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Ignoring communication
Superiors consciously and deliberately
ignore the communication from their subordinates to maintain their importance.
This works against the willingness of
subordinates to communicate.
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Lack of time
Superiors feel, whether correct orotherwise, that they are
overburdened with the work andthey have little time to talk to theirsubordinates.
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Lack of awareness
Employees at lower level have a
number of communication needs.
Perception of both managers andemployees are different with respect to
this aspect. This difference in
perception makes communicationmore difficult.
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Barriers in subordinates
Unwillingness to communicate.
Lack of incentive.
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Unwillingness to communicate
Subordinates may not freely
communicate with superior becausehe feels that any critical informationwhich travels up may adversely affecthim also.
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Lack of incentive
Sometimes lack of incentive also obstructs
the flow of information.
It happens specially in case of upwardcommunication.
Giving proper rewards for timely
suggestions.
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THANK YOU
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