Organic Reactions. Combustion Reaction with O 2 – burning For hydrocarbons, products of complete combustion are CO 2 & H 2 O Insufficient O 2 – C, CO,

Organic Reactions

Combustion

• Reaction with O2 – burning

• For hydrocarbons, products of complete combustion are CO2 & H2O

• Insufficient O2 – C, CO, & H2O

C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)

Substitution

C2H6 + Cl2 C2H5Cl + HCl

HCCH + ClCl HCCH + HCl

H H

H H H H

H Cl

• Start with a saturated hydrocarbon• Replace 1 or more H atom with another atom or group. Get 22 products (swap).

Addition

HC=CH + ClCl HCCHH H Cl Cl

H H

• Add across a double or triple bond.• Start with an unsaturated hydrocarbon.• Get only 1 saturated product. (1 answer)

C2H4 + Cl2 C2H4Cl2

Esterification

• Organic Acid + Alcohol Ester + Water

HCCOHOH + HHOCCCH H

H

=O H H H

H H H

HCCOCCCH + HH22OO

=

OHH

H H H

H H H

Saponification

• Making Soap

• Fat + Base Glycerol + Soap

HCCCH

OCC17H35

OCC17H35

OCC17H35

H

H

H

NaOH

NaOH

NaOH

+

FAT + Base

(Triglyceride)

=

O

=O

=O

HCOHCOHCOHH

H

H

H

+

NaOCC17H35

NaOCC17H35

NaOCC17H35

==

=

O

O

O

Glycerol Soap

Fermentation

• Sugars are broken down into alcohol + CO2

C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

zymase

sugar ethanol carbon dioxide

What do the protein in eggs, the plastic in pop bottles, and the nylon in stockings have in common?

• They are all giant molecules called polymerspolymers.

• Poly means many

• Mers means parts

Polymers

• Very large molecules consisting of many repeating structural units.

• Analogy = chain consisting of many links

• Masses can be > 1,000,000 amu

• Monomer: Molecule from which a polymer is made. Starting material.

Natural Polymers

• Wool

• Silk

• Rubber

• Starch

• Proteins

• Nucleic Acids

Synthetic Polymers

• Plastics – polyethylene, PVC

• Synthetic Fibers – nylon, rayon, polyester

• Rubber Substitutes – polyurethane

• Polymerization = reaction that produces a polymer

Polymerization Reactions

• AdditionAddition: start with unsaturated monomers. EverythingEverything in reactants goes into polymer. Only 1 product, saturated.

• CondensationCondensation: monomers containing 2 functional groups combine with the loss of a small by-product, usually H2O.

Addition Polymerization

C=C

H

H

H

H

H H H H H H CCCCCC H H H H H H

n

n

Ethene = monomer

Polyethylene =polymer

segmer

Polyethylene Varieties

• Milk bottles, detergent bottles, oil bottles, toys, & plastic grocery bags

• Shrink-wrap films, sandwich bags, garment bags, grocery bags

• Bottle caps

Substituted Ethylenes

H H

C=C

H CH3

H H H H H H H HCCCCCCCC H H H H

CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3

Indoor-outdoor carpet, upholstery

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

H H

C=C

H Cl

H H H H H H H HCCCCCCCC H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl

Phonograph records, garden hoses, pipesReplace the H’s with Cl & you get Saran wrap.

Teflon

F F

C=C

F F

n F F F F F FCCCCCC F F F F F F

Condensation Polymerization

H HHOCCOOHH H H

+ H HHHOCCOH H H

H H H HHOCCOCCOH H H H H

+ HH22OO

Condensation Polymerization

• Split out a small molecule such as H2O.

• Monomer has to have a functional group at each end.

Nylon - 1935

HOCCCCCCOH

= =

O O+

NH2CCCCCCNH2

CCCCCCNCCCCCCN

= =O O

H H

n+ H2O

source

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