Organ Systems of the Toad
Oct 21, 2015
Organ Systems of the Toad
Digestive System
• Function of nutrition (ingestion, digestion, absorption and egestion)
• Both physical and mechanical breakdown of food
• Amoeba and Paramecium – formation of a food vacuole
Incomplete Digestive System
• Mouth serves as entrance of food and exit of waste materials
• Chlonorchis and Fasciola – trematodes; with 2 suckers for attachment to host
Cockroach Digestive System
• Esophagus
• Crop
• Gizzard
• Intestinal caeca
• Midgut
• Mapighian tubules
• Hindgut
Complete Digestive System
• Coelom -> pericardial cavity and pleuro-peritoneal cavity
• Pleuro-peritoneal cavity– Body wall lining: parietal peritoneum
– Viscera lining: visceral peritoneum
• Mesenteries – suspend the viscera from the body wallo Mesogaster – suspends stomach
o Mesorecturm – suspends large intestine (rectum)
o Mesenterium – suspends small intestine (ileum)
• Omentum – connect viscera
o Gastro-hepato-duodenal omentum – connects the stomach, liver, duodenum
Buccal Cavity
• Maxillary teeth
• Tongue
• Esophageal opening
• Glottis
• Opening to vocal sacs (males only)
• Choanae/internal nares
• Vomerine teeth
• Opening to Eustachian tube
Digestive Tube
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Pyloric sphincter
• Small intestine
– Duodenum
– Ileum
• Large intestine
• Cloaca
Digestive Glands
• Liver – Largest gland in the body
– Secretes bile
• Gall bladder– Stores bile
– Drained by cystic duct
• Pancreas– Within gastro-hepato-duodenal omentum
– Secretes pancreatic juice
• Common bile duct – union of cystic duct, hepatic ducts, pancreatic ducts
Respiratory System
• Facilitates the exchange of gases between the organism and its environment
• Derived from the integument of the lining of the digestive tube
• Permeable, highly vascularized, in contact with medium rich in oxygen
Aquatic Respiratory Systems
• Gills
• Gill arches
• Pharyngeal clefts
Terrestrial Respiratory Systems
• Tracheal system – provide oxygen directly to tissues
• Tracheal trunk
• Spiracles - openings
Excretory System
• Excretion of waste substances
• Protonephridia – lower metazoans
• Metanephridia – annelids
• Nephridia – mollusks
• Green glands – crustaceans
• Malpighian tubules – insects, arachnids (uric acid crystals)
• Kidneys - vertebrates
Kidneys
• Retroperitoneal
• Lie in cisterna magna
• Drained by mesonephric/Wolffian duct (toads) or ureter (mammals)
• Drains into urinary bladder which stores urine before releasing it into the cloaca
Mammalian Kidney
• Cortex– Renal corpuscles
– tubules
• Medulla– Collecting tubules
• Renal pelvis• Expanded beginning of ureter
• Hilus• Concavity containing the
blood vessels (renal artery and vein)
*renal pyramid – made up of collecting tubules and renal papilla
Circulatory System
• Transport of gases, nutrients, metabolic wastes, hormones and other substances to the different parts of the body
• Assists in homeostasis
• Not present in lower metazoans
Open Circulatory System
• Aorta
• Heart– With lateral ostia guarded by
valves to prevent backflow
– Located in the pericardial sinus
– Ventral wall is called the dorsal diaphragm
• Trachea (respiratory system)
Closed Circulatory System
CONUS ARTERIOSUS
Arterial System
COELIACOMESENTERIC ARTERY
COELIAC ARTERY
PULMOCUTANEOUS ARTERY
Venous System
ANTERIOR VENA CAVA
POSTERIOR VENA CAVA
Mammalian Heart
Nervous System• Perceive and transmit stimuli, coordinate and integrate
the functions of the different organ systems
1. Nerve Net – coelenterates
– Impulses transmitted in all directions from the point of stimulations
2. Ladder – flatworms
– Cephalization present
3. Ganglionic – arthropods & mollusks
– Ventral nerve cord and cerebral ganglia
4. Tubular – vertebrates
–Hollow nerve tube
Types of Nervous Systems
Frog Brain
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Frog Brain Vesicles
• 1st and 2nd lateral vesicles
• 3rd ventricle
• Opticoels
• Aqueduct of Sylvius
• 4th Ventricle
Huling hirit• Importante ang blood tracing, sabihin ang lahat ng
vessels na dinadaanan ng dugo pag pinatrace kayo. Alam niyo na dapat kung ano yung nagsusupply o nagdedrain ng mga parte ng katawan ng toad.
• Kung napansin niyo, ito lang rin yung nasa manual, kaya magbasa kayo ng manual ok? Andun naman halos lahat ng sagot, maliban sa answers to questions nadapat sinagutan niyo na.
• Hindi ko sinama yung sa nervous system masyado, ipapasa niyo pa kasi sa akin yun sa exam date.
• Sa exam mismo, basahin niyo ng mabuti yungquestions.
• Good luck sa inyong lahat! See you in Bio 12.