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Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Slide 1.4Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Integumentary = Skin
• external covering, Synth. Vit. D
• Skeletal = bones, jnts, cartilage
• Blood cell formation, mineral storage, protects/supports, muscle attach
Figure 1.2a
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Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Slide 1.6Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Muscular: movemnt, posture, heat
• Nervous: Brain, spinal cord,Nerves(neurons)
• Fast acting control system
• Endocrine: Secretes hormones
• Pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal glands
Figure 1.2c
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• Cardiovascular: Heart, blood vessels.• -Transports materials via blood: nutrients
O2, CO2
• Lymphatic: Lymph nodes/vessels; Immunity
• Respiratory: Lungs, trachea; provide O2, remove CO2
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• Digestive: esophagus, intestines, mouth. Break down food.
• Urinary: kidney, ureters, bladder. Eliminate wastes
• Reproduction: Sex organs. Making babies.
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Homeostasis
• Maintaining relatively stable internal conditions
• Homeostatic imbalance = disturbance in homeostasis results in disease/illness
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Negative feedback
• Acts to Decrease original stimulus• Blood sugar high…body release insulin,
insulin causes cells to up-take sugar(decrease blood sugar)
• Cold….Body responds by shivering to produce heat….Heat generated decrease cold feeling
• Thirsty…body/brain respond by drinking water (decreases thirst)
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Positive feedback
• Increase original stimulus• Birth- contractions put pressure on cervix,
pressure sends signals to brain to release oxtocin, oxytocin increases strength of contractions…increases pressure, more oxytocin released….
• Monkey drug trials- takes drug, gets “high”…feeling makes monkey take more drug…gets “higher”…take more drug….
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Body LandmarksBody Landmarks
Slide 1.24Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Anterior
Figure 1.5a
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Body LandmarksBody Landmarks
Slide 1.25Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Posterior
Figure 1.5b
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• Anterior/posterior = front/back
• Proximal/distal = closer to pnt of appendage’s attachment to trunk/farther
• Inferior/superior = below/above
• Deep/superficial = innermost/toward surface
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Body PlanesBody Planes
Slide 1.26Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.6
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Body CavitiesBody Cavities
Slide 1.27Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.7
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Abdominopelvic QuadrantsAbdominopelvic Quadrants
Slide 1.28Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.8a
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Abdominopelvic RegionsAbdominopelvic Regions
Slide 1.29Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.8b
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Abdominopelvic Major OrgansAbdominopelvic Major Organs
Slide 1.30Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.8c
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Cell organelles• Mitochondria = “powerhouse of cell”,
make energy(ATP)• Endoplasmic reticulum – “highway of
cell”, transports materials throughout cell.Rough=ribosomes attached
Smooth=no ribosomes
Ribosomes – make proteins• Golgi body – “FedEx of cell”, modifies &
packages proteins for delivery
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Cell organelles
• Nucleus – Control center of cell, contains DNA• Nucleolus = inside nucleus, Makes ribosomes• Lysosomes – vesicles that contain digestive
enzymes• Cytosol – gel-like fluid in cytoplasm
• tRNA – ribosomes helper, brings Amino Acids to ribosome for bldg. of protein.
• mRNA – carries “Message” of DNA (inside nucleus) to ribosomes (in cytoplasm)
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Cell organelles
• Microvilli – Finger-like projections on cell surface to increase area for absorption(ex. Cells lining digestive tract)
• Cillia – short Hair- like projections that move substances across the cell (Ex. On cells lining digestive tract)
• Flagellum – whip-like structure used to propel cell (ex. Sperm cells)
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Plasma membrane
Stabilizes/stiffens plasma membrane
Hydro_Phillic
Hydro__phobic
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• P rophase – centrioles move to Poles
• M etaphase – chromosomes lineup in Middle
• A naphase – Chromosomes pull Apart
• T elophase – Two cells form/cleavage furrow
Mitosis
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Cell Transport
• Passive = no energy
• Diffusion – movement of mlcles from high to low
• Osmosis – “Diffusion” of Water!
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• Active = energy needed• Occurs if particles too big to diffuse
through plasma membrane• Or needed to go against concentration
gradient• Endocytosis – cell engulfs particle (Take
IN)• Exocytosis – cell exports particle
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Tissue
• Stratified squamous = areas of high abrasion; mouth/throat, skin
• Simple Squamous= single, flattened cell layer; good for diffusion: lining lungs/capillaries
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Muscle Characteristics
• Skeletal = Voluntary, striated, found in skeletal muscles
• Smooth = Involuntary, spindle-shaped, in walls of Blood vessels.
• Cardiac = Involuntary, striated, has intercalated discs (gaps btwn cells that increase signal transmission). Found in Heart tissue.
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Functions of BonesFunctions of Bones
Slide 5.2Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Support of the body
Protection of soft organs
Movement due to attached skeletal muscles
Storage of minerals and fats
Blood cell formation
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Classification of Bones1. Long – longer than wide, shaft
w/heads at both ends.
2. Short – generally cube-shaped & mostly spongy bone(carpals of wrist/tarsals of ankle)
3. Flat – thin, flat and usually curved (skull, ribs sternum)
4. Irregular – doesn’t fit in other categories. (Vertebrae)
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Red marrow: in adults spongy ends of long bones (site of red blood cell formation) Yellow marrow- mostly fat
Epiphyseal plate=actively dividing cartilage in child, site of bone growth
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Osteoclast= Bone destroying cellsOsteoBlasts= Bone Building cells
Stages of Bone fracture repair
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Axial skeleton = skull, vertebral column, bony thorax
Appendicular Skeleton = Bones of Appendages
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Cervical = 7Thoracic = 12Lumbar = 5
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#17,18 Axial skeleton = skull, vertebrae, bony thorax
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• Gender Differences of the PelvisGender Differences of the Pelvis
Slide 5.39Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.23c
3. Pelvic opening larger (& rounder) in Females!
2. Pubic Arch WIDER in Females!
1. Flared Illium in females
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Bones of shoulder/hip girdle
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Joints/movements
• Hinge = elbow
• Ball & socket = hip/shoulder
• Gliding(Planes) = Knee/carpals
• Pivot = atlas/axis of cervical vertebrae
• Saddle = thumb(only ex. In human body)
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• Abduction = take body part AWAY from midline
• Adduction = “ADD” back into midline• Supination= palm up• Pronation = palm down• Flexion=decrease angle btwn 2 bones• Extension=increases ………
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• Circumduction= move part in circle
• Inversion = sole of foot inwards
• Eversion = sole of foot outwards
• Dorsiflexion = toes toward shin
• PlantarFlexion = toes pointed