Electric Vehicles and the Grid Ontario Smart Grid Forum Ontario Smart Grid Forum October 14th, 2008 Dr. Arindam Maitra Senior Project Manager Electric Transportation Power Delivery & Utilization (PDU)
Electric Vehicles and the Grid
Ontario Smart Grid ForumOntario Smart Grid Forum
October 14th, 2008
Dr. Arindam MaitraSenior Project ManagerElectric Transportation
Power Delivery & Utilization (PDU)
EPRI Vision for Infrastructure
• Safe, intercompatible, and intelligent interface
• Common connector and communication standards
– SAE J1772, J2836• Smart Grid enabled
– Bi-directional data exchange between vehicle and grid
– AMI and non-AMI strategies to enable
EfficientBuildingSystems
UtilityCommunications
DynamicSystemsControl
DistributionOperations
ControlInterface
AdvancedMetering
Consumer Portal& Building EMS
Internet Renewables
PV
2© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
– AMI and non-AMI strategies to enable smart charging
• Understand System Impacts
• Smart Grid Initiatives and Demonstrations
• Synergistic with stationary energy storage, distributed generation
• Long-term R&D– Vehicle-to-grid
SystemsControl
DataManagement
DistributedGeneration& Storage
Plug-In Hybrids
SmartEnd-UseDevices
Auto Industry Interest in PHEVs (and EVs) Announced Programs by Most Major OEMs
PHEV or EREV EV
Production Saturn VUE2-Mode BlendedIntro: 2011 CY
Chevrolet VoltExtended Range EV
40-mile EV range16kWh Li-IonIntro: 2010 CY
Nissan2010 CY Daimler Smart ForTwo
2010 CY
Mitsubishi iMIEV2010 CY, 100 mile range,
3© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Demo
Intro: 2010 CY
Ford Escape PHEV2008 CY, 21 car fleetwith SCE/EPRI/Utilities
VW Golf TwinDrive30 mile EV range20-car fleet, 2009
2010 CY, 100 mile range, PG&E, SCE demo
Dodge ZEO150-200 mile range
Subaru R1e50 Mile AER
10-car fleet 2008 CY
Ford/Eaton Trouble Truck10 truck fleet w/ utilities
Toyota Prius PHEV500-car fleet
2009 CY
Industrial 25.7%
Electricity – The Only Energy Source with Significan t Capacity to Support Transportation
4© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Commercial36.2% Residential
37.5%10M EREVs and PHEVs
0.5%
DOE EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2008, Tables A2. and A18.
Efficient use of electricity – 1% increase in electr icity to charge PHEVs saves 174 million barrels of petroleum annually
PHEVs are Synergistic with Low-Carbon Generation, Smart Grids
5© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Creating the Electri city Net work of the Future
PHEV Charging is a Crucial Smart Grid Application
• Minimal grid impacts, maximum utility value
• Harmonize customer and utility requirements
6© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
EPRI vision of standards unification among IntelliGrid, SDOs and auto industry
SAE
JARI ULEAEC
Auto
OEMs
SAE J2847, J2836SAE J2847, J2836
RP 2.0 (Final c:2009)
INTERDEPENDENT
CONCURRENT
SYNCHRONOUS
7© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
EPRI IWC &
PHEVWGIEC
NEC
IEEE
EPRI
IntelliGrid
ZigBee
Alliance
HomePlug
Alliance
OpenAMIOpenHAN
UtilityAMI
IntelliGrid CIM 1.0
ZigBee Smart
Energy Profile 1.0
ZigBee Smart
Energy Profile 1.x
ZigBee Smart
Energy Profile 2.x
IntelliGrid CIM 2.0
Need for SAE development to work closely with the Smart Energy Alliance to bring all the Demand Response Program features under a single canopy
Distribution System Impacts
• Evaluate localized impacts of PHEVs to utility distribution systems
• Participants – ConEd, AEP, Hydro-Quebec, Dominion, TVA, Southern, NU, BC Hydro
8© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
• Thermal Loading• Losses• Voltage• Imbalance• Harmonics• Protection System
Impacts• Advanced Metering• EE devices
Distribution Impacts Plug-In Characteristics
• Plug-in vehicle type and range
• PEV market share and distribution
• Charge profile and power level
• Charger behavior
July 27th 2007 24 hr: Total Loading for the Feeder Under Study
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
11000
12000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23Hours
Tot
al L
oadi
ng a
t Sub
stat
ion
(KW
)
Base Load Scenario
PHEV Case 1:- (120V, 15A) Charging @1am
off-peak load
off-peak load
Opportunity for Smart Charging
Load Growth in the Entertainment Sector
• Plasma TV prices are dropping which encourages
PLASMA TV SET TOP BOX
• Set-top boxes decode the signals sent by cable TV operators
Average Average PowerPower
300W!300W!5.5hrs/day5.5hrs/day
Average Average PowerPower
30W!30W!
9© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
• Plasma TV prices are dropping which encourages people to buy one!
• Typical Plasma TV 42” consumes as much as three times more power than 27” CRT TV
• By 2009, 16% of all TV’s shipped to North America will be Plasma (nearly 6 million TVs!)
operators
• They consume power even when they are Switched OFF!!
• They are typically ON 24x7
• Annual energy consumption of 2 set-top boxes is equal to the energy consumed by one refrigerator!
Example Assessment – Tankless Water Heaters
• Effect on required distribution transformer ratings• Effect on secondary conductor requirements• Effect on customer service rating requirements• Effect on power quality (voltage fluctuations or flicker)• Effect of current waveshape on possible transformer
10© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
• Effect of current waveshape on possible transformer saturation, metering, and other effects
11kW
28kW
EPRI PHEV Distribution Impact Supplemental
11© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
• Scope is distribution system, substation transforme r, primary distribution, distribution transformer, and secondary system up t o service entrance
System Modeling Tools
• Existing Modeling Tools– CYME CYMDIST– Milsoft– SynerGEE
• New Approaches and Tools
12© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
• New Approaches and Tools• Complete 3 phase distribution system representation• Ability to represent load profiles• Simulation over the entire year• Applicability to real time simulations• Stochastic assessments (e.g. Monte Carlo simulations)
� Distribution Engineering Workstation (DEW) � Distribution System Simulator (DSS)
Distribution Transformer Load Management
• The areas of distribution transformer failures and loadings will continue to receive increased attention.
• Customer-scale load estimation and modeling systems are becoming more prevalent, particular with the advent of Automated Meter Reading
13© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
particular with the advent of Automated Meter Reading (AMR) technology, AMI, and increased penetration of SCADA systems within distribution networks.
• These systems have made comprehensive Transformer Load Management systems a practical and attractive possibility.
Source: Distribution Transformer Failure and Load Analyses: Review of Historical Performance and Best Practices, EPRI Report Feb 2008
Study System (Assumptions)• Model every single customer, transformer, service• Charging – 120V, 12A & 240V, 20A, Others• Time of charge – Night charge & Day Time Charging
AC
Z
Z
Z
Z
Circuit (URBAN)Substation Utilized Capacity – 73%
Substation
Example System
DISTRIBUTION XFMR
• Substation Utilized Capacity – 73%• Load Class – 95% Residential and 5% Commercial• Total Circuit Length – 24 miles• No AMI Coverage• Summer Peak• 3260 customers (3103 Residential)
8760 Load Profile @ Substation
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
May
Jul Sep
Nov
06000
1200018000
2400030000360004200048000
5400060000
6600072000
kW
HourMonth
Total Loading at the Substation (2007) kW
66000-7200060000-6600054000-6000048000-5400042000-4800036000-4200030000-3600024000-3000018000-2400012000-180006000-120000-6000
Peak - July and AugustPeak Period @ Aug - 11am - 7pmPeak - 69.8MW @ Aug 8th, 2007 @ 2pmSubstation Transformer- 87MVA (Base Rating)Feeder Under Study Load (peak) - 15 MVA
Total Loading on Feeder Under Study (2007) kWPeak - Jan and July and August
15© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
15
17
19
21
23Ja
n Mar M
ay Month
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23Ja
n Mar M
ay
Jul Sep
Nov
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
11000
kW
HourMonth
Total Loading on Feeder Under Study (2007) kW
10000-110009000-100008000-90007000-80006000-70005000-60004000-50003000-40002000-30001000-20000-1000
Peak Period @ July/Aug - 1pm - 8pmPeak Period @ Jan - 8am - 11am & 5pm-9pmPeak - 10.4MW @ July 27th, 2007 @ 5pm
Different Battery Charge Profile
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
120V15ACharge Profile120V 20ACharge Profile240V 15A Charge Profile240V 20A Charge Profile240V 30A Charge Profile
Battery Charge Profiles
16© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Hours/Day
KW
Aug 7th 2007 24 hr: TOTAL Loading@Substation
35000
40000
45000
50000
55000
60000
65000
70000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22Hours
Tot
al L
oadi
ng a
t Sub
stat
ion
(KW
)
Base Load ScenarioPHEV Case 1:- (120V, 15A) Charging @1am Penetration=10%
PHEV Case 1:- (240V, 20A) Charging @1am Penetration=10%PHEV Case 1:- (120V, 15A) Charging @7pm Penetration=10%
PHEV Case 1:- (240V, 20A) Charging @7pm Penetration=10%
off-peak load
off-peak load
Opportunity for Smart Charging
17© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
July 27th 2007 24 hr: Total Loading for the Feder U nder Study
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
11000
12000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23Hours
Tot
al L
oadi
ng a
t Sub
stat
ion
(KW
)
Base Load ScenarioPHEV Case 1:- (120V, 15A) Charging @1am Penetration=10%PHEV Case 1:- (240V, 20A) Charging @1am Penetration=10%PHEV Case 1:- (120V, 15A) Charging @7pm Penetration=10%PHEV Case 1:- (240V, 20A) Charging @7pm Penetration=10%
off-peak load
off-peak load
Opportunity for Smart Charging
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22Hours
Developing the Smart Grid –EPRI Demonstration
18© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
EPRI Demonstration Initiative
Smart GridSensors….Two Way Communications….Intelligence
Information & Communication Enabled Power Infrastru cture
Distribution ConsumerTransmission SubstationMarkets
19© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Acting on this Information Will:Enable active participation by consumers
Anticipate & respond to system disturbances (self-h eal) Accommodate all generation and storage options
Operate resiliently against attack and natural disa ster Enable new products, services and markets
Optimize asset utilization and operate efficiently Pro vide power quality for the digital economy
Acting on this Information Will:
EPRI Smart Grid Demonstrations
• Smart Grid Demonstrations for Integrating Distribut ed Resources
Deploying the Virtual Power Plant• Several regional demonstrations
– Multiple Levels of Integration– Multiple Types of Distributed Energy Resources
20© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
– Multiple Types of Distributed Energy Resources
To• Reduce Peak Demand• More efficient use of Generation resources• Reduce Carbon emissions, Enhance Markets……• Further Technologies / Systems enabling the Smart Grid
Smart Grid Demonstration Critical Elements Integration Level vs. DER Types
Preferred Smart Grid Preferred Smart Grid Preferred Smart Grid Preferred Smart Grid
Demonstration Project Demonstration Project Demonstration Project Demonstration Project
SystemOperations
OpenInterfaces
Use ofStandards
Interoperable
Integrated
INTEGRATION
21© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Common Object Models
Funding Resources
System PlanningLEVEL
DemandResponse
DynamicRates
Renewables
System Resource
Customer Resource
PHEV
DistributedGeneration
Storage
Distributed Energy Resource Types
Smart Grid Demonstration Critical Elements
• Integration of Multiple Distributed Resource Types– Demand Response, Distributed Generation,
Storage, Renewable Generation
22© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
• Connect retail customers to wholesale conditions– Dyanamic Rates, Ancillary Services
• Integration with System Planning & Operations– Level of integration, Tools & Techniques, Visibility
Smart Grid Demonstration Critical Elements
• Critical Integration Technologies and Standards– Use of standards, common object models,
Comm interfaces
• Compatibility with EPRI’s Initiative and
23© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
• Compatibility with EPRI’s Initiative and Approach– Use cases, business case development,
enables wide spread integration
• Funding requirements and leverage of other funding resources– Government, Research Orgs, Vendors,
Universities– Capitol costs born by utility
Diverse Characteristics Lead to Multiple Demonstration Sites
• Regional characteristics – Weather– Regulatory / Market– Availability of Renewable Generation & Storage
• Customer / Load characteristics
24© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
– Residential, Commercial, Industrial
• Distribution system characteristics – Rural, suburban, urban overhead and underground systems
• Communication Infrastructure available– Public (internet, cellular) – Private (AMI, licensed)
Smart Grid DemonstrationsDistributed Resources as Virtual Power Plant
TransmissionTransmission
DistributionDistribution
G
CommunicationCommunication
Storage
Renewables
Leverage information and communication technologies
Connect Wholesale Conditions to Retail Market
25© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Thermostat
Water Heater
PHEV
UPSBuilding Control Sys
LightingControl Sys
Process Control Sys
DistributedGen
AMI InterfaceLarge Loads
Distributed Energy ResourcesDistributed Energy Resources
CommunicationCommunication
System OpsDMS
Market
=Standard Interfaces
Objectives of the Demonstration Initiative
Define information models and communications interfaces– All Levels of distributed resource integration (home,
enterprise, market)
Develop application guidelines, integration requirements and standards for distributed resource integration.
Network ManagementSecurity
EnergyMarkets
26© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Field Assessments to:– Understand required systems and technologies for
distributed resource integration
Verify Smart Grid business case assumptions – Describe costs and benefits associated DER
Integration
DER Integration
Data ManagementNetwork Management
Smart Grid Project Tasks
• Task 1: Analytics Framework Development
• Task 2: Critical Integration Technologies and Systems Architecture
27© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
• Task 3: Technology Demonstrations
• Task 4: Technology Transfer
EfficientBuildingSystems
UtilityCommunications
DynamicSystemsControl
DataManagement
DistributionOperations
DistributedGeneration& Storage
Plug-In Hybrids
SmartEnd-UseDevices
ControlInterface
AdvancedMetering
Consumer Portal& Building EMS
Internet Renewables
PV