Energy Storage Technologies for Grid- Connected and Off ... · Faruk Ahmed Bhuiyan Graduate Student Electrical and Computer Engineering Dept., Western University, London, Ontario

Energy Storage Technologies for Grid-

Connected and Off-Grid Power System

Applications

ByBy

Faruk Ahmed Bhuiyan

Graduate Student

Electrical and Computer Engineering Dept.,

Western University, London, Ontario

Supervisor:

Professor Amirnaser Yazdani

EPEC Conference, October 12, 2012

London, Ontario.1

• Objectives

• Types of energy storage technologies

• Functions/applications of ES in power systems

• Characteristics of energy storages technologies

Introduction

• Characteristics of energy storages technologies

• Installed energy storages in power system applications

• Few simplified models of BES

• Conclusions

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• Provide information to engineers, academia, industry people, and non-specialists

• Facilitate to select the appropriate energy storage (ES)

Objectives

• Facilitate to select the appropriate energy storage (ES) technologies

• Can be used to compare the costs of the energy storage technologies

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• Equipment that stores electrical energy in different forms for later use

• Electricity demand is rarely constant over time

• Renewable generation is intermittent

Energy Storage?

• Renewable generation is intermittent

• Excess generation during low demand period can be stored

• Stored energy can be converted into electricity during high demand

• Makes the electricity grid flexible, reliable and efficient

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Types of Storage Technologies

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Types of Energy Storages Based on

Discharge Time

High Power/ Rapid Discharge

(Seconds to hour)

Energy Management

(Hours to days)

Short time Medium time Long time

• Capacitor• Supercapacitor• SMES• FES

•Metal air• Zebra

• PHES• CAES• TES• EVD/V-2-G

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• FES • EVD/V-2-G

Batteries

• Lead acid

• Nickel Cadmium• Li-Ion

• NaS

• Hydrogen & fuel cellBatteries

• Flow• Lead acid

• NaS

• Li-Ion

Functions of Energy Storages in

Power System

• Frequency regulations

• Spinning reserve

• Voltage support

• Flicker compensation

• LVRT support

• Peak shaving

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• Peak shaving

• Source leveling

• Line upgrade deferral

• Energy trading

• Renewable power penetration

• Black start

• Increase Reliability

Transmission

Distribution

Generation

End User

Functions of Energy Storages in

Power System

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Mechanical ES

Types Energy density

(Wh/kg or

Wh/L)

Life cycle

(cycles or

years)

Respo

nse

time

Self

discharge

Cost

/kW

Cost

/kWh

Efficiency

%

PHES 0.3-1.5 >25 yrs min negligible 1000 15-150 70-85

CAES 10-30 >25 yrs min negligible 400-1000 10-100 40-60

Characteristics of Energy Storage

Systems

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FES 5-70 >20000 ms very high 600 800-2200 90

Electrical (Electromagnetic or Static) ES

Types Power density

(W/kg)

Life cycle

(cycles/yr)

Response

time

Self

discharge

Cost /kWh Efficiency

%

Cap. >1000 >20000 ms very high >10000 75-90

SC >6000 >50000 ms very high >25000 95

SMES >10000 20 yrs ms high >20000 >95

Electrochemical/ BES Technologies

Types Energy

density

(Wh/kg)

Life cycle

(cycles)

Response

time

Self

discharge

Cost

/kW

Cost

/kWh

Efficiency

%

PbA 20-45 200-2000 sec low >200 <300 70-80

LiI 100-200 500-4000 sec low >300 >1000 70-95

Characteristics of Energy Storage

Systems

10

LiI 100-200 500-4000 sec low >300 >1000 70-95

NaS 120-240 3000-9000 sec medium >400 400-800 85

NiCd 40-70 500-2000 sec low >200 400-600 60-75

NiMH 60-80 <3000 sec medium >300 600-1600 50-80

M-Air 200-2000 100-400 sec low 100-250 <400 50

NaNiCl 80-125 <3500 sec negligible 200-400 200-600 90

VRB 25 >16000 sec low >400 >500 80

H2 &

Fuel

500-3000 >1000 >sec low >1200 <100 40

Installed Energy Storages In Power

System Application

Types Specifications Location Comments

Power (MW) Energy (MWh)

PHES

CAES

FES

1212

110

20

20 GWh

2860

5

California, USA

Alabama, USA

New York, USA

Load labelling

Peak shaving

Frequency regulation

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PbA

NiCd

NaS

Li-Ion

Zebra

VRB

ZnBr

PSB

SMES

10

27

34

12

-

0.25

1

15

-

40

14.6

245

5

40

2

4

120

2.5 MJ

Chino, CA, USA

Alaska, USA

Rokkaso, Japan

Chile

Switzerland

Utah, USA

Japan

USA

Korea

Load labelling

Spinning reserve

Peak shaving

Grid stability

Spinning reserve

Voltage support

Trans. deferral

Peak shaving

Power quality

Installed Energy Storages

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Li-Ion BES, courtesy: A123 systemNaS BES, courtesy: NGK

PHES, courtesy: Wiki FESS, courtesy: Beacon

BES Models

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Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

BES Models

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Conclusions

• Various ES technologies, especially BES systems are gaining popularity to use in

grid-connected systems.

• H2 and fuel cell, and flow batteries are considering for energy management in

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off-grid system

• NaS and Li-Ion batteries are two emerging BES technologies both for grid

connected and off-grid power systems

• Research and development efforts on energy storage are focused on reducing

cost, space, and weight; and increasing life-span.

Thank YouThank You

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