ad images: Representations Categories: each table: 1) femininity 2) masculinity, 3) class, 4), age, 5) vacation/entertainment/entertainment 6) other Identity patterns: create subcategories, including interactions across categories Note patterns/themes on post-its Reflect on how images influence your identity construction Reflect on limitations of categories
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Exhibits: Magazine ad images: Representations
Exhibits: Magazine ad images: Representations
Categories: each table: 1) femininity 2) masculinity, 3) class, 4), age, 5) vacation/entertainment/entertainment 6) otherIdentity patterns: create subcategories, including interactions across categoriesNote patterns/themes on post-itsReflect on how images influence your identity constructionReflect on limitations of categories
Categories: each table: 1) femininity 2) masculinity, 3) class, 4), age, 5) vacation/entertainment/entertainment 6) otherIdentity patterns: create subcategories, including interactions across categoriesNote patterns/themes on post-itsReflect on how images influence your identity constructionReflect on limitations of categories
Representation as Re-presentRepresentation as Re-present
Media do not simply reflect/mirror “reality”Media create or re-present a new reality
“Reality” shows as a television “reality” drama
Media “mediate” how we construct our lives
Fashion magazine models mediate how they define their identities based on feminity
Media do not simply reflect/mirror “reality”Media create or re-present a new reality
“Reality” shows as a television “reality” drama
Media “mediate” how we construct our lives
Fashion magazine models mediate how they define their identities based on feminity
Stereotyping: Fixes/limits Meaning (Hall)
Stereotyping: Fixes/limits Meaning (Hall)
Stereotypes limits meanings assigned to groupsShapes perceptions of that groupLeaves out/over-generalizes meaning“Scientists as nerds”/ “Native Americans as alcoholics”
Contesting stereotypes by increasing diversity of images that open up new possibilities of identity
“Where do images come from?”“Who produces images?”“How is meaning closed down in representation?”“Who is silenced in the production of images?”
Stereotypes limits meanings assigned to groupsShapes perceptions of that groupLeaves out/over-generalizes meaning“Scientists as nerds”/ “Native Americans as alcoholics”
Contesting stereotypes by increasing diversity of images that open up new possibilities of identity
“Where do images come from?”“Who produces images?”“How is meaning closed down in representation?”“Who is silenced in the production of images?”
Problem of Essentializing GroupsProblem of Essentializing Groups
Essentializing differences in terms of gender, class, and race reflects stereotypes
“Boys always do X/girls do Y”“Working-class people are like X.”
Essentializing fails to consider variations in identities, contexts, and cultures
It is based on biological/behaviorist perspectives, rather than cultural perspectives
Essentializing differences in terms of gender, class, and race reflects stereotypes
“Boys always do X/girls do Y”“Working-class people are like X.”
Essentializing fails to consider variations in identities, contexts, and cultures
It is based on biological/behaviorist perspectives, rather than cultural perspectives
Gender as Performance vs. Essentialist CategoriesGender as Performance vs. Essentialist Categories
Problem of essentializing “male” versus “females” as biological conceptsGender as a cultural construction manifested through performance
Madonna as conflicted parody of gender stereotypes
Social contexts as constituted by gender Sports events as display of masculine performanceAfternoon talk shows as display of female agency
Problem of essentializing “male” versus “females” as biological conceptsGender as a cultural construction manifested through performance
Madonna as conflicted parody of gender stereotypes
Social contexts as constituted by gender Sports events as display of masculine performanceAfternoon talk shows as display of female agency
Construction of MasculinityConstruction of Masculinity
1780-1850: middle-class social practicesSeparation of work and “home” as distinct gendered realmsMen’s clubs/Christian community: moral commitment to serviceAustere dress vs.aristocratic dressFemales: associated with home
1780-1850: middle-class social practicesSeparation of work and “home” as distinct gendered realmsMen’s clubs/Christian community: moral commitment to serviceAustere dress vs.aristocratic dressFemales: associated with home
Representations of RaceRepresentations of Race
Power of white hegemony in film/mediaPredominating control/portrayal of whitesPeople of color not shown as subservient and not engaging in “human”/complex practicesBlaxploitation films perpetuated stereotypesBlacks still portrayed as criminals/ “sex slaves” as deviating from a white moral code system
Power of white hegemony in film/mediaPredominating control/portrayal of whitesPeople of color not shown as subservient and not engaging in “human”/complex practicesBlaxploitation films perpetuated stereotypesBlacks still portrayed as criminals/ “sex slaves” as deviating from a white moral code system
Representations of “the Other”Representations of “the Other”
Representations of the Other reflect the operations of powerSaid, “Orientalism”: representations of the Orient from a European perspective
Orient as backward, mysterious, deviantPresupposes European superiority
Media representations of gays as “different”
Representations of the Other reflect the operations of powerSaid, “Orientalism”: representations of the Orient from a European perspective
Orient as backward, mysterious, deviantPresupposes European superiority
Media representations of gays as “different”
Representation and ageRepresentation and age
Representations of elderly as out-of-touch and dependent
Example: Grandpa on The Simpsons
Representations of adolescents as self-indulgent and irresponsible
Example: the “Goonies”
Representations of elderly as out-of-touch and dependent
Example: Grandpa on The Simpsons
Representations of adolescents as self-indulgent and irresponsible
Example: the “Goonies”
Representation of urban vs. suburban worldsRepresentation of urban vs. suburban worlds
Representations of urban worlds as dangerous, crime-ridden, poorRepresentations of suburbia as bucolic, safe escape from urban worldOr, representation of suburbia as shallow, conformist, uniform “cooker cutter” world
Representations of urban worlds as dangerous, crime-ridden, poorRepresentations of suburbia as bucolic, safe escape from urban worldOr, representation of suburbia as shallow, conformist, uniform “cooker cutter” world
Discourse of “business manageralism”Discourse of “business manageralism”
Distanced, technocratic stances “which disallows the speaking of concern, of welfare, of collective experience” (Norman Fairclough, 2003)Teachers as part of a larger corporate structure
Emphasizes productivity and efficiency
Disallows teachers from expressing alternative voices or perspectives
Need for “measurable” standards Statistical measures as objective representations of learning
Distanced, technocratic stances “which disallows the speaking of concern, of welfare, of collective experience” (Norman Fairclough, 2003)Teachers as part of a larger corporate structure
Emphasizes productivity and efficiency
Disallows teachers from expressing alternative voices or perspectives
Need for “measurable” standards Statistical measures as objective representations of learning