October 1971 - Sciencescience.sciencemag.org/content/sci/174/4004/local/ed...I October 1971, Volume 174, Nu AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE Science serves its readers

October 1971

Vol. 174, No. 4004

LETTERS Hither the University: J. J. Griffin; J. G. Kaplan; S. G. McNall; G. E. Pake

Dictation to Science by Laymen: V. Bush

ARTICLES Ship Canals and Aquatic Ecosystems: W. I. Aron and S. H. Smith

Can Science Survive in the Modern Age?: H. Brooks ..........................

Change in Argonne National Laboratory: A Case Study: A. Mozley ...........

NEWS AND COMMENT

RESEARCH TOPICS

BOOK REVIEWS

Le Vaudreuil: French Experiment in Urbanism without Tears ....................

Manpower: Federal Register of Scientists "Discontinued" ......................

Vermont: Forced to Figure in Big Power Picture ...........................

OEO Hedges on Kentucky Program .................

Aspirin: New Perspective on Everyman's Medicine .............................

Primate Societies, reviewed by J. Loy; other reviews by T. J. M. Schopf,N. S. Sutherland, R. S. Westfall .......................................

REPORTS Space Groups Not Always Derivable by Parallelohedra and Subdivision intoStereohedra: W. Nowacki ................. ..... ..

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EDITORIAL

Primordial Oil Slick: A. C. Lasaga, H. D. Holland, M. J. Dwyer .................. 53Fecal Pellets: Role in Sedimentation of Pelagic Diatoms: H.-J. Schrader ....... 55Intrarenal Formation of Angiotensin 1: H. D. Itskovitz and C. Odya .58Uroporphyrinogen III Cosynthetase Activity in the Fox Squirrel (Sciurus niger):E. Y. Levin and V. Flyger .59Linkage Groups II and XII of the Mouse: Cytological Localization byFluorochrome Staining: M. Nesbitt and U. Francke .60Persistent Increase in Brain Serotonin Turnover after Chronic Administration ofLSD in the Rat: J.-L. Diaz and M. 0. Huttunen .62Nonconversion of o,p'-DDT to p,p'-DDT in Rats, Sheep, Chickens, and Quail:J. Bitman, H. C. Cecil, G. F. Fries ...................................... 64Methamphetamine-Induced Insulin Release: E. M. McMahon et al. 66Kinetic Path of Genes Undergoing Selection: H. N. Kirkman ..68Immunochemical Detection of Minor Bases in Nucleic Acids:D. L. Sawicki, B. F. Erlanger, S. M. Beiser ..................... ........ 70Microwave Absorption by Normal and Tumor Cells: S. J. Webb and A. D. Booth .. 72Morphine Tolerance and Dependence Induced by Intraventricular Injection:E. Eidelberg and C. A. Barstow . .... 74Sex Attractant Pheromone of the House Fly: Isolation, Identification,and Synthesis: D. A. Carlson et al .76Technical Comments: Natural Occurrence of Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters:D. H. Calam; J. L. Laseter and J. D. Weete .78

ASSOCIATION AFFAIRS Polar Deserts: T. L. Smiley and J. H. Zumberge; Experimental Manipulation ofNatural Systems: W. E. Cooper ...................................... 79

AEtE~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~... ;~j1:!a..,. , GCOVER

Fox squirrel (Sciurus niger). Thebones of these squirrels are stained redby uroporphyrin I, an abnormal por-phyrin which accumulates because of

~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~a partial deficiency of the enzyme uro-y~~~~~~~~~~~.$ w. porph rnoe III cosynthetase. A

similar enzyme dleficiency occurs ithe human and bovine disease, con-i | | 2| |ggSEggenital erythropoietic porphyria. Seeie1l l page 59. [Bill Clark, University ofMaryland]

I October 1971, Volume 174, Nu

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FORTHE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE

Science serves its readers as a forum for thepresentation and discussion of important issuesrelated to the advancement of science, includingthe presentation of minority or conflicting pointsof view, rather than by publishing only materialon which a consensus has been reached. Accord-ingly, all articles published in Science-includingeditorials, news and comment. and book reviews-are signed and reflect the individual views of theauthors and not official points of view adopted bythe AAAS or the institutions with which the authorsare affiliated.

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THOMAS EISNERAMITAI ETZIONIEMIL HAURYDANIEL KOSHLAND. JR.

ALFRED BROWNJAMES F. CROWTHOMAS KUHNELLIOTT W. MONTROLL

1971

NEAL MILLERBRUCE MURRAYJOHN R. PIERCEMAXINE SINGER

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BAZELL, DEBORAH SHAPLEY, ROBERT GILLETTE, NICH-OLAS WADE. CONSTANCE HOLDEN, SCHERRAINE MACK

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imber 4004 SCIENCES

Dictation to Science by Laymen

There is the danger that there will be overemphasis on the appliedphase of science, for the public is alert to the tangible benefits to be had

from it, but hardly realizes the fact that they are all dependent uponlong-term advance in fundamental science. . . . As a people we are

strongly philotechnical, we have always excelled in the applied, we have

not turned with the same success to more philosophical matters....There is also a danger that control of funds may occasion injurious

dictation to science by laymen. The fact that this is a somewhat subtle

matter renders the danger much greater. In applying science it is often

correct that a group of laymen should set the general objectives-inindustrial research, for example, where men of diverse backgrounds andinterest need to meet with the scientists and engineers in order to create

a program that is sound from the standpoint of the industry. . . . The

danger is that this lay participation will go beyond its appropriate func-

tion, enter into the methods themselves, and seek to influence the choice

of the particular paths to be followed. If a scientist is really competentin his field, he knows better than anyone else how, in the exceedinglycomplex situation surrounding the frontier of knowledge, to single out

an approach which may lead toward great attainment. Interference with

him by any individual, board, or committee as he thus determines his

way annoys him greatly, and should. The finding of the path is one of

the finer parts of his art; in fact his rise to eminence depends very de-

cidedly upon the wisdom with which he can thus choose.

To illustrate, there is today in this country a great urge to clear uponce and for all at least the worst aspects of the great curse of cancer.

Moreover, because of recent advances, new approaches of promise exist.

Certainly funds poured into this field at the present time are well in-

vested. Yet how does one proceed from here? One method favorablyknown to Americans because of the great advances which it has pro-duced in applied science is to assemble a group of highly intelligentcitizens, to build up great laboratories and install therein competentscientists, and to create patterns of effort paralleling those that havebeen successful in large industrial laboratories, with the single aim of

finding a cure. But there is an alternative method, recommended by its

admirable results in fundamental research. This is to select scientific

men of great power-men who are thus regarded by their colleagues-and see to it that they get every bit of support which they can utilize

effectively, in their own undertakings, and in accordance with their own

plans. Such an effort should cover every contributory field, and hence

the entire science of man's physical and chemical constituttion and growth.It might be that the first method would find a solution-such things do

happen. The question is essentially one of timing. If investigation of

cancer has come to the stage of applied research, then the organizedapproach is entirely sound. If that investigation is still in the stage de-

manding fundamental research-and the evidence emphatically indicatesthat it is-then the second method is the one to follow. Through it, byand large, have come the great accomplishments in fundamental science,and it is sure to bring restults in the long run, in many fields of applica-tion at once, and over a broad range. The characteristic and productiveurge of Americans to move swiftly into applied research for immediateand practical results could easily lead to the ignoring of this vital fact.-VANNEVAR BUSH, 304 Marsh Street, Belmont, Massachusetts 02178

Excerpts from Report of the President, Carnegie Institution of Washington Year BookNo. 45, for the year 1945-1946, pages 1-13. Issued 13 December 1946.