Observer Scanner Training Navigational Elements Section 5 by 1st Lt. Alan Fenter.

Observer Scanner Training

Navigational ElementsSection 5

by 1st Lt. Alan Fenter

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Section 1: Great & Small Circles

Objective:Discuss the earth as a sphere, and define “great circle” and “small circle”.

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Great & Small Circles A great circle is an

imaginary circle on the surface of a sphere whose center and radius are those of the sphere itself.

Small circles are just other than Great circles.

Diameter through the poles is 27 miles smaller than the size of the equator.

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What is the difference in size of the equator and a diameter from one pole to another?Diameter between the poles is 27

miles smaller than at the equator.

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Why is it safe to assume the earth is a perfect sphere for navigation purposes?

Because we are navigating small distances compared to the

entire earth’s surface

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Define great circle and small circle and give an example of each.

A Great circle is an imaginary circle on the surface of a sphere whose center and radius are those of the sphere itself. (Longitude or Equator)

Small circles are just other than Great circles. (latitude other than equator)

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Section 2: Lines of Reference

Objective:Complete statements concerning position as determined by lines of longitude and latitude.

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Lines of Reference

These lines are known as Parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude

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Latitude & Longitude

The location of the latitude is determined by figuring the angle at the center of the earth between the latitude and the equator.

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The imaginary lines used to locate positions on the earth are called parallels of _____________ and meridians of _____________.

Latitude

Longitude

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The great circle midway between the poles is the ________.equator

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All other latitudes are ______ _______.Small Circles

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The identification number of a latitude is determined by the angle at the center of the earth between the latitude and the _________.equator

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Since there are 2 latitudes in each hemisphere with the same number, the designators ____ and ____ are used to tell the difference.

N S

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Longitudes indicate ____-____ location.East West

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Longitude is measured from Greenwich, England, whose line of longitude is known as the ______ ________.Prime Meridian

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Section 3: Locating a Position

Objective:Complete statements concerning the locating of positions using longitude and latitude lines, and determining the direction a craft will fly.

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The highest degree of latitude is ____ and of longitude is ____.

90180

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A degree of latitude or longitude can be subdivided into _______ and _______.minutes seconds

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The lines east or west of the prime meridian are called _________.longitude

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The position of one point relative to another without reference to distance between them is called _________.direction

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The old direction compass for air navigation has been replaced by a new one called ______________.Compass Rose

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Section 4: Navigational Terminology

Objective:Match terminology of direction with the proper meaning.

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Intended horizontal direction of travel

Course Distance

Heading Kilometer

Nautical Mile Speed

Statute Mile 87 1.15

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The horizontal direction in which an aircraft is pointed.

Course Distance

Heading Kilometer

Nautical Mile Speed

Statute Mile 87 1.15

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Measured by the length of a line joining two points.

Course Distance

Heading Kilometer

Nautical Mile Speed

Statute Mile 87 1.15

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Most common unit for measuring distance in navigation

Course Distance

Heading Kilometer

Nautical Mile Speed

Statute Mile 87 1.15

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Common distance of 5,280 feet.

Course Distance

Heading Kilometer

Nautical Mile Speed

Statute Mile 87 1.15

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Measure of distance in Europe.

Course Distance

Heading Kilometer

Nautical Mile Speed

Statute Mile 87 1.15

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The rate of change of position measured in miles per hour.

Course Distance

Heading Kilometer

Nautical Mile Speed

Statute Mile 87 1.15

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Used to convert statute miles to nautical miles.

Course Distance

Heading Kilometer

Nautical Mile Speed

Statute Mile 87 1.15

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Used to convert nautical miles to statute miles.

Course Distance

Heading Kilometer

Nautical Mile Speed

Statute Mile 87 1.15

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Time

EasternCentral

Mountain

Pacific

360 degrees/24 hours = 15 degrees of longitude

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What three units of measurement other than degrees used in longitude and latitude?

Hours, Minutes, and Seconds

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How many degrees of longitude or latitude are represented by one hour?

15

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What is the name of the line of longitude where time zones begin?

Prime Meridian

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Is the time earlier or later in time zones east of a specific zone?

later

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Name the four time zones in the adjacent 48 states.

1. Eastern

2. Central

3. Mountain

4. Pacific