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C. Douglas Phillips, MD FACR Director of Head and Neck Imaging Weill Cornell Medical Center NewYorkPresbyterian Hospital
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Objectives - NYP

Feb 01, 2022

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Page 1: Objectives - NYP

C. Douglas Phillips, MD FACRDirector of Head and Neck ImagingWeill Cornell Medical CenterNewYork‐Presbyterian Hospital

Page 2: Objectives - NYP

Objectives

Review basics of head and neck imagingDiscuss our spatial approach to head and neck imagingDescribe appearance of tumors and normal and abnormal lymph nodesReview some basic of imaging pitfalls and limitations for CT and MR

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CT or MR?

Basic question is always same: What information do we hope to gain?

Presence or absence of tumorPresence or absence of nodal diseaseExtent of neoplasm

Our tools in this eraCTMRPET and/or PET‐CT (PET‐MR)

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Basics of H&N Imaging

Use easiest, most reliable and reproducible technique Know patient’s limitationsCT usually wins 

Quick, accessible, inexpensive, reproducible, reliable

MR may provide additional/confirmatory evidence and may be more sensitive for some disease or disease spread

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Spatial Approach to H&N  Imaging

Cross‐sectional imaging revolutionized our approach to diagnosesSegmentation of anatomic regions by layers of deep cervical fasciaOther anatomic divisions still of importance, but spatial approach narrows differential

Page 6: Objectives - NYP

Traditional Anatomic  Regions

NasopharynxOropharynxOral cavityHypopharynxLarynxSuprahyoid and infrahyoid neckSinonasal cavity

Page 7: Objectives - NYP

Traditional thinking

Spatial approach: Ideal for 

cross‐sectional imaging

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Spatial Approach

Pharyngeal mucosal spaceCarotid spaceParapharyngeal spaceMasticator spaceParotid spaceBuccal spacePrevertebral, perivertebral spaceRetropharyngeal space

Page 9: Objectives - NYP

CT of H&N Tumors

Lesions depicted by 2 major mechanismsDistortion of normal anatomy (morphology)Differential enhancement

Typical SCCa appearanceCombination of infiltrative and exophytic massHeterogeneous enhancementUniform enhancement is atypical, and suggests other diagnoses

Page 10: Objectives - NYP

Oral Tongue SCCa with  Bilateral Nodal Disease

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MR of H&N Tumors

Similar depiction to CT, but with key advantage of MR in depicting signal changes of tumorTypical SCCa appearance

Hypointense but heterogeneous on T2Hypointense on T1Other characteristics (mass and enhancement) as seen on CT

Page 12: Objectives - NYP

T2 T2

T1 T1 C+

Page 13: Objectives - NYP

CT of Nodal Disease

Three key elements of identifying pathologic lymph nodes

SizeMultiple systems are utilizedLevels 1 and 2 ‐ > 1.5 cm axial diameterAll other internal jugular chain nodes ‐ > 1 cmRetropharyngeal nodes ‐ >5 mm

Enhancement characteristicsEvidence of extracapsular disease (capsular penetration)

Page 14: Objectives - NYP

MR of Nodal Disease

System is not as well studiedSize as per CT criteriaEnhancement is poorly understoodNormal nodes may heterogeneously enhanceCorrelate non‐enhancing areas with T2 signal 

Central nodal T2 hyperintensityExtracapsular disease often overestimated

Page 15: Objectives - NYP
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IBIB

IIA IIA

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IB IB

IIA IIA

IIBIIB

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Level III Nodes

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Level IV Nodes

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IB IB

IIA IIA

IIBIIB

VV

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Pathologic Level V Node

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Level VI Node

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Pathologic Level VI Node

Page 24: Objectives - NYP

PET‐CT

Adds dimension of physiologic information (“molecular imaging”)Metabolic activity of tissue on standardized scale

SUV or standardized uptake valueMany use cut‐off of 2.5 for malignancyCan be much higher in metabolically active muscles and some other tissuesNOT A BE‐ALL, END‐ALL VALUE

Page 25: Objectives - NYP

SCCa Oral Tongue

Page 26: Objectives - NYP

Residual Disease Following  Chemo‐RT

Page 27: Objectives - NYP

SCCa of Tongue: Less  Significance of Artifact

Page 28: Objectives - NYP

PET‐CT in H&N Cancer

Has proven useful in most SCCa initial evaluation and in follow upVery useful in lymphoma evaluationLess useful for several other malignancies

Still being studiedNotorious undercall of AdCysticCaThyroid disease is very topical, and new developments are now showing greater promise

False positives must always be considered

Page 29: Objectives - NYP

Fake‐Out: Melanoma Primary,  Dental Abscess

Page 30: Objectives - NYP

Layers of Deep Cervical  Fascia Defines Spaces

Page 31: Objectives - NYP

Named Spaces of Suprahyoid  Neck

Page 32: Objectives - NYP

PPS: PleomorphicAdenomaPostero‐ lateral flattening ‐

parotid

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RPS: Anterior Displacement of  PPS

Page 34: Objectives - NYP

MS: Odontogenic Lesions  (Abscess)

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PS: Mucoepidermoid  Carcinoma

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PS: Benign Lesions ‐ Warthin’s Tumor

Page 37: Objectives - NYP

INFRAHYOID NECK: Major  Fascial Spaces

VisceralThyroid, parathyoids, aerodigestive tract, paratracheal nodes

CarotidRetropharyngealPerivertebralPosterior cervical

Page 38: Objectives - NYP
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CT

Page 40: Objectives - NYP

CT

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Hyoid Bone Level

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High Supraglottic Level

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Mid‐Supraglottic Level

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Low Supraglottic Level

Page 46: Objectives - NYP

Glottic Level

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Subglottic Level

Page 48: Objectives - NYP

GlotticSCCa

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TransglotticSCCa

Page 50: Objectives - NYP

CN V2 – Adenoid Cystic Ca 

of Palate

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Important Imaging Points

Radiology dictum is describe full extent of primary disease and evaluate scanned volume for metastasisIn H&N cancer, this should include review of cervical lymph nodesGreat undiagnosed condition is PNS of H&N malignancies

Critical prognostic informationFailure to see almost guarantees undertreatment

Page 53: Objectives - NYP

Conclusions

Cross sectional imaging is best evaluated by a spatial approachKnowledge of spaces can narrow differential diagnosesCT, MR and PET‐CT can contribute to initial evaluation and play key roles in follow up of patients with H&N cancer