OBAT KANKER.ppt

8/16/2019 OBAT KANKER.ppt

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SEL


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MITOSIS


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Interphase, which appears to the eye to be a resting stage between cell

divisions, is actually a period of diverse activities. Those interphase activities

are indispensible in making the next mitosis possible.

Interphase: Interphase generally lasts at least 12 to 24 hours in mammalian

tissue. uring this period, the cell is constantly synthesi!ing "#$, producing

protein and growing in si!e. %y studying molecular events in cells, scientists

have determined that interphase can be divided into 4 steps& 'ap ( )'(*,

'ap 1 )'1*, + )synthesis* phase, 'ap 2 )'2*.

Gap 0 (G0)& There are times when a cell will leave the cycle and uit

dividing. This may be a temporary resting period or more permanent. $n

example of the latter is a cell that has reached an end stage of development

and will no longer divide )e.g. neuron*.

Gap 1 (G1)& -ells increase in si!e in 'ap 1, produce "#$ and synthesi!e

protein. $n important cell cycle control mechanism activated during this

period )'1 -heckpoint* ensures that everything is ready for #$ synthesis.

)see -heckpoints , above.*


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S Phase& To produce two similar daughter cells, the complete #$ instructions inthe cell must be duplicated. #$ replication occurs during this + )synthesis*

phase.

Gap 2 (G2)& uring the gap between #$ synthesis and mitosis, the cell will

continue to grow and produce new proteins. $t the end of this gap is another

control checkpoint )'2 -heckpoint* to determine if the cell can now proceed to

enter )mitosis* and divide.

M Phase& -ell growth and protein production stop at this stage in the cell cycle. $ll

of the cell/s energy is focused on the complex and orderly division into two similar

daughter cells. itosis is much shorter than interphase, lasting perhaps only one

to two hours. $s in both '1 and '2, there is a -heckpoint in the middle of mitosis

)etaphase -heckpoint* that ensures the cell is ready to complete cell division


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Types of -hemotherapy

-0$++II-$TI#+ -3T3"$56& $ccording to $-TI#, the

effect the agent has on the cell. -hemo therapeutic agents are also

described as cell cycle specific and cell cycle non specific. cycle

CELL CYCLE SPECIFIC& chemo agent works to kill cells in a specific

phase of cell growth. $gents have been developed to target specific

phases. uch research has been done on this.

CELL CYCLE NON-SPECIFIC& eans it does not depend on a specific

cycle but affects the cell at all phases.


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Al!lat"n# a#ent

$lkylating agents are most active in the resting phase of the

cell.These types of drugs are $ell-$!$le n%n-spe$"&"$. There areseveral types of alkylating agents used in chemotherapy

treatments

1. ustard gas derivatives& echlorethamine, -yclophosphamide,

-hlorambucil, elphalan, and Ifosfamide.

2. thylenimines& Thiotepa and 3examethylmelamine.7. $lkylsulfonates& %usulfan.

4. 3ydra!ines and Tria!ines& $ltretamine, 5rocarba!ine, acarba!ine

and Temo!olomide.

8. #itrosureas& -armustine, 0omustine and +trepto!ocin.

#itrosureas are uniue because, unlike most types of chemotreatments, they can cross the blood9brain barrier. They can be

useful in treating brain tumors.

:. etal salts& -arboplatin, -isplatin, and xaliplatin.


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Plant Alkaloids

5lant alkaloids are chemotherapy treatments derived made from

certain types of plants. The vinca alkaloids are made from the

periwinkle plant )catharanthus rosea*. The taxanes are made from thebark of the 5acific 6ew tree )taxus*. The vinca alkaloids and taxanes

are also known as antimicrotubule agents. The podophyllotoxins are

derived from the ay apple plant. -amptothecan analogs are derived

from the $sian ;3appy Tree; )-amptotheca acuminata*.

5odophyllotoxins and camptothecan analogs are also known astopoisomerase inhibitors, which are used in certain types of

chemotherapy. The plant alkaloids are $ell-$!$le spe$"&"$. This

means they attack the cells during various phases of division.

1' "n$a alal%"s: "n$r"st"ne* "n+last"ne an "n%rel+"ne'

2' Ta,anes: Pa$l"ta,el an %$eta,el'.' P%%ph!ll%t%,"ns: Et%p%s"e an Ten"s%p"e'

/' Capt%the$an anal%#s: Ir"n%te$an an T%p%te$an'


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1. $nthracyclines& oxorubicin, aunorubicin, pirubicin,

2. itoxantrone, and Idarubicin.

7. -hromomycins& actinomycin and 5licamycin.

4. iscellaneous& itomycin and %leomycin.

$ntitumor antibiotics are chemo treatments made from natural products

produced by species of the soil fungus +treptomyces. These drugs act

during multiple phases of the cell cycle and are considered $ell-$!$le

spe$"&"$' There are several types of antitumor antibiotics&

Antitumor Antibiotics


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Antimetabolites

$ntimetabolites are types of chemotherapy treatments that are

very similar to normal substances within the cell.


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G2 an M-phase spe$"&"$ a#ents:

"n$a alal%"s* ("n$r"st"ne* "n+last"ne)*

Ta,anes (pa$l"ta,el* %$eta,el)*

le%!$"n

S phase spe$"&"$ a#ents:Ant"eta+%l"tes (eth%tre,ate* 3-&l4%r%ra$"l* 3-&l4%r%e%,!4r""ne*

$!tara+"ne* #e$"ta+"ne)* 5!r%,!4rea* t%p%"s%erase I "nh"+"t%rs

("r"n%te$an* t%p%te$an)* T%p%"s%erase II "nh"+"t%rs (e$t%p%s"e*

ten"p%s"e* anathra$!$l"nes)6 p4r"ne an p!r"""ne anal%#s

SAMPLE of CANCER SPESIFIC PHASE DRUG

77777777


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how influence increase of pressure oxigen to cancer growth.

OBAT KANKER.ppt

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