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ORGANAISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR BY S.SUNDARESAN/AP(SRG)/TXT/KCT/CBE

Introduction and Historical Background1. All the following are organization characteristics excepta. No cooperation b. A bounded systemc. Structured social interaction d. Authority relationships2. Which of the following statements is correct about organizational theory and organizational behavior?a. Organizational behavior focuses on organizational designb. Organizational behavior draws from anthropology and social psychologyc. Organizational theory draws from political scienced. Organizational theory and organizational behavior are independent of each other3. Each of the following is true about a manager using theories and concepts as a photographer uses camera lenses excepta. Using a single theory from a group of theories falls between a wide-angle and telephoto lensb. Using entire motivation theories is the same as using a wide-angle lensc. Using a single concept is the same as using a telephoto lensd. Managers do not switch from one theory or concept (lens) to another theory or concept (lens) while analyzing and solving organizational problems4. A plant manager uses an efficiency rating to measure a department's performance. Foremen falsify their efficiency reports to get high ratings. This is aa. Latent dysfunctional consequence b. Latent functional consequencec. Manifest dysfunctional consequence d. Manifest functional consequence5. Which of the following statements is false about scientific management (Taylor)?a. Scientifically select workers and give them standardized tools to do their jobb. Scientific management contrasted with most views of management at the timec. Workers should do the planning and the doing of the workd. Managers should make task assignments and set performance goals6. Each of the following is a basic management idea or concept in the theory of administration (Fayol) excepta. Bureaucracy b. Planningc. Unity of command d. Centralization7. Which of the following is not a feature of bureaucracy (Weber) that made it an efficient organizational form?a. Loosely defined functions b. Hierarchical formc. Technically trained bureaucrats d. Written rules and procedures8. All the following are early observations on organizations and management by Mary Parker Follett excepta. Power-with b. Power-overc. Leaders are tenacious and steady during stormy times d. Delegation of authority9. Which of the following concepts or statements is false about the views from The Functions of the Executive (Barnard)?a. Contributions and inducementsb. People join organizations when their contributions slightly exceed the inducementsc. Motivation to perform d. Purposes and limitations

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10. Which of the following observations is not part of Peter Drucker's work?a. Goals as a source of a manager's self-control b. Management by objectives (MBO)c. Most people like to work d. Forming alliances, partnerships, and joint ventures across national boundaries11. Which of the following is false about the characteristics of modern organizations?a. Have little global focus b. Face simultaneous pressures for stability and changec. Some employees will find such organizations stressful d. Use the Internet to manage external interactions12. Each statement below about the Hawthorne Studies is true excepta. Secondary analyses of the studies' original data supported using monetary incentives to get higher productivityb. The Hawthorne Studies motivated further understanding of human behavior in organizationsc. Empathic management behavior leads to more productivity than directive management behaviord. The studies had strong research designs that allowed solid conclusions13. One statement below about Theory X or Theory Y (McGregor) is incorrect.a. Theory Y: A person committed to work goals will work toward them without external controlb. Theory X: People like to workc. Theory Y: Lack of ambition is not a basic human qualityd. Theory X: The average person desires security and avoids responsibility14. Which of the following is not part of a view (Drucker) of organizational governance and management integrity?a. A board of directors should not review senior management's plansb. Integrity is a critical part of a manager's characterc. Effective governance requires a strongly independent and diverse board of directorsd. An organization's board of directors should take action in times of crisisThe Context of Modern Organizations (Diversity, Quality, Technology, International)15. Which of the following is not a dimension of workforce diversity?a. Affirmative action b. Religionc. Union status d. Ethnic background16. Which of the following statements is false?a. Managing diversity does not try to harness the potential of a diverse workforceb. Managing for diversity forces major changes on an organizationc. An organization's diverse workforce can give it a competitive advantaged. Valuing diversity means managers actively try to build a diverse workforce17. Pick the incorrect statement about quality management.a. Quality management is a philosophy of managementb. Quality management is a system of management with tools and techniques that help manage for qualityc. Quality management builds strong ties with suppliers and customersd. Quality management tries occasionally to improve the quality of an organization's product or service

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18. Which of the following is true about quality management?a. Quality management has a short-term focusb. Quality management applies to all types of organizationsc. Quality management cares more about cost than continuous quality improvementd. Quality management has its roots in military organizations19. All the following new and emerging technologies will become part of the context of modern organizations excepta. Wave division multiplexing b. Wireless technology on airplanesc. Push-button telephones d. Electronically based measurement systems20. Each of the following is a future organization and management characteristic excepta. Thorough understandng of customer needs and desires b. Compete in globally diverse marketsc. Little involvement in Internet commerce d. Growing use of virtual organizations21. Which of the following statements is false about the global environment of organizations?a. Modern managers must think beyond their domestic environment in ways never before requiredb. Global markets will have fewer interconnections in the futurec. Transnational organizations that see no national boundaries will increasingly emerge in the futured. The entire planet becomes a source of markets, labor, and materials22. All but one of the following are issues raised by a global management focus.a. Cultural differences exist in people's spatial orientationsb. Forming partnerships with local people can help overcome language differencesc. Managers face strong issues about the values they want in their globally dispersed operationsd. Few cultural differences exist in people's time orientations23. Which of the following is false about countries that vary in uncertainty avoidance and power distance?a. High uncertainty avoidance and lower power distance countries (Austria, Germany, Israel) like rules to guide behavior and let managers settle exceptional mattersb. Low uncertainty avoidance and high power distance countries (China, Malaysia, Singapore) rely on simple organizational forms and direct supervisionc. Countries in the middle of the two dimensions (Netherlands, Canada, United States) rely on top management to coordinate activities and specify resultsd. Low uncertainty avoidance and lower power distance countries (Denmark, Sweden, Republic of Ireland) rely on direct interpersonal interactions for coordination24. Which of the following organizational policies is not affected by workforce diversity?a. Day care b. Performance goalsc. Daily spoken language d. Social activities25. Each of the following is a quality management tool or technique excepta. Quality function deployment b. Checksheetc. Variance analysis d. Cause and effect diagram

Ethics and Behavior in Organizations26. According to an ethic of care, the first stage of individual moral development isa. Principled b. Self-sacrificingc. Reflective understanding d. Self-focused

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27. According to an ethic of justice, the most advanced stage of individual moral development isa. Preconventional b. Conventionalc. Principled d. Reflective understanding28. Which of the following is false about ethics and modern management?a. Modern managers will feel growing pressure to behave ethicallyb. There are clear standards for judging ethical and unethical behaviorc. Questions of ethics surround many management decisionsd. Managers often navigate a “moral maze” in their decision-making processes29. Pick the incorrect answer from the following.a. Ethical behavior is right; unethical behavior is wrongb. The judgment of right and wrong comes from the guidelines of a specific ethics theoryc. The distinction between subjectively and objectively ethical behaviors can cause confusion and controversyd. Few conflicts can arise between a person who believes he or she behaved ethically and those observing the behavior30. All the following are part of the utilitarianism theory of ethics excepta. Utilitarianism asks a person to examine the effects of the person's actions to decide whether the action is morally correctb. Utilitarianism assumes a person can know and assess all costs and benefits of his or her actionsc. Utilitarianism easily works with hard-to-quantify valuesd. An action is morally right if the total net benefit of the action exceeds the total net benefit of any other action31. Which of the following is false about a rights-based view of ethics?a. Negative rights allow interfering with another person's rightsb. Rights can exist because of an ethical standardc. People have a moral duty to respect the rights of othersd. Rights are a moral justification for one's actions32. _______ is a principle in the theory of distributive justice.a. Egoism b. Net benefits c. Fair equality of opportunity d. Reflective understanding33. Managing for ethical behavior includes each of the following excepta. Peer reporting of unethical behavior (whistle blowing) b. Positive rightsc. Ethical performance standards d. Decision procedures9. Which of the following does not apply to the legal and ethical views in the international context of managing?a. The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act b. Ethical realismc. Cultural relativism d. Egoism34. Which of the following is false about ethical egoism?a. A universal ethical egoist can consider the interests of othersb. Ethical egoism is among the oldest and simplest of Western ethical systemsc. An individual ethical egoist always considers other people's interests when assessing the effects of his or her actionsd. Some egoists will behave in a way they want other people to behave toward them

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35. Which of the following is an incorrect statement about “It's good business” to do business ethically?a. Ethical businesses develop reputations for concern about the societal effects of their decisionsb. Ethical businesses have a short-term view of ethical managementc. Ethical businesses can have short-term costs not borne by less ethical competitorsd. Ethical businesses likely face few regulatory efforts36. One statement below about ethical issues in organizational behavior is untrue.a. Ethical issue: managers have no obligation to reduce dysfunctional stressb. The organizational behavior topics in your textbook raise many ethical issuesc. Ethical issue: getting a person's free consent to use behavior-shaping processesd. Ethical issue: using behavioral knowledge to affect another person's behavior with their full knowledge of the manager's intent37. Pick the incorrect statement about ethics and moral philosophy.a. Ethical absolutism holds that an ethics system applies to all people everywhereb. Ethical relativism says that whatever a society or person believes is ethical defines ethical behaviorc. Ethics and moral philosophy do not reflect on how actions ought to be doned. Ethics and moral judgments can change over the course of human history38. Which is the incorrect statement about ethical values of societies?a. The languages of all societies distinguish between good and badb. Ethical systems have no important functions for a societyc. Ethical standards can be unwritten, as in preliterate societies, or written, as in literate societiesd. All societies have ethical standards that define the behavior they see as right, desirable, and good

Organizational Culture39. _______ are the most visible parts of an organization's culture.a. Basic assumptions b. Artifactsc. Espoused values d. In-use values40. Which of the following statements is false?a. Cultures can identify rules for power b. Cultures identify criteria for inclusion in a groupc. Cultures define the rewards managers use d. Cultures do not clarify the nature of peer relationships41. Which of the following is not a dysfunction of organizational culture?a. Culture defines group boundaries b. New technology may create resistance to changec. Culture can lead to resisting strategy change d. Merging incompatible cultures can create conflict42. An outsider can diagnose an organization's culture using each of the following excepta. Photographs b. Organizational storiesc. Annual reports d. Magazine articles43. Which of the following pieces of information is an insider least likely to use to diagnose an organization's culture?a. Stories and anecdotes b. Basis for promotions and raisesc. Photographs d. Activities and communication in meetings

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44. An organization with a cohesive culture will perform best under environmental circumstances ofa. Low complexity, low ambiguity b. Low complexity, high ambiguityc. High complexity, low ambiguity d. High complexity, high ambiguity45. Which of the following statements is false about some international aspects of organizational culture?a. Local cultures can shape the subcultures of globally dispersed organizationsb. Subcultures can form along national lines in multinational organizationsc. Managing multinational workforce diversity is not the same as managing domestic workforce diversityd. The cultural synergy view urges managers to view multinational diversity as a resource46. An organization with formal control processes such as policies and procedures will perform best under circumstances ofa. Low complexity, low uncertainty b. High complexity, low ambiguityc. High complexity, high ambiguity d. Low complexity, high ambiguity47. Pick the incorrect statement about creating an organizational culture.a. Often happens when managers form a new operating unitb. Socialization practices play a key role in developing a culturec. Ideology is a key tool for getting member commitment to an organization's visiond. Inconsistent cultural symbols will not affect creating a culture48. Which of the following statements is false about developing a moral dimension of organizational culture?a. It has a goal of making managers comfortable with discussing moral issues during decision makingb. Managers have the ethical dialogue once onlyc. It is the dimension that holds values and basic assumptions about including ethical dialogues in decision processesd. It makes ethical dialogues an explicit part of the organization's ideology49. The plurality organizational culture dimension emphasizes which of the following?a. Power systems b. Interconnectionsc. Presence of subcultures d. A widely dispersed organizational culture50. Which of the following statements is not true about perspectives and views of organizational culture?a. The fragmentation perspective emphasizes ambiguityb. The integration perspective emphasizes consensusc. The culture symbolism view emphasizes meaningsd. The differentiation perspective emphasizes consistency in values51. Each statement below about cultural symbolism is true excepta. Organization members find cultural symbols inefficient in summarizing meaning for themb. Cultural symbols capture emotional, ethical, and aesthetic meaningsc. Symbols are material, verbal, or action symbolsd. Cultural symbols bring order to otherwise complex processes and events

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52. Which of the following statements about organizational culture is false?a. Organizational culture has the content of what a new employee must learn to become an accepted organizational memberb. Organizational cultures typically are uniform, with few subcultures forming within themc. One can think of an organization's culture as similar to a country's cultured. A culture's content develops from the organization's adaptation to its external environment

Perception, Attitudes, and Personality53. Which of the following statements is false about the perceptual process?a. A person's perceptual process does not learn from repeated exposure to stimulib. The perceptual process includes inputs to the personc. A person selectively attends to inputsd. The perceptual process plays a role in a person's adaptation to a changing environment54. Self-perception has all the following parts excepta. Self-esteem b. Self-presentationc. Self-concept d. Distinctiveness information55. Which of the following is not a goal of self-presentation?a. Affect other people's impressions b. Increase a person's influence in a situationc. Attribution processes d. Ensure others have an accurate impression of the person56. Which of the following statements is false about attitudes?a. An attitude is a learned predisposition about an objectb. The three parts of an attitude are cognitive, affective, and behavioral intentionsc. Attitudes and behavior are not strongly connectedd. Only physical objects are the targets of an attitude57. Which of the following is not true about attitude formation? a. Early family upbringing has little effect on attitude formationb. Negative beliefs about attitude object lead to negative attitudesc. Positive beliefs about attitude object lead to positive attituded. The amount and type of information a person has affect attitude formation58. Each of the following is a persuasive communication process excepta. The target of attitude change must comprehend the messageb. Retention of the message is unimportant in the change processc. The target must accept the messaged. The persuasive communication must get the target's attention59. All but one of the following can change attitudes.a. Cognitive dissonance b. Social group normsc. Multiple cognitions d. Persuasive communication60. Which of the following statements is false about the major classes of personality theories?a. Operant-learning theory views people as learning behavior because external stimuli reinforce behaviorb. Behavior genetics says an individual's unique gene structure affects personality developmentc. Cognitive social-learning theory sees behavior as largely learned by observationd. Cognitive theory says people develop their thinking patterns as their lives unfold. This class of personality theory sees a child as unwittingly shaped by environmental influences

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61. Your organizational behavior textbook offered observations on all but one of the following stereotypes.a. Americans are energetic b. New Mexicans like green chilec. The Swiss are punctual d. Germans are task oriented62. Which of the following isfalse about perception and ethical behavior?a. Situational and personal attributions likely do not affect an observer's belief about another person's ethical behaviorb. Many people may have inaccurate stereotypes about the ethics of people with diverse backgroundsc. Some people deliberately manage their self-presentation to appear ethicald. Attribution errors can affect conclusions about who is responsible for an unethical act63. Which of the following is an incorrect statement about social perception?a. A perceiver can make attributions and integrate the attributions to form a final impressionb. When forming an impression of a person, a perceiver first observes the person, the situation, and the person's behaviorc. The perceiver likely will not form a quick impression by making a snap judgment about the observed persond. Social perception is the process by which people come to know and understand other people64. Pick the incorrect statement about emotions and emotional intelligence.a. Four dimensions define emotional intelligence including self-awareness and social awarenessb. Anger, surprise, and disgust are basic human emotionsc. Nonverbal communication plays an important role in emotional assessmentd. Behavior triggered by emotions happens slowly, with careful thought about why one behaves in a particular way65. A commercial airline pilot who is secure, relaxed, and calm while flying likely is high ina. Conscientiousness b. Extroversionc. Emotional stability d. Openness to experience66. A person who pauses to think about where he or she is headed in a career is likely which of the following personality types?a. Type B personality b. Machiavellianc. Type A personality d. External locus of control

Organizational Socialization67. Organizational socialization is a process with all but one of the following features. a. It does not let organizations put their imprint on individual membersb. It is the way people learn the content of an organization's culturec. It helps maintain and shape an organization's cultured. People learn the values and norms of an organization's culture through the socialization process68. Each of the following is a role episode characteristic excepta. The focal person perceives the desired role and tries to accurately engage in itb. Role episodes have a role sender and a focal personc. Role episodes repeat until the focal person accepts the desired behavior or leaves the organizationd. Role episodes do not communicate pivotal role behaviors

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69. Which of the following statements is false?a. Members of an organizational culture feel they should require some degree of conformity to important cultural valuesb. Differences in values and behaviors among organizational members can increase the potential for conflictc. Organizations should over-specify role behaviord. There is a constant interplay between socialization efforts and a person's desire for individualization70. Each of the following statements about socialization processes in the anticipatory stage is true excepta. The recruitment process gives people a set of expectations about the organizationb. Employment interviews do not affect expectations about the organizationc. Realistic job previews can give potential employees realistic expectations about the organizationd. Screening and selection devices are socialization processes for employees entering an organization or taking a new position71. Which of the following is the correct sequence for the stages of organizational socialization?a. Entry/encounter — metamorphosis — anticipatoryb. Anticipatory — metamorphosis — entry/encounterc. Metamorphosis — entry/encounter — anticipatoryd. Anticipatory — entry/encounter — metamorphosis72. Which of the following is an incorrect pair of organizational socialization stages and socialization processes?a. Entry/encounter stage, mentoring b. Anticipatory stage, recruitment activitiesc. Anticipatory stage, indoctrination programs d. Entry/encounter stage, training programs73. Which of the following statements is false about the results of the metamorphosis socialization stage?a. Content innovation is a form of rebellion and the employee usually leaves the organizationb. A custodial response occurs when an employee conforms to all role requirementsc. An organization's acceptance of role innovation keeps the innovation in the organizationd. A rebellious response features rejecting all socialization demands74. Each of the following statements about expatriate adjustment is true excepta. Employees are selected for overseas assignments based on their performance in the home countryb. There are few failures in overseas assignmentsc. Training for expatriates' spouses can help their adjustment to a foreign assignmentd. Some countries are more difficult to adapt to than others75. Which of the following statements is false about repatriate adjustments?a. Repatriation is often easier if the employee has a mentor in the home officeb. Benefits that are a part of international assignments can be dysfunctionalc. Almost no multinational organizations offer predeparture training to employees preparing for return to the home officed. Required visits to the home office will not help maintain accurate expectations about the home country

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76. Which of the following statements about realistic job previews is false?a. They are used as a socialization process during the entry/encounter stageb. They give negative and positive information to job applicantsc. They can reduce turnoverd. One method of realistic job preview is work site visits77. Which of the following is not a boundary transition dimension?a. Inclusionary b. Hierarchicalc. Metamorphosis d. Functional78. Which statement pair is incorrect?a. Fire department pivotal role behavior, reporting on time for work dutyb. Relevant role behavior, essential behavior for successful organizational membershipc. Peripheral role behavior, having stuffed figures of animated film characters in your officed. Role sender, reacts to a focal person's behavior 79. Each of the following socialization situations presents an ethical issue excepta. Realistic presentation of self to an organizationb. Realistic job preview by an organizationc. An organization's socialization process changes a person's values and behaviord. Telling employees about the potential effects of an organization's training program80. Pick the wrong statement pair.a. High levels of job-related skills, learn job duties quicklyb. Strong need for affiliation (social need), influence of workgroup membersc. High self-efficacy beliefs, custodial socialization responsed. Strong need for achievement (growth need), aggressively pursue new job duties

Need Theories81. Which of the following is false about the assumptions shared by motivation theories?a. The theories explain voluntary behaviorb. Behavior has a starting point, direction, and stopping pointc. The theories assume behavior is not randomd. The theories do not suggest ways managers can affect employee behavior.82. Which of the following assumptions is false about Murray's theory of human personality?a. People adapt to a changing environment b. Internal factors (needs) do not affect behaviorc. External environmental factors affect behavior d. Behavior is both purposeful and goal directed83. Which of the following statements is true about Murray's theory of human personality?a. Usually a single need decides a person's behaviorb. People cannot adapt to a changing environmentc. A person's behavior can try to satisfy needs that are opposites of each otherd. Needs only cause us to go toward objects we like84. Which of the following statements is false about the hierarchy of needs theory (Maslow)?a. Chronic frustration of needs has no ill effectsb. The next higher-level need can become important, while a lower level is only partially satisfiedc. Needs are not the only basis of human behaviord. A satisfied need is no longer a motivator

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85. Each of the following statements about the hierarchy of needs theory (Maslow) is true excepta. A satisfied need does not motivate behaviorb. People progress through the hierarchy in the same order without exceptionc. Behavior can focus on satisfying more than one need at a timed. The environment can affect behavior86. Which of the following is not part of E.R.G. theory?a. The theory says three needs motivate behavior: existence, relatedness, and growthb. The three needs form a hierarchy through which a person progressesc. Relatedness needs are the same as the belongingness and love needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs theoryd. The satisfaction — progression movement happens when a need is frustrated87. Which of the following is false about E.R.G. theory?a. Growth needs include the desire to develop additional capabilitiesb. A deficiency cycle can occur at the bottom of the hierarchyc. The theory says there is only one form of movement through the hierarchyd. A person who experiences the enrichment cycle wants to continually grow and develop88. Each of the following statements is true about McClelland's motivation theories excepta. Employees high in need for achievement value money as an end in itselfb. High need for power people can strongly affect othersc. High need for achievement employees want to feel responsible for their performance in challenging jobsd. Employees low in need for achievement value money as an end in itself89. Which of the following is false about motivator — hygiene theory (Herzberg)?a. Motivators include achievement and the work itselfb. Empirical research strongly supports the theoryc. Dissatisfiers and satisfiers fall on two different continuad. Company policies are a hygiene factor90. Which of the following pairs of needs and countries is incorrect?a. Security and belongingness and love (social) needs, Latin American countriesb. Self-actualization needs, India c. Belongingness and love (social) needs, Singapored. Security needs, Ireland91. Which of the following statements about motivation and motivation theories is false?a. Motivation theories give you tools for analyzing an organization's motivation systemb. Motivation is a psychological process that causes the arousal, direction, and persistence of voluntary goal-directed behaviorc. Motivation theories assume behavior is continuous with no stopping pointd. Understanding motivation theories can help managers build effective motivation systems in their organizations92. Which of the following ethical issues about the need theories of motivation have the most unclear ethical guidelines? a. Creating work environments and work experiences that let people satisfy their needsb. Managing multinational operations according to the needs of people in the host culturec. Managing multinational operations as if they were in their home cultured. Managers affecting people's behavior from knowledge of human motivation without their informed consent

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Motivation: Cognitive and Behavioral Theories and Techniques93. Which of the following statements about expectancy theory concepts is wrong?a. Valence is the preference people have for outcomesb. Extrinsic outcomes are rewards people receive from someone elsec. Blockages have two forms: individual and organizationald. Performance — outcome expectancy is the link between a person's effort and a desired performance level94. When a person's ratio of outputs to inputs is less than the perceived ratio of a comparison other, the person experiencesa. Negative inequity b. Positive inequityc. Equity sensitivity d. Equity95. Which of the following is false about equity theory?a. People try to balance the ratios of inputs to outcomes in an exchange relationshipb. Inputs are personal characteristics and behaviors that a person brings to the employment exchangec. Positive inequity happens when a person's ratio is less than the perceived ratio of a comparison otherd. A person can compare her or his ratio to an absolute standard of fairness96. Which of the following statements is false about goal-setting theory?a. Participation in goal setting is unimportant for goal acceptanceb. Feedback is not necessary for effective goal settingc. A person must accept the goal for goal setting to be effectived. Specific, difficult goals have a greater effect on performance than fuzzy goals97. Which of the following is incorrect about goals that lead to high performance as described by goal-setting theory?a. Unclear b. Challengingc. Specific d. Reachable98. Which of the following is incorrect about some behavior modification concepts?a. Extinction withdraws something the employee values to decrease the frequency of an undesirable behaviorb. Positive reinforcement applies a positive event to increase the frequency or strength of desirable behaviorc. Negative reinforcement applies a negative event to decrease the frequency of undesirable behaviord. Intermittent reinforcement applies a consequence based on time between behaviors or number of behaviors99. Each of the following statements is true about punishment excepta. Punishment is less potent for shaping behavior than positive reinforcementb. Punishment stops behavior temporarilyc. The undesirable behavior can return when the source of punishment is not presentd. Punishment does not induce an emotional reaction from the punished person

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100. Which of the following statements is false?a. Muslim managers believe that Allah controls their destinyb. Research evidence suggests that goal-setting theory does not apply across cultural boundariesc. Expectancy theory may apply to some cultures that are less individualistic than the United Statesd. The motivation theories reflect U.S. values of free will101. Each statement below is true about the ethical implications of behavior modification excepta. The controller and the person being controlled interact with each otherb. Knowledge of human motivation can only be used for positive endsc. The issue of who will control people's behavior is an important oned. Critics say that behavior modification is used to control people102. Which of the following is not a blockage (individual or organizational) to the effort — performance expectancy?a. High conflict levels b. Task difficultyc. Self-actualization d. Training103. Which of the following statements is false?a. Equity sensitives do not react to inequity as equity theory describesb. Entitleds have high inequity thresholdsc. Benevolents accept fewer outcomes for their inputs than other people would acceptd. Entitleds believe that whatever outcomes they get are their just reward104. Pick the incorrect statement about the cognitive and behavioral theories of motivation.a. Equity theory describes people's reactions when they feel unfairly treatedb. Expectancy theory describes how people choose from different behaviorsc. Goal-setting theory emphasizes setting external goals that a person tries to reachd. Behavior modification uses internal psychological processes to explain motivation105. Pick the incorrect statement below.a. People perceive a connection between effort and a desired performance levelb. Expectancies and valences combine multiplicatively when people assess various results of their behaviorc. Expectancy theory describes people's choices among behaviors by using only valencesd. Multiple outcomes are possible for behavior

Intrinsic Rewards and Job Design106. All statements below about social information processing theory are correct excepta. Verbal cues provided by managers do not affect perceptions of job characteristicsb. Using the job diagnostic survey before job redesign can sensitize people to certain job characteristics they had not previously noticedc. Coworkers' descriptions of the job may affect the jobholder's perceptionsd. Participation in the job design process can produce satisfaction without changing the job107. Which of the following statements is false about international aspects of job design?a. Changing job characteristics will have different reactions in different culturesb. Scandinavian countries have used mostly group-based approaches to job designc. All cultures view self-actualization derived from the job as importantd. The United States has traditionally used mostly individual-based approaches to job design

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108. All the following statements about contextual factors in job design are true excepta. Flexible manufacturing techniques increase the skill variety for people with those types of jobsb. Mass-production technical processes usually have jobs with low motivating potentialc. Group-based manufacturing technologies need jobs designed for groups, not individualsd. Just-in-time inventory management builds little feedback into the job itself109. Which of the following is false about a self-managing workgroup?a. Group members control the group's tasks and interpersonal processesb. Managers only need to design the group's task, not some aspects of the groupc. The group produces a defined service, decision, or productd. It is an intact group with interdependence among its members110. Which of the following is false about diagnosing and redesigning jobs?a. The first step is to gather information about jobs using multiple measurement methodsb. Norms are not available for comparison to job diagnostic survey resultsc. A theoretical orientation, such as the job characteristics theory of work motivation, guides the job redesign effortd. Employees who provide the data should see the results to verify their accuracy111. Which of the following is a critical psychological state in the job characteristics theory of work motivation?a. Meaningfulness of the work b. Growth need strengthc. Internal work motivation d. Growth satisfaction112. Which of the following is not a moderator that affects relationships among parts of the job characteristics theory of work motivation?a. Experienced responsibility for outcomes of the work b. Quality of supervisionc. Growth need strength d. Knowledge and skill113. Which of the following is an incorrect statement about the core job characteristics?a. Feedback from the job itself: the degree to which a person learns about the quality of his or her job performance while doing the taskb. Skill variety: the degree to which the job has many different activities using several skills and abilitiesc. Autonomy: the degree to which a person does a whole piece of workd. Task significance: the degree to which the person doing the job perceives it as important to others114. Which of the following statements is true about the job characteristics theory of work motivation?a. Objective job characteristics lead to three critical psychological statesb. Affective outcomes lead to the critical psychological statesc. Growth need strength, knowledge and skill, and context satisfaction are moderator variables in the theoryd. Behavioral outcomes produce the affective outcomes of growth satisfaction and internal work motivation115. Motivating potential combines the effects of all but which of the following?a. Skill variety b. Autonomyc. Task identity d. Internal work motivation

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116. Pick the incorrect statement about intrinsic and extrinsic rewards and a manager's role in job design.a. Conditions differ for experiencing intrinsic and extrinsic rewardsb. Managers indirectly control intrinsic rewardsc. Managers use extrinsic rewards directlyd. Managers do not affect an employee's work experiences that can lead to intrinsic rewards117. The job characteristics theory of work motivation predicts several relationships. One statement below incorrectly describes those relationships. Which one is it?a. Jobs low in motivating potential produce less internal work motivation than jobs high in motivating potentialb. People with strong growth needs should respond less positively to jobs high in motivating potential than people with weak growth needsc. A person's knowledge and skill combine with a job's high motivating potential to produce high internal work motivationd. A positive work context helps a person experience a job's motivating qualities118. Several ethical issues surround job design, intrinsic rewards, and self-managing groups. Which of the following statements is false about such ethical issues?a. Should managers in multinational or transnational organizations honor the host country culture or keep to their home country culture when considering decentralized decision making in self-managing workgroups?b. Ethical issue: Should involvement in self-managing workgroups be voluntary for employees?c. Ethical issue: Should a company inform job applicants of their likely involvement in self-managing workgroups if they join the firm?d. People around the world vary so little in the needs that are central to their personalities that managers of transnational organizations face few ethical issues in their approaches to job design119. Pick the incorrect statement.a. Job rotation advocates believed that workers would become less bored by doing many different activitiesb. Job enlargement combined duties, tasks, and jobs that usually were at the same levelc. The universal, positive, linear response in worker attitudes assumed by early job redesign approaches has held trued. All early job redesign approaches tried to improve work satisfaction and decrease boredom

Groups and Intergroup Processes120. Which of the following statements is false about groups in organizations?a. Group norms include the performance levels expected of group membersb. Informal groups form within and across formal groupsc. Personal acceptance means group members conform because their values are congruent with group normsd. Cohesive groups tend to perform better than noncohesive groups, especially if the groups are large121. Which of the following is true about factors affecting cohesive group formation?a. Free time at work limits social interaction b. High noise levels help social interactionc. Low absence rates in the group increase social interaction d. Complete job descriptions help social interaction

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122. All the following pairs are true about the stages of group development and typical behaviors in each stage excepta. Task orientation stage: energy focuses on defining the group's workb. Group cohesion stage: the group has defined its roles and relationships among the rolesc. Intragroup conflict stage: members discuss social roles within the groupd. Group formation stage: first meeting of group members; learn about task and each other123. Which of the following is false about the model of cohesive group formation?a. Bases of attraction include factors such as age, gender, and ethnic backgroundb. Interaction refers to face-to-face social interaction between two or more peoplec. Activities include job duties and responsibilitiesd. Sentiments are attitudes and beliefs about a person or persons with whom an individual interacts124. Each of the following statements about typical roles found in groups is true excepta. Elaborator role: tries to show the expected results of the group's effortsb. Aggressor role: tries to get group members to work togetherc. Gatekeeper role: tries to keep communication open with people outside the groupd. Joker: engages in horseplay125. Which of the following statements is false about the effects of workforce diversity on group development and functioning?a. Diverse groups develop more ideas than homogeneous groupsb. Diversity can lead to distrust among membersc. Diverse groups can take longer than homogeneous groups to become cohesived. Diversity in workgroups has little conflict potential126. Which of the following statements is true as group size increases?a. People in large groups find it easy to learn about each otherb. Large groups have fewer resources for doing the group's taskc. The strength of bonds among group members increases as group size increasesd. Reaching agreement about a group's activities is more difficult in large groups than in small groups127. Which of the following is not a dysfunctional consequence of groups? a. Groups can take more time than individuals to do some tasksb. Social loafing can develop when a person perceives her or his effort as unimportantc. Cohesive groups are self-policing and can stamp out deviant behaviord. A cohesive group pressures its members to conform to its norms, exerting strong control over group member behavior128. Which of the following statements is true about self-managing teams?a. Some people want to work independently, so they should not be part of self-managing teamsb. Leadership does not rotate among team membersc. A self-managing team is a group of people working on independent tasksd. Managers typically do not appoint team leaders

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129. Which of the following is true about ethical issues raised by groups in organizations?a. Managers do not have an ethical duty to screen people for membership based on the strength of their social needsb. Managers have an ethical duty to screen people for group membership based on their level of conflict tolerancec. Managers should not make membership of self-managing teams voluntaryd. Managers are not required to inform recruits about all cohesive groups in the organization130. Which of the following is false about virtual groups?a. Virtual group members rely only on the Internet to link them togetherb. Virtual groups can form from members at scattered locations anywhere in the worldc. Some physical interaction can happen when a virtual group meets in a single roomd. Software supports problem-solving and decision-making groups131. Which of the following statements is true about majority and minority (deviant) influences in groups?a. Minority members bring alternative views to a decision faced by a groupb. Minority members loosely hold to their positionsc. Minority members usually are not confident about their positionsd. Majority members do not have negative views of minority members132. Pick the incorrect statement about international aspects of groups in organizations.a. Norwegian, French, and Swedish groups reject deviates with high intensityb. Self-managing teams fit high individualistic cultures with low power distance such as the United States and Australiac. Collectivistic cultures welcome conflict during intergroup interactionsd. Collectivistic cultures that emphasize social status (high power distance) likely will resist the self-managing feature of self-managing teams133. Which of the following statements is false about groups and their dynamics?a. A group is a collection of people who perceive themselves as interdependent with each otherb. Groups can powerfully affect people's behaviorc. Group members typically do not interact with each other regularlyd. Managers can maximize the positive value of groups with knowledge of groups and their dynamics135. Each statement below about the functional effects of groups in organizations is true excepta. Cooperative behavior among cohesive group members helps them complete interdependent tasksb. Control over individual behavior in cohesive groups is less immediate than control by managersc. Cohesive groups are self-policing and can have close control of member behaviord. Cohesive groups often produce innovations of value to the organization136. Pick the incorrect statement about factors that affect group effectiveness.a. Group goals have little effect on group performanceb. Groups with physical boundaries can become more cohesive than groups with blurred boundariesc. Group tasks requiring variations in people's performance call for differences in member characteristicsd. People in large groups have difficulty learning about each other

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137. Which of the following statements is true about intergroup processes in organizations?a. Intergroup processes do not occur when people from different groups interact with each otherb. Members of different groups usually have the same goalsc. Conflict rarely occurs within intergroup processesd. Stereotyping of diverse members of different groups can affect the quality of intergroup behavior138. Pick the incorrect statement about workgroup socialization.a. A newcomer develops an image of participation in the group during the anticipation phase of workgroup socializationb. The workgroup successfully adapts to a new member during the adjustment phase of workgroup socializationc. A new group member learns her or his role in the group during the encounter phase of workgroup socializationd. Mutual adjustment and adaptation between the workgroup and a new member do not occur during workgroup socialization

Conflict in Organizations139. Each statement below is true about conflict and conflict management in organizations excepta. Conflict management includes both increasing and decreasing conflictb. Conflict is necessary for organizational survivalc. Conflict management is not a basic management responsibilityd. Conflict includes interactions in which one party opposes another party140. Which of the following statements is false about functional and dysfunctional conflict in organizations?a. Conflict is dysfunctional when it is lower than a group requires for reaching its goalsb. Conflict management does not involve maintaining conflict at functional levelsc. Conflict that is functional in one group can be dysfunctional in another groupd. Dysfunctionally high conflict can reduce trust141. All but one of the following statements accurately describe aspects of levels and types of conflict in organizations. Which statement does not?a. Intraorganization conflict includes all types of conflict between organizations.b. Interpersonal conflict is conflict between two or more people.c. Intergroup conflict is conflict between two or more groups.d. Intrapersonal conflict is conflict that occurs within a person.142. Which of the following definitions of conflict episode concepts is incorrect?a. Manifest conflict is the actual conflict behaviorb. The conflict aftermath often holds the latent conflict that starts another episodec. Felt conflict occurs when a party to the conflict episode notices that he or she is in conflict with someone elsed. Latent conflict starts a conflict episode when the right conditions occur145. Pick the incorrect statement about conflict frames.a. A task emphasis focuses on the material aspects of an episodeb. A relationship emphasis focuses on the party's interpersonal relationshipc. An intellectual emphasis focuses on feelings in the episoded. A party with a winning focus wants to maximize personal gain

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146. Which of the following statements is false about latent conflict?a. Reward systems that encourage incompatible behavior can create conflictb. Ambiguous jurisdictions are a source of conflict c. Scarce resources can lead to conflictd. Conflict does not develop when cohesive groups interact with each other147. Each statement below is true about conflict management excepta. Innovative products or services require a higher desired conflict level than more routine products or servicesb. If conflict in a work unit is dysfunctionally low, the manager tries to increase conflictc. A manager's tolerance for conflict can affect the manager's perception of desired conflict levels in a workgroupd. Desired conflict levels do not vary from one group to another and for the same group over time148. Which of the following is false about reducing conflict?a. Compromise uses negotiation to reduce conflict. It splits the differences between the parties in conflictb. Problem solving usually does not find a conflict episode's root causesc. Avoidance prevents a person from facing a conflict episoded. A superordinate goal is a goal desired by all parties to the conflict but not reachable by any party alone149. Which of the following does not increase conflict in organizations?a. Superordinate goal b. Devil's advocatec. Heterogeneous groups d. Organizational culture150. Which of the following is false about ethical issues in conflict in organizations?a. Variation in optimum conflict levels among countriesb. Subtle methods of increasing conflictc. Intrapersonal conflict from requests for immoral actsd. Conflict higher than a person's tolerance level151. Pick the incorrect pair describing some international aspects of conflict in organizations.a. Individualistic cultures, positively value conflictb. Collaborative cultures, negatively value conflictc. Competitive cultures, positively value conflictd. Cooperative cultures, felt conflict occurs publicly152. Which of the following lets a person selectively focus on many conflicts that can occur in an organization?a. Perceived conflict b. Latent conflictc. Felt conflict d. Manifest conflict13. Which of the following pairs shows the correct link between conflict episodes?a. Perceived conflict — felt conflict b. Conflict aftermath — latent conflictc. Latent conflict — manifest conflict d. Felt conflict — perceived conflictLeadership and Management 153. Which of the following is a leadership trait?a. Dominance b. Energyc. Cognitive ability d. All responses are leadership traits

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154. Which of the following statements is false about the behavioral theories of leadership?a. Consideration is a people-oriented dimension of leadership behaviorb. Production-centered leader behavior focuses on tasks and has little concern for peoplec. Leaders high in initiating structure do not set deadlines or make individual task assignmentsd. Employee-centered leader behavior focuses on people and the quality of the social system155. Which of the following is not a concept in Fiedler's contingency theory of leadership?a. The desire to lead b. Task-oriented leadersc. Leader — member relations d. Task structure156. Each statement below is true about concepts in House's path — goal theory of leadership excepta. Personal factors include a subordinate's perception of abilityb. Supportive leader behavior focuses on tasksc. Participative leader behavior includes consultation with subordinatesd. Achievement-oriented leader behavior emphasizes excellence in subordinate performance157. Which of the following statements is false about personal factors in House's path — goal theory?a. Subordinates high in authoritarianism will accept directive leader behaviorb. Subordinates with an internal locus of control will accept directive leader behaviorc. Subordinates with low ability to do the task will accept directive leader behaviord. Subordinates low in authoritarianism will accept participative leader behavior158. Which of the following statements is incorrect about the leadership mystique?a. A capacity for power is the ability to get and use power to pursue a missionb. A leader has “a will to persevere against a discourteous, unbelieving world of sometimes total opposition”c. Leaders tend to describe their mission with little passiond. A sense of mission — a vision of some future state for the organization159. Which of the following statements is false about the leadership categorization process?a. A leadership exemplar is a specific person people regard as a leaderb. A leadership prototype is a person's cognitive image of leadership characteristicsc. People do not compare their observations of another person to a cognitive category describing a leaderd. Human perceptual processes underlie a person's observations of leader traits and behaviors159. Each statement below is true about leadership style differences of women and men excepta. Empirical research shows major, consistent differences in leadership behavior of men and womenb. Women share power and information. They also encourage their subordinates’ self-worthc. Women behave more democratically and participatively than mend. Men use their position authority and rely on rewards and punishments to shape subordinates’ behavior160. Which of the following statements is false about some international aspects of leadership?a. Managers who tie rewards to people's performance get positive results across culturesb. Workers in countries with authoritarian values expect their managers to behave autocraticallyc. People in countries that value hierarchical relationships prefer directive approaches to leadershipd. The socialization practices of some multinationals do not produce consistent leader behavior from country to country

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161. Which of the following is not a role behavior of managers and supervisors external to a self-managing team?a. Team development b. Resource supportc. Day-to-day direction d. Political support11. Pick the incorrect pair.a. Enhancers, organizational policies b. Neutralizers, rules and proceduresc. Neutralizers, group norms d. Substitutes, routine task162. Which of the following is not a likely leadership exemplar?a. Oprah Winfrey b. Colin Powellc. Jack Welch, General Electric's former CEO d. Homer Simpson163. Which of the following statements is false about leadership in organizations?a. The formal qualities of a person's position play no role in leadershipb. Emergent leaders often appear within informal and formal groups in an organizationc. An individual's personal characteristics contribute to leadershipd. Leaders can hold formal organizational positions164. Each of the following statements about management and leadership in organizations is true excepta. An organization's leadership requirements rarely changeb. Managers follow an organization's present vision; leaders create a visionc. Leaders take risks when they perceive high payoffs from a course of actiond. Leaders use power for influence not punishment165. Which of the following statement pairs about the alternative views of leadership is false?a. Transformational leadership, intellectual stimulationb. The leadership mystique, lack of perseverancec. Charismatic leadership, creating inspirational visiond. Transformational leadership, charisma166. Pick the incorrect pair about ethical issues in leadership and management.a. Ethical issue in leadership and management: affecting other people's behavior without their awareness of the effectb. Ethical issue in leadership and management: brainwashing-like effects on peoplec. Ethical issue in leadership and management: changing a person's attitudes, values, and beliefs with their consentd. Ethical issue in leadership and management: leader confronts moral dilemmas

Communication Processes167. Organizational communication processes include each of the following excepta. Communication flows in all directionsb. Communication happens over a pathway called a networkc. Communication typically does not affect behavior in organizationsd. The network includes formal organizational positions and informal relationships168. Which of the following is not true of the basic communication process?a. The sender interprets the receiver's response and acts accordinglyb. A receiver decodes a message and interprets its meaningc. A sender encodes a message and sends it to a receiverd. International diversity adds little noise to the communication process

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169. Which of the following statements is false about oral communication?a. Oral communication can include radio and television communicationb. Nonverbal communication has no effect on oral communicationc. Oral communication usually has the immediate attention of the receiverd. Oral communication leaves no permanent, retrievable record of the message170. Which of the following statements is false about physical aspects of the person as nonverbal behavior?a. Moving closer to the receiver can imply a positive attitude toward the receiverb. Senders who look away from the receiver imply uncertainty about the messagec. Senders who increase their rate and volume of speech can persuade a receiver to accept a messaged. A receiver may perceive deceit when the sender speaks quickly171. Each statement below is true about the functions of organizational communication excepta. Persuasion plays a large part in organizational changeb. Communication processes help organizations share information with employeesc. Communication's emotional function inhibits employees from expressing their feelingsd. An organization's communication process helps integrate an organization's diverse functions172. Which of the following statements is false about some dysfunctions of organizational communication?a. Different sender and receiver frames of reference do not negatively affect communicationb. People may react to information overload by ignoring some informationc. Senders can filter message content unintentionallyd. Jargon may be a source of communication dysfunction173. Which of the following is not true about active listening?a. Only the speaker is responsible for the message's meaningb. A listener asks questions or rephrases a message to clarify a speaker's intentc. Active listening involves accurately hearing the facts in a messaged. Message meaning includes both its content and the sender's feelings174. Which of the following is not an ethical issue in organizational communication?a. Should an organization reveal negative information about its plans to employees?b. The positive and negative effects of nonverbal communication have important ethical implications for organizationsc. Do people's rights to privacy extend to computer surveillance of employee e-mail?d. Should an organization tell its suppliers how it chooses among them?9. Which of the following statements is false about improving communication effectiveness?a. Getting training in oral and written communicationb. Long, complex messages are usually better than short, simple messagesc. Understanding the background and culture of the receiverd. Receivers perceive high-contrast messages more readily than low-contrast messages175. Each of the following statements is true about communication roles in organizations excepta. Initiators start and send more messages than they receiveb. Isolates are outside the communication process. They send, receive, and relay only a few messagesc. Terminators infrequently send messages to others in the organizationd. A liaison is a member of each part of an organization he or she connects

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176. Pick the incorrect statement about technology and communication.a. Multimedia personal computers: large audience communicationb. Digital communication technologies: flexibility and mobility of future communicationc. Desktop videoconferencing: local communication onlyd. Distributed computing: communication within and between organizations177. Which of the following statements about communication networks is false?a. Decentralized communication networks feature a central or controlling roleb. Large audience communication gets a message from one person to many peoplec. Pair-wise communication involves two people in some form of written or oral communicationd. A single person can have a key role in a centralized communication network178. Each item or statement below is correct about international aspects of organizational communication excepta. Distance between people while communicatingb. International issues only apply to written or spoken languagec. Meaning of time d. Future orientation179. Pick the incorrect statement about listening.a. Interpersonal activity in listening: A person receives a message from another personb. Intrapersonal activity in listening: The person who receives a message tries to interpret itc. Interpersonal activity: The person who receives the message responds to the other person to show the meaning given to the messaged. Listening and hearing are the same processDecision-Making and Problem-Solving Processes180. Which of the following paired statements is incorrect about decision strategies?a. Programmed decision strategy; unusual eventsb. Unprogrammed decision strategy; nonrecurring decisionsc. Unprogrammed decision strategy; unpredictable decisionsd. Dimensions defining each strategy; routine — nonroutine, recurring — nonrecurring, certainty — uncertainty181. Which of the following statements is false about the decision-making process?a. Decision makers can restart the decision-making process at an earlier phaseb. Decision makers can stop for some time at one phase of the decision-making processc. Decision makers do not repeat the decision-making processd. Decision makers can move in any direction in the decision-making sequence182. Each of the following is characteristic of satisficing excepta. Decision makers pick an alternative that is good enough to reach the goalb. Decision makers can change the goal of the decision problemc. Decision makers may not choose an alternative to maximize a goald. Satisficing behavior occurs in political models of decision making183. Which of the following statements is not true about group decision making?a. Assets include increased information and job satisfactionb. Participation in a decision-making group decreases satisfaction and acceptance of a decisionc. Liabilities of group decision making include a favored alternative and a dominant person in the groupd. Group decision making can help the personal development of those who participate

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184. As the social processes for decision making go from authoritative ("A") to group ("G") approaches, each of the following occurs excepta. Conflict potential increases in the groupb. Social processes for decision making become more complexc. Social interaction decreases between the decision maker and others involved in the decisiond. Group members have increased commitment to the decision186. Which of the following statements is false about escalation of commitment?a. Factors that contribute to escalation of commitment include ego protection and pressures for decision behavior consistencyb. Past decisions have little effect on present decisionsc. Decision makers affected by escalation of commitment acknowledge and emphasize past or sunk costs in their decision makingd. Escalation of commitment often arises in decision processes involving important organizational decisions187. Pick the incorrect statement about ways a group leader can avoid groupthink.a. Form homogeneous decision-making groupsb. Invite outsiders to analyze and comment on the group's deliberationsc. Stimulate conflict during group meetingsd. Assign the role of devil's advocate to a member188. Which of the following is not a method of improving decision making in organizations?a. Delphi method b. E-mail systemc. Brainstorming d. Decision support systems189. Which of the following statements is false about international aspects of decision making and problem solving?a. U.S. decision makers usually use a serial decision-making processb. Decision makers in Japan and China usually consider all alternatives before choosingc. Decision making moves more quickly in U.S. organizations than in Egyptian organizationsd. Malaysian, Thai, and Indonesian decision makers attack and solve problems190. Which of the following statements is incorrect about ethical issues in decision making?a. Decision makers who face ethical issues apply a decision rule with a minimum cutoff for some ethical criterionb. Moral decision makers are not deceptive during discussionsc. An ethical decision maker has no responsibility to give information freelyd. Ethical questions can arise in all phases of the decision-making process191. Which of the following statements is false about judgment biases?a. Heuristics are guidelines that simplify information processing during decision makingb. People are not always aware that they use heuristicsc. Framing effects are a form of judgment biasd. Heuristics typically do not introduce bias in decision making192. Each of the following statements is true about decision-making and problem-solving processes excepta. Problem solving tries to find root causes of a problemb. Group decision making works well with ill-defined problemsc. Decision making focuses on choice and reaching a goald. Only an organization's managers make decisions

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193. Pick the incorrect pair below that applies to the different decision-making models.a. Political models, pursue organizational interests and goalsb. Unstructured decision-making models, ambiguous problemsc. Rational model, chooses an alternative that maximizes a goald. Garbage can model, choice opportunity streams194. Pick the incorrect statement about the Vroom — Yetton Model of decision making.a. A decision maker assesses a decision problem's characteristics by asking some diagnostic questionsb. The Vroom — Yetton Model is a normative model of decision making that guides a person's choices among some alternative social processes for decision makingc. The Vroom — Yetton Model does not try to protect a decision's acceptance and qualityd. The model guides the decision maker to the model's recommended approach for a decision problem195. Which of the following is an incorrect statement about judgment biases?a. Ease of recall bias: recalling vivid, recent events more easily than other eventsb. Confirmation trap bias: avoiding uncomfortable and disconfirming informationc. Managers can make good decisions despite the quality of the heuristics they used. Overconfidence bias: inaccurate judgments when answering questions about which the person has little knowledgePower and Political Behavior196. Which of the following statements is false about power in organizations?a. Power is a person's ability to get something done the way the person wants it doneb. Power is essential to leadership and management functionsc. Power typically has negative effects on organizationsd. Powerful managers and leaders get more resources for their subordinates197. Pick the incorrect definition.a. The relational dimension is the social interaction part of powerb. The dependence dimension views power as coming from one party's reliance on another partyc. The sanctioning dimension refers to a power relationship based on rewards and punishmentsd. Potential power refers to a person having and using power198. Which of the following statements is false about the bases of power?a. Reward power comes from a manager's use of positive outcomes for a subordinate's performanceb. Expert power derives from the manager's technical knowledgec. Information power comes from the control and distribution of information in an organizationd. Personal bases of power flow from one's organizational position199. Each of the following statements is true about power and leadership excepta. Those with little power use close supervisionb. Those with power take few risks in organizationsc. Powerful leaders can get resources and information for subordinatesd. Powerful leaders delegate decision authority to subordinates200. Which of the following statements is wrong about building power in an organization?a. Enhancing one's reputation builds power in an organizationb. A person's work activities are not a source of powerc. Creating a perception of dependence builds powerd. A work unit with unique functions builds power for the manager

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201. Which of the following is not a factor that can lead to attributions of power?a. A low status position b. Membership in important informal coalitionsc. Membership in a powerful project d. High technical knowledge202. Which of the following statements is false about political strategies?a. Political strategies are not created for decisions about resource allocations or pay increasesb. Political strategies may or may not be writtenc. Political strategies recognize that political events do not always unfold as plannedd. Performance appraisal is an area where political strategies have appeared203. Each statement below is true about political behavior excepta. Political behavior can lead to the institutionalization of the current power holdersb. A key aspect of political behavior is power and influencec. Political behavior is unimportant in managing lateral relationshipsd. Behavior that uses power is political204. Which of the following statements is false about a political diagnosis?a. One assesses each person's skills in using a power baseb. One can use archival information such as reports and meeting minutesc. The diagnosis of networks depends on knowledge from informants and experience in the organizationd. A person's power base is weak if the person has discretion in using important resources205. Each of the following describes ethical political behavior excepta. The administration of the organization's policies and procedures allows fair treatment of all affectedb. People are influenced by another party but have not given their free consent to be influencedc. Individuals the political actor tries to influence clearly know his or her intentd. While the political behavior unfolds, all those affected have the right of due process within the organization11. Each statement below is true about political tactics excepta. Decision-making processes typically lack a political dimensionb. Building coalitions helps create a power basec. Impression management involves controlling the image a person projects to another persond. Some influence tactics include upward appeal and ingratiation206. Pick the incorrect statement pair about the dark side of organizational politics.a. Lying: A liar does not try to mislead another partyb. Intimidation: A manager transfers an organizational reformer to a low visibility positionc. Deception: An executive emphasizes a successor's abilities while choosing a person loyal to the executive's ideasd. Machiavellian personality: A personality type that is well adapted to the dark side of organizational politics207. Each statement below about international aspects of political behavior in organizations is true excepta. Workers in many South American countries value the directive use of powerb. Workers in Mexico perceive a manager who involves them in a decision process as weakc. Political processes in organizations in different cultures likely mirror the culture's power orientationd. Scandinavian workers typically view a directive manager as having high power

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208. Pick the incorrect statement.a. Social astuteness: has high self-awareness, accurately perceives varying social situationsb. Networking ability: deliberately gains positions in alliances and coalitionsc. People cannot develop their political skill through coaching and management trainingd. Apparent sincerity: leaves an impression of openness and honesty (or the person is open and honest)

Stress in Organizations209. Each statement below is true about stress in modern living excepta. The results of dysfunctional stress in organizations include high turnover and absenteeismb. Stress can occur when a person's environment presents excessive demandsc. Stress occurs when something blocks a person's efforts to reach a goald. Potential stressors are present only in people's work environments210. Which of the following is not true about the general adaptation syndrome?a. Resistance is the stage at which the body tries to return to a normal state by adapting to the stressorb. Alarm is the stage at which the person prepares to fight or adjust to the stressorc. Only distress results from exposure to a stressord. Exhaustion results after a person repeatedly experiences a stressor211. Which of the following statements is false about the stress response?a. The physiological response differs from person to personb. Psychological responses to stressors can be positive or negativec. The physiological reaction to a stressor happens quicklyd. Physiological changes prepare the body to face the stressor212. Which of the following statements is not true about the physiological and psychological stress response?a. Breathing rate increases as the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system ready the body to face the stressorb. The psychological stress response raises the heart rate and blood pressurec. The general psychological response includes increased alertness and apprehensiond. The physiological stress response secretes hormones that increase fatty acid and glucose levels in the bloodstream213. Each statement below is true about some personality types included in the integrated model of stress excepta. Type B personalities feel a sense of time urgencyb. High hardiness personalities assess stressors optimisticallyc. Type A personalities are aggressive and can quickly become hostiled. Low hardiness personalities view stressful events as unchangeable disruptions to normal behavior214. Which of the following statements is false?a. A person experienced with a stressor will have less distress than a person without such experienceb. A physically fit person is less likely to feel the harmful effects of distress than a person who is less fitc. A low-sodium, low-fat diet cannot help a person's response to stressorsd. Family medical histories of hypertension increase the chance of experiencing the ill effects of stress

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215. Burnout has all the following characteristics excepta. Organizational results of burnout include negative work attitudes and increased absenteeismb. Burnout usually affects people in jobs with high levels of interpersonal interactionc. Burnout usually affects people in jobs that require helping othersd. Those most affected by burnout derive a major part of their self-esteem from their nonwork activities216. Pick the incorrect statement about stress management strategies.a. Stress recuperation strategies help a person bounce back from stress with methods that are not physically harmfulb. Regular aerobic exercise helps a person recover from stressful life eventsc. Avoiding stressors, such as a crowded shopping mall, is a form of stress reductiond. Relaxation training is a stress resilience strategy217. Which of the following is false about working in another country?a. Culture shock can be particularly stressful for spouses of expatriatesb. Repatriates do not experience stress upon returning homec. The longer the stay in another country, the more stressfuld. Relocation of the entire family contributes to the stress of an overseas assignment218. Ethical issues about stress in organizations include each of the following excepta. Managers are not required to prepare employees for stressful organizational changeb. Organizations may consider offering career counseling as a means of stress management if there is poor person — environment fitc. Organizations can give accurate information about the organization before hiring potential employeesd. The physical environment can present many stressors219. Pick the incorrect statement pair about stress management.a. Individual stress resilience strategy; weight control, diet, and physical exerciseb. Organizational stress recuperation strategy; exercise center available to employees at their workplacec. Individual stress recuperation strategy; avoiding events that cause distressd. Organizational stress reduction strategies; training to improve employees’ job-related skills220. Pick the incorrect statement about stressors.a. Work stressors: deadlines, work overload, shift work, job security, and the physical environmentb. Nonwork stressors: financial problems, relocation, and dual careersc. Different people perceive the same objects or events as stressorsd. Life transition stressors: death of a loved one, divorce, or children leaving home221. Pick the incorrect statement. a. Removing the stressor is a behavioral responseb. Stressful situations usually give people much time to choose among the behavioral responses in the integrated model of stressc. Changing the stressor is a behavioral response d. Leaving the stressor is a behavioral response

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222. Which of the following is an incorrect statement about distress and eustress results in the integrated model of stress?a. Behavioral results of distress: high levels of smoking, drug use, appetite disorders, proneness to accidents, and violence, and decreased job performanceb. People do not differ in sources of eustress and distressc. Medical results of distress: increases in smoking and drug use can cause heart problems or a stroked. Behavioral result of eustress: personal growth and development from a promotion at work223. Pick the incorrect statement about the psychological demands and decision latitude model.a. Job decision latitude includes job skills and decision authorityb. Job demands include the amount of work and the pace of workc. Keeping up the work pace and getting work done on time produce little anxiety in peopled. Stress results when a job is low in decision latitude and high in demands

Organizational Design224. Which of the following is incorrect about organizational design?a. Organizational design is the way managers structure their organization to reach its goalsb. A goal of organizational design is to get information to the right places for effective decision makingc. Organizational charts show all aspects of the formal and informal design of an organizationd. Organizational design includes the different ways organizations divide their work and allocate duties and tasks225. Which of the following statements is false about the contingency factors of organizational design?a. The technical process is the system an organization uses to produce its services and productsb. Strategies describe organizational goals and ways of reaching themc. The external environment of an organization includes customers, suppliers, and government regulatorsd. Most modern organizations are closed systems226. Pick the incorrect statement about an organization's external environment.a. We can describe an organization's external environment with two dimensions: simple to complex and static to dynamicb. The dimensions of simple to complex and static to dynamic imply the degree of environmental uncertainty facing the organizationc. A dynamic external environment features many changing eventsd. A simple — static external environment presents high uncertainty to an organization227. Which of the following statements is false about organization size?a. Small organizations have a narrower span of control than large organizationsb. Large organizations have more structured work activities than small organizationsc. Large organizations have fewer management levels than small organizationsd. Large organizations can have more diverse activities that require more coordination than small organizations

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228. An organization designed by function has all the following characteristics excepta. The strategy is to produce a few products for a well-defined marketb. It has many competitorsc. The external environment is stable with little uncertaintyd. Because of standardized products or services, an organization design by function applies its technical process repeatedly, according to standard procedures229. Which of the following statements is false about the specific forms of organizational design?a. A hybrid organizational design combines division and matrix formsb. An organizational design based on divisions decentralizes around products, services, or customersc. An organizational design by function groups tasks according to their activities, such as accounting, finance, manufacturing, and the liked. Organizations use a matrix design when two environmental sectors demand management attention230. Each of the following statements is true about self-managing work teams excepta. Organizations often become more nimble and responsive when they use self-managing teamsb. Self-managing work teams let managers flatten their organizations by removing management levelsc. Teams do not use functional differences in thinking to get more creative solutions to problemsd. Building self-managing teams uses decentralization to move decision making to the teams231. Which of the following statements is false about virtual organizations?a. There is high interdependence among network membersb. The number of elements in a virtual organization is defined by skills and resources needed to reach the goal of the networkc. A company that lacks a particular resource enters an agreement with a company that has that resourced. Virtual organizations feature permanent networks232. Each statement below is true about some international aspects of organizational design excepta. Matrix organizations are acceptable in countries that avoid ambiguityb. The international context increases an organization's environmental complexity because of differences in labor law, consumer preferences, economics, and the likec. Computer technology lets a virtual organization have network members in almost any country of the worldd. Functional and divisional organizational designs are consistent with the cultural values of countries that want to avoid uncertainty and accept hierarchical differences in power233. Which of the following is not an ethical issue related to organizational form that managers must face?a. Matrix organizations often produce conflict and ambiguityb. Managers can affect their external environment through lobbying effortsc. The amount of change required by moving to some organizational forms can induce stress in employeesd. Changes to the technical process can also induce stress

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234. Which of the following statements is true about the generic forms of organizational design?a. Defender organizations work well in changing environmentsb. Analyzer organizations have features that distinctly differ from those of defender and prospector organizationsc. Reactor organizations have a well-balanced configuration of strategy and external environmentd. Organic organizations work well in uncertain environments235. Each of the following statements about technical process as a contingency factor of organizational design is true excepta. Technical processes vary in degree of interdependence within the processb. Modern manufacturing technologies let managers move decision authority to low organizational levelsc. An organization's technical process does not affect inputs to the organizationd. Routine technologies usually have centralized decision-making processes236. Pick the incorrect observation about strategy as a contingency factor of organizational design.a. Strategy follows structure: Managers create strategy within the environment of an organization's designb. An organization's strategy specifies only short-term goalsc. Structure follows strategy: Managers create strategy from their assessment of many forces and then change the organization's designd. Structure follows strategy: An organization's design helps managers carry out the strategy237. Pick the incorrect statement about organizational design by division.a. Organizations rarely evolve from a functional design to a divisional formb. Strength: easily adapts to differences in products, services, and clientsc. Weakness: loss of economies of scale because of duplication of functions such as accounting and purchasingd. Strength: high visibility of products, services, and customers in a divisional structure238. Pick the incorrect observation on the hybrid form of organizational design.a. Weakness: high administrative overhead if the staff at corporate headquarters expands without controlb. Strength: economies of scale are possible in some functional areasc. The hybrid form of organizational design keeps all the weaknesses of the functional and divisional designsd. The centralized functions often are the costly ones for the organization239. All but one of the following observations on matrix organizational design are correct. Which is the incorrect one?a. Condition for choosing a matrix organizational design: high uncertainty within multiple external environmental sectorsb. Weakness: ambiguity caused by dual authority relationshipsc. Matrix organizations feature low conflict potentiald. Strength: responsive and flexible; efficiently uses costly resources

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Organizational Change and Development240. Which of the following statements is false about organizational change?a. Pressures for organizational change will drop in the futureb. Organizational change involves movement from the organization's present state to a target future statec. Managers need to know how to manage change and how to deliberately change an organizationd. People and organizations often resist organizational change241. Which of the following statement pairs is incorrect about forces for and against organizational change?a. Internal force, employees b. External force, threat of acquisitionc. External force, slow decision processes d. Internal force, felt conflict or stress242. Which of the following statements is false about unplanned and planned organizational change?a. Unplanned change happens when pressures for change overwhelm an organizationb. Planned change is a systematic effort to move a subsystem or an entire organization to a new statec. A change agent guides the change process, helping managers with planned organizational changed. Planned change typically moves forward smoothly243. Each statement below is true about the evolutionary model of organizational change excepta. Evolutionary change features gradual adaptation of an organization to changes in its external environmentb. Organizational change moves through the phases of change without repeating an earlier phasec. Organizational change happens in phases: developing a need for change, moving the organization to the new state, and stabilizing the changed. Each phase blends into the next phase; the phases have no distinct boundaries244. Pick the incorrect statement about aspects of the revolutionary model of organizational change.a. During equilibrium periods, an organization moves steadily toward its goalsb. Deep structures are temporary features of an organization's designc. Revolutionary periods feature feverish change activitiesd. Dissatisfaction with an organization's performance can trigger a revolutionary period245. Which of the following statements is false about resistance to change?a. Coercive approaches quickly reduce resistanceb. Employees can resist change because they have a low tolerance for changec. Managers can use resistance to change as a reason to get more informationd. Employees can resist change because they distrust the change agent246. Which of the following is not true of organizational development?a. Organizational development is a short-term, systematic, and prescriptive approach to organizational changeb. Organizational development builds mechanisms that let members get feedback about the state of the organizationc. Feedback about the state of the organization encourages all members to focus on continuous improvementd. Organizational development tries to create a flexible organization

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247. All the following characterize the feedback phase of organizational development excepta. The consultant offers a preliminary diagnosis of the client systemb. Discussions during the feedback meeting only focus on the consultant's preliminary diagnosisc. The consultant and organization members collaboratively arrive at a diagnosisd. There typically are a limited number of feedback meetings248. Which of the following statements is incorrect about organizational development interventions?a. Human process interventions focus on processes such as communication, decision making, and conflict in organizationsb. Structural and technological interventions focus on organizational design and bringing new technology into the organizationc. Strategy interventions focus on maintaining the organization's existing strategyd. Human resource interventions target the personnel practices of the organization249. Which of the following is not true about ethical dilemmas in organizational development?a. Organizational development consultants may misrepresent their capabilities and skills when helping the client system solve its problemsb. Ethical dilemmas in organizational development have little negative effect on programs and interventionsc. Managers in the client system may misrepresent themselves and the nature of their problemsd. All data collected must be treated confidentially250. Which of the following statements is false about leadership and organizational change?a. A vision offers a view of the future b. An effective vision is future oriented and compellingc. A person with the leadership mystique can build a power base for organizational changed. Managers change organizations251. Each of the following statements is true about international aspects of organizational change and development excepta. Russian managers prefer having a clear plan to which everyone can commitb. People in Scandinavian countries accept more uncertainty than people in southern Europec. French managers view organizational change as directly following from leadership and influence, not from a manipulative perspectived. The assumptions and values of organizational development consultants likely reflect the cultural values of the intellectual roots of organizational development (United States, UK, northern Europe, Scandinavia)

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