Nutrition

Nutrition is the provision of materials, usually in form of food, to support life in organisms.

NUTRITIONAutotrophicHeterotrophicSynthesis complex organic compounds from raw, simple inorganic substances using light or chemical energyAn organism obtains energy through the intake and digestion of organic substances, normally plant and animal tissues.

AUTOTROPHICChemosynthesisUses energy derived from oxidation of inorganic substancesEg~ Sulphur bacteria which oxidizes sulphur to sulphate and Nitrosomonas sp. Which oxidizes ammonium to nitratePhotosynthesisUses energy from sunlightEg~ All green plants carry out photosynthesis

Holozoic NutritionIngests and digests food to obtain nutrientsEg~ human, animals and insectivorous plants

SaprophytismObtains nutrients from dead organic matterEg~ bacteria and fungi like mushrooms, yeast, and Mucor sp. (bread mould)

ParatismObtains nutrients from living organismsEg~ fleas, lice and tapeworms

HETEROTROPHIC

Balance DietA balanced diet refers to a diet which contains the right amount of all the seven classes of food in order to meet the bodys requirement.A food pyramid shows the quantities of food group servings a person should should consume daily.The necessity for a balanced diet

A balanced diet can be defined as one, which contains the various groups of food stuffs such as energy yielding foods (carbohydrates, fats), body-building foods (protein, minerals), and protective foods (vitamins) in correct propositions. So that an individual is assured of obtaining the minimum requirements of all the nutrients. The components of a balanced diet will differ according to age, sex, physical activity, economic status, occupation and the physiological state like pregnancy & lactation.

There are no good or bad foods or good or bad diets. All foods contain different levels of nutrients but no single food can provide all the vitamins and minerals our bodies need in the right amounts.

To maintain good health and to function efficiently our bodies needs proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals. Our body also needs plenty of water. We must drink 1.5 - 2 litres of fluid daily to maintain healthy kidneys and prevent urinary infection. The body needs extra fluid when energy expenditure is high and also in hot weather. Water is required in large amounts to regulate body processes such as digestion, excretion, and maintenance of the body temperature and the electrolyte balance.

The simple dietary modifications, which people can adopt using the balanced diet chart or food guide pyramid can help to reduce the risk of heart diseases and other diet related conditions such as diabetes mellitus and some forms of cancer.

The molecules that act as a source of energy.The chemical building blocks for growth and repair of damaged body tissuse.The elements and compounds that participate in a variety of metabolic reaction.

Group 1. Cereal Grains and Products. Foods such as rice, wheat, jowar, bajra and ragi are in this group. These supply energy or calories, protein, invisible fats. These foods also contribute iron, thiamine, riboflavin, folic acid and fiber.

Group 2. Pulses And Legumes. The foodstuffs in this group are pulses and legumes (eg beans, soya beans, peas, Rajmah, Bengal grams etc). It provides energy, protein, invisible fat, Vitamin B1, Vitamin B2, folic acid, calcium, iron and fibres.

Group 3. Milk , Nuts and Meat Products. They include milk, curd, skimmed milk, cheese, almonds, groundnuts, chicken, meat, liver, egg, fish and other flesh foods. All these foodstuffs supply mainly protein, fat, calcium and vitamin B2.

Group 4. Fruits And Vegetables. These include green leafy vegetables, yellow or orange fruits and vegetables such as papaya, mango, carrots,tomato, pumpkin, stems, leaves and flowers of plants, ladies finger, bringals, bittergourds and other gourds, cabbage and cauliflower. Fruits such as amla, lemons, orange are rich in minerals and vitamins, especially vitamin C and calcium, iron and folic acid. They also contribute half of vitamin A requirement. Other major nutrients are invisible fat, vitamin B2 and fibre. They provide variety in taste and texture and furnish roughage in the diet.

Group 5. Fats And Sugars All these foodstuffs supply energy or calories - vegetable oils, vanaspathi, ghee, cream, sugar and jaggery. This group constitutes about 1/6th of the energy value of the diet and provides essential fatty acids, but does not add appreciably to the protein, mineral or vitamin adequately. Oils should be used sparingly in the diet. They add taste and flavour to the food. In India, commonly available cooking oils include mustard oil, coconut oil, gingelly oil, groundnut oil, palmolein oil, and sunflower oil. People eat large amounts of foods but still they suffer from malnutrition because they are consuming an unbalanced diet. Eating too much or unbalanced diets such as more of complex carbohydrates and fats can lead to obesity and therefore increase the risk of serious conditions such as high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes mellitus.

Diets containing foodstuffs drawn from each of the food groups supply all essential nutrients in adequate amounts and keep a majority of individuals consuming them in a good state of health. Even though the recommended balance of foods applies to most people of all ethnic origins and those who are over weight, few individual variations can be there. Infants under two years of age for example should be given milk products, which is not skimmed. They also need more dairy foods than adults. But between the ages of two and five children make a gradual transition on to family foods - the balanced diet chart or food pyramid begin to apply. People with special dietary needs and those under medical supervision should check with their doctor or nutritionist to see if this balance of foods is suited to them. Vitamin and mineral supplements are no substitutes for good eating habits. The majority of people will meet all their nutritional requirements by following the basic guidelines out lined in the balanced diet chart or food pyramid.

GroupParticularsKilo CaloriesManSedentary work 2350Moderate work2700Heavy work3200WomanSedentary work1800Moderate work2100Heavy work 2450Pregnancy+ 300Lactation 0 - 6 months+ 5506 - 12 months+ 400

GroupParticularsKilo CaloriesInfants0 - 6 months118 / Kg6 - 12 months108 / kgChildren1 - 3 years11254 - 6 years16007 - 9 years1925Boys10 - 12 years 215013 - 15 years240016 - 18 years2600Girls10 - 12 years195013 - 15 years205016 - 18 years2050

Characteristics/Function:Normal growthHealthy eyes and skinDeficiency disease:Night blindness

Vitamin B comes from Peas, meat, cereals,seafood

aaaaaaaCharacteristics/Function:As the components of coenzymes

Deficiency disease:Beri-beri

Vitamin B2 come from yeast, egg and meat.

Characteristics/Function:Healthy growthHealthy skin

Deficiency disease:Inflammation of lipsMouth sores

MALNUTRITION

What is malnutrition??Malnuttrition is a unbalanced diet.

The effects of malnutrition.Protein deficiencykwashiorkorReceive a small amount of protein(distended Stomach and suffer from diarrhoea)..marasmusNot enough protein and carbohydrates(becomeVery thin and wrinkled skin)..

Deficiency disease deficiency in v.c

Scurvy(swollen,bleeding gums and tooth Loss..Deficiency in v.dCalcium and phosphorusCauses ricketsFerum shortageanaemia

osteoporosisLacking in calcium(elderly people)Cause the bones to become porous And break easily

Excessive amount of carbohydrates and lipid..obesity20%more weight than a person heightEffects1.High level of cholesterol in blood2.Cardiovascular disease3.Diabetes mellitus

Excessive amount of sodium(salt)High blood pressure(can cause the damages of kidneys)

Excessive amount of vitaminsVitamin A(fat soluable vitamin)effectHair loss,bone and joint pains,Loss of appetite and liver Damage.Vitamin DeffectOverload in calcium in blood which can interferes The functions of muscles and heart tissue..

How to prevent malnutrition??Reducing the amount of Salt in home cookingPrevent yourself fromtaking too much sugarand carbohydrates inYour foodsTry to balance your dietExercise more and Regularly

Function: for the maintenance of good health.

Mineral

Mineral Sources Function calciumMilk, cheese, green vegetables, legumes.Combines with phosphorus for formation of strong teeth & bones.phosphorusMilk, cheese, meat, grains.Combines with calcium to form strong bones & teeth.Sodium( common salt)SaltTo maintain osmotic pressurepotassiumFruit Transmission of nerve impulses.Ferum( iron)Liver, kidney, raw eggFormation of haemoglobin in red blood cells.Iodine Sea foodFormation of the hormones.