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Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cycling Ray Ward Ward Laboratories, Inc Kearney, Nebraska www.wardlab.com “Guiding Producers Today to Feed the World Tomorrow”
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Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cyclingnotill.okstate.edu/presentations/2013-no-till-conference/Nutrient... · Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cycling

Apr 10, 2018

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Page 1: Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cyclingnotill.okstate.edu/presentations/2013-no-till-conference/Nutrient... · Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cycling

Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cycling

Ray WardWard Laboratories, IncKearney, Nebraskawww.wardlab.com

“Guiding Producers Today to Feed the World Tomorrow”

Page 2: Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cyclingnotill.okstate.edu/presentations/2013-no-till-conference/Nutrient... · Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cycling

Nutrient Mining, lbs/BuWHEAT

Nutrient lb/bu 60 bu/ANitrogen,N 1.2 72Phosphorus, P2O5 0.52 31Potassium, K2O     0.26 16Sulfur, S  0.12 7Zinc, Zn 0.003 0.18

Page 3: Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cyclingnotill.okstate.edu/presentations/2013-no-till-conference/Nutrient... · Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cycling

Nutrient Mining, lbs/BuWHEAT

Nutrient lb/bu 60 bu/AChloride 0.07 4.2Manganese 0.002 0.12Copper 0.0007 0.04Boron 0.001 0.06Molybdenum  0.0004 0.02

Page 4: Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cyclingnotill.okstate.edu/presentations/2013-no-till-conference/Nutrient... · Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cycling

Nutrient Content of Wheat Straw

Nutrient lbs per tonNitrogen, N 12Phosphorus, P2O5 2.3Potassium, K2O 29Sulfur, S 4

Page 5: Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cyclingnotill.okstate.edu/presentations/2013-no-till-conference/Nutrient... · Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cycling

Nutrient Mining, lbs/BuCORN

Nutrient lb/bu        100 bu/A

Nitrogen, N 0.70       70Phosphorus, P2O5   0.33       33Potassium, K2O 0.23 23Sulfur, S 0.09 9Zinc, Zn 0.001 0.1

Page 6: Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cyclingnotill.okstate.edu/presentations/2013-no-till-conference/Nutrient... · Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cycling

Crop Nutrient Mining, lbs/buSOYBEAN

Nutrient lb/bu    45 bu/ANitrogen, N 3.4 153Phosphorus, P2O5 0.77 35Potassium, K2O 1.2 54Sulfur, S 0.18 8Zinc, Zn 0.003         0.09

Page 7: Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cyclingnotill.okstate.edu/presentations/2013-no-till-conference/Nutrient... · Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cycling

Soil Nutrients

Mobile NutrientsNutrients that are soluble in the soilNitrate, Sulfate, and Chloride

Immobile NutrientsNutrients that are attached to soil particlesCEC and other surfacesPhosphorus, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Zinc, Iron, Manganese, Copper, Boron, and Molybdenum

Page 8: Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cyclingnotill.okstate.edu/presentations/2013-no-till-conference/Nutrient... · Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cycling

Two Approaches for Interpreting Soil Test Values 

• Nutrient Sufficiency– Apply just enough to maximize profitability in the year of fertilizer application

• Build – Maintenance– Manage soil tests to desired soil test levels and then apply enough fertilizer to maintain the desired soil values

Page 9: Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cyclingnotill.okstate.edu/presentations/2013-no-till-conference/Nutrient... · Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cycling

Which Interpretation is Correct?

• Depends on the Plant Nutrient – Mobile Nutrients like nitrate have to be managed annually

– Immobile nutrients like phosphate and potash can be built up and maintained 

• Depends on Land Tenure– Short term land leases dictate using the sufficiency approach

• Limited Resources– Cannot afford to build soil tests or fertilizer prices are high

Page 10: Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cyclingnotill.okstate.edu/presentations/2013-no-till-conference/Nutrient... · Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cycling

Where are the Biggest Yields?• Observations over the years I have concluded the best yields come from high‐testing soils.

• Research in Canada with small grains has shown higher yields on high‐testing soils than annual applications of fertilizer on low testing soils.

• Rothamsted Experiment station in England has demonstrated that yields were higher on high testing soils. Crops and Soils, ASA

Page 11: Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cyclingnotill.okstate.edu/presentations/2013-no-till-conference/Nutrient... · Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cycling

Importance of PhosphorusTribune (KSU)2004

N, lbs per acre      Corn Yield, Bu/A0 6740 9280 118120 103160 136200 162

Page 12: Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cyclingnotill.okstate.edu/presentations/2013-no-till-conference/Nutrient... · Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cycling

Importance of PhosphorusTribune (KSU)2004

N+P2O5,  lbs/A Corn Yield, Bu/A0+40 9740+40 14880+40 209120+40 228160+40 231200+40 234

Page 13: Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cyclingnotill.okstate.edu/presentations/2013-no-till-conference/Nutrient... · Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cycling

Conclusions• Highest crop yield are associated with high soil tests

• Can we continue to reach the higher yield if we use a fertility approach that minimizes fertilizer application, especially phosphorus and potassium?

Page 14: Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cyclingnotill.okstate.edu/presentations/2013-no-till-conference/Nutrient... · Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cycling

Mobile Nutrients• Nitrate

– Nitrate is soluble.  It moves downward as water moves through the root zone.

– We only want to apply the amount of N that is needed for the current crop.

– Non‐legumes need more N than legumes (soybeans, alfalfa, and peanuts).

– The goal is to have 2 to 5 ppm NO3‐N after harvest. 

Page 15: Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cyclingnotill.okstate.edu/presentations/2013-no-till-conference/Nutrient... · Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cycling
Page 16: Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cyclingnotill.okstate.edu/presentations/2013-no-till-conference/Nutrient... · Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cycling

Nitrogen Requirement

Corn 1.2 lbs N/BuWheat 2.4 lbs N/BuMilo 1.1 lbs N/BuGrass 40 lbs N/TonSunflower 50 lbs N/1000 lbs

Page 17: Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cyclingnotill.okstate.edu/presentations/2013-no-till-conference/Nutrient... · Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cycling

Nitrogen Recommendation

N lbs/A = (yield * N req.)lbs of NO3‐N in 24 or 36”

Legume creditManure credit

Irrigation water credit

Page 18: Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cyclingnotill.okstate.edu/presentations/2013-no-till-conference/Nutrient... · Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cycling

Nitrogen Recommendation

• An Example• Wheat • 60 bu/A X 2.4 = 144 lbs of N required• Subtract the following• Soil nitrate =            30 lbs of N• Past legume =          20 lbs of N• Amount of N to apply = 94 lbs of N/A

Page 19: Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cyclingnotill.okstate.edu/presentations/2013-no-till-conference/Nutrient... · Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cycling

Sulfur• Sulfate  is soluble and moves with soil water like nitrate.  Do not try to build sulfate.  Some soils have sulfate in the subsoil which reduces the need for sulfur.

• Apply sulfur when soil test for sulfate is low.

Page 20: Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cyclingnotill.okstate.edu/presentations/2013-no-till-conference/Nutrient... · Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cycling

Sulfur Requirement

Crop Yield Unit LBS of SCorn Bushel 0.18-0.26Soybean Bushel 0.20-0.29Wheat Bushel 0.28-0.35Alfalfa Ton 4.7 – 6.3Grass Ton 2.2 – 3.6

Page 21: Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cyclingnotill.okstate.edu/presentations/2013-no-till-conference/Nutrient... · Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cycling

Sulfur Recommendation Example

Wheat 60 bu/A Yield GoalSulfur Requirement is 0.28 to 0.35 lb S/buTotal S Required is 17 to 21 lbs/ASulfate Soil Test is 8 ppm S8 X 2.4 = 19 lbs S/ARecommendation is 0 to 5 lbs S/A

Page 22: Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cyclingnotill.okstate.edu/presentations/2013-no-till-conference/Nutrient... · Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cycling

Chloride• Chloride is a soluble ion like nitrate, but  does not move as fast as nitrate.

• Many soils are low in chloride where potash fertilizer is not used.

• 0‐0‐60 is potassium chloride, so it is 60 % K2O and 45 % Chloride

• Ammonium Chloride, dry or liquid, is very good chloride fertilizer

Page 23: Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cyclingnotill.okstate.edu/presentations/2013-no-till-conference/Nutrient... · Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cycling

Soil test chloride interpretations and fertilizer recommendations for Kansas.

____________________________________________________________Soil Chloride in a 0‐24" sample Cl Recommended*

Category lb/acre ppm lb/acre__________________________________________________________

__Low <30 <4 20Medium 30‐45 4‐6 10   High > 45 >6 0          

____________________________________________________________

*Recommendations for corn, sorghum and wheat only.

Page 24: Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cyclingnotill.okstate.edu/presentations/2013-no-till-conference/Nutrient... · Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cycling

Phosphorus Recommendations 

Soil test ppm P Rating lbs P2O5/A0‐5 Very Low 60‐1406‐12 Low 35‐7513‐25 Medium 20‐4526‐50 High 0‐3051+ Very High None

Page 25: Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cyclingnotill.okstate.edu/presentations/2013-no-till-conference/Nutrient... · Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cycling

Phosphorus (My Goals)• Ideal Phosphorus Soil Test: 

– Dryland areas = 22‐28 ppm P– Irrigated/high rainfall areas = 30‐40 ppm P

• How to Get There – Soil texture: loam or heavier

• 18 lbs of P2O5 to raise soil P test 1 ppm P

– Soil texture: sand to sandy loam • 12 lbs of P2O5 to raise soil P test 1 ppm P

Page 26: Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cyclingnotill.okstate.edu/presentations/2013-no-till-conference/Nutrient... · Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cycling

Phosphorus

• How to Get There Example for a silt loam– Soil test is 15 ppm P and I want to get to 25 ppm P

• 25 – 15 = 20 ppm increase• 10 X 18 = 180 lbs of P2O5• 180 / .52 = 346 lbs of 11‐52‐0• How many years do you want to take to get there?  Divide by the number of years .  This application is in addition to amount you normally apply.

Page 27: Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cyclingnotill.okstate.edu/presentations/2013-no-till-conference/Nutrient... · Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cycling

Potassium Recommendations

Soil Test ppm K Rating lbs K2O0-40 Very Low 90-20041-80 Low 50-12081-120 Medium 25-60121-200 High 0-35201+ Very High None

Page 28: Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cyclingnotill.okstate.edu/presentations/2013-no-till-conference/Nutrient... · Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cycling

Potassium (My Goals)• How to Get There Example for a silt loam

– Soil test is 120 ppm K and I want to get to 160 ppm K

• 160‐120  = 40 ppm increase• 40 X 9 =  360 lbs of K2O• 360 / 0.60 = 600 lbs of 0‐0‐60• How many years do you want to take to get there?  Divide by the number of years .  This application is in addition to amount you normally apply.

Page 29: Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cyclingnotill.okstate.edu/presentations/2013-no-till-conference/Nutrient... · Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cycling

Zinc

• I have found that the best way to correct a low zinc soil test is to broadcast enough zinc sulfate (33 to 36 % Zn) to raise the zinc soil test above 1 ppm.  

• One pound of actual zinc will raise the zinc soil test 0.1 ppm Zn.– Zn recommendation = (1.0 – Zn soil test) times 10– Zn soil test = 0.60:  (1.00 – 0.60) X 10 = 4 lbs of Zn/A

Page 30: Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cyclingnotill.okstate.edu/presentations/2013-no-till-conference/Nutrient... · Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cycling

Copper• Copper soil tests are low in a few area of the Plains.

• For most crops I like to see a copper (Cu) value of 0.20 ppm P.  For a few crops like potatoes I try to raise the Cu soil test to 0.60 ppm Cu.

• Three pounds of Cu will raise the soil test 0.10 ppm Cu

• Cu rec. = (0.20 ‐ .12) X 3 = 2.4 lbs of Cu 

Page 31: Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cyclingnotill.okstate.edu/presentations/2013-no-till-conference/Nutrient... · Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cycling

Boron• Boron is less soluble than some of the anions.• But boron has a narrow safe range.  Do not try to build B soil test.  Boron should be applied when the B soil test is less than 0.25 ppm, except for cotton, peanuts and sugar beets that need 0.50 ppm B.

• B recommendation =  One pound of B will raise the soil test 0.10 ppm B.  Example: for wheat, corn, milo, etc.

• 1.5 – (5 x 0.20) = (1.5 – 1.0) = 0.5 lbs B 

Page 32: Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cyclingnotill.okstate.edu/presentations/2013-no-till-conference/Nutrient... · Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cycling

No Till Fertilizer Program

• It is best to “knife in” nitrogen• Do not do a weed and feed program for N• Phosphorus and other nutrients can be broadcast or placed in a band

• Second alternative for N is stream on UAN or broadcast urea

• Split application is necessary for sandy soils.

Page 33: Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cyclingnotill.okstate.edu/presentations/2013-no-till-conference/Nutrient... · Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cycling

Liming Reaction

Page 34: Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cyclingnotill.okstate.edu/presentations/2013-no-till-conference/Nutrient... · Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cycling

Nutrient Cycle?

1. Nutrients are removed from the land any time grain or forage is transported from the area.

2. How are the nutrients replaced?  Higher yields ‐the more nutrients that have to be replaced.

3. Carbon  and some nitrogen comes from the air.4. Other nutrients have to come from soil minerals, 

decomposition of organic matter, manures and fertilizer. 

Page 35: Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cyclingnotill.okstate.edu/presentations/2013-no-till-conference/Nutrient... · Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cycling

Calcium and Magnesium• Lime

– 480 lbs of Ca per ton of 60 % ECC • Wheat

– 9 lbs of Ca per ton of dry forage– 2.8 lbs of Mg per ton of dry forage

• Turnips– 66 lbs of Ca per ton of dry forage– 7 lbs of Mg per ton of dry forage

Page 36: Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cyclingnotill.okstate.edu/presentations/2013-no-till-conference/Nutrient... · Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cycling

Carbon/Organic Matter

• Soil Organic Matter – Carbon and all plant nutrients

• 1 % OM in 8 inches of Soil is 24,000 lbs/A• This Quantity of OM Holds About 1400 lbs of 

N and 200 lbs of S per Acre.

Page 37: Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cyclingnotill.okstate.edu/presentations/2013-no-till-conference/Nutrient... · Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cycling

No‐Till Sulfur Deficiency

• Most of the Sulfur in the soil is held in the organic matter portion of the soil

• The idea is the build soil organic matter to improve soil quality and health and increase soil productivity.  

• 100C : 10N : 1.4S

Page 38: Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cyclingnotill.okstate.edu/presentations/2013-no-till-conference/Nutrient... · Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cycling

A/C Greenfix BlendAbove Ground Biomass Test Results

10/11/2010 (4 reps)High Low Avg.

Yld. T/A 2.95 2.05 2.39

Nutrients in #/A

C 2373 1743 1958

N 125 105 118

P205 18 10 14

K20 232 134 187

Ca 99 46 67

Mg 14 9 11

S 18 9 15

Zn 0.72 0.41 0.63

Fe 2.94 1.87 2.20

Mn 0.35 0.24 0.28

C:N =16.6 

Grass % Brassica % Legume %

0 41 59

Page 39: Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cyclingnotill.okstate.edu/presentations/2013-no-till-conference/Nutrient... · Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cycling

Nutrient Uptake and Root Structure

Page 40: Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cyclingnotill.okstate.edu/presentations/2013-no-till-conference/Nutrient... · Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cycling
Page 41: Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cyclingnotill.okstate.edu/presentations/2013-no-till-conference/Nutrient... · Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cycling

Factors Affecting Nutrient Uptake

OxygenTemperature

Ion Interference

Page 42: Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cyclingnotill.okstate.edu/presentations/2013-no-till-conference/Nutrient... · Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cycling

Soil Organic Matter

• Enhance crop productivity• Build soil fertility• Improve structure• Build aggregate stability• Increase nutrient retention• Increase water holding capacity

Page 43: Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cyclingnotill.okstate.edu/presentations/2013-no-till-conference/Nutrient... · Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cycling
Page 44: Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cyclingnotill.okstate.edu/presentations/2013-no-till-conference/Nutrient... · Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cycling

Soil Structure

Retention & transport of water & nutrients

Habitat for MicrobesReduced Soil Erosion

Page 45: Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cyclingnotill.okstate.edu/presentations/2013-no-till-conference/Nutrient... · Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cycling
Page 46: Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cyclingnotill.okstate.edu/presentations/2013-no-till-conference/Nutrient... · Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cycling

Poor Soil Structure Prevents Water Movement

Water

Saturated Soil

Air Space

Moisture Soil

Dry Soil

Page 47: Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cyclingnotill.okstate.edu/presentations/2013-no-till-conference/Nutrient... · Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cycling

Rainfall Simulator

Page 48: Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cyclingnotill.okstate.edu/presentations/2013-no-till-conference/Nutrient... · Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cycling

Water Penetration

Page 49: Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cyclingnotill.okstate.edu/presentations/2013-no-till-conference/Nutrient... · Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cycling

No. 1 Environmental Enemy in Production Agriculture

Intensive Tillage

Page 50: Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cyclingnotill.okstate.edu/presentations/2013-no-till-conference/Nutrient... · Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cycling

Nutrient Balance and Carbon Sequestration.

Net carbon sequestration requires other nutrients.

7 – 10 units of C per unit of N

50 –60 units of C per unit of P

70 – 80 units of C per unit of S

Balanced fertilization is needed for both crop uptake and carbon sequestration!

Rattan Lal, 27 Jan., 2000

C

N P

KS

ZnCa

Mg

Mn

Bo

Cletc.

Page 51: Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cyclingnotill.okstate.edu/presentations/2013-no-till-conference/Nutrient... · Nutrient Mining, Soil Testing and Plant Nutrient Cycling

C

Soil carbon is the “Keystone” for all soil physical, chemical and biological processes and properties.

N PK Ca

Mg S

Zn Mn

Cl Bo

Management platformfertility, variety, irrigation, species, cover crop, manure, rotations, tillage, soil type, erosion, timing,  

Carbon is a “keystone” in nutrient cycling!