(NTTS 47) Kloha Texts and Traditions 2014

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ntts-47-kloha-texts-and-traditions-2014 1/437
Edited by
Jefrey Kloha
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Te x ts a n d tr a d i ti o n s : e s s a y s i n h o n o u r o f J . K e i th E l l i o tt / e d i te d b y P e te r D o b l e , J e f r e y K l o h a . p a g e s c m . – ( Ne w Te s ta m e n t to o l s , s tu d i e s a n d d o c u m e n ts , I S S N 0 0 7 7 - 8 8 4 2 ; V O L U M E 4 7 )
Includes bibliographical references and index. I S B N 9 7 8 - 9 0 - 0 4 - 2 3 3 6 0 - 7 ( h a r d b a c k : a l k . p a p e r ) – I S B N 9 7 8 - 9 0 - 0 4 - 2 7 3 9 3 - 1 ( e - b o o k ) 1 . B i b l e . Ne w
Testament–Criticism, interpretation, etc. 2. Bible. New Testament–Criticism, Textual. 3. Bible. New Te s ta m e n t– H e r m e n e u ti c s . I . E l l i o tt, J . K . ( J a m e s K e i th ) , h o n o u r e e . I I . K l o h a , J e f r e y , e d i to r o f c o m p i l a ti o n .
BS2361.3.T54 2014 225'.06–dc23
2014011340
Th i s p u b l i c a ti o n h a s b e e n ty p e s e t i n th e m u l ti l i n g u a l “ B r i l l ” ty p e f a c e . W i th o v e r 5 , 1 0 0 c h a r a c te r s c o v e r i n g L a ti n , , G r e e k , a n d C y r i l l i c , th i s ty p e f a c e i s e s p e c i a l l y s u i ta b l e f o r u s e i n th e h u m a n i ti e s . For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface.
- ---- (hardback) ---- (e-book)
C o p y r i g h t 2 0 1 4 b y K o n i n k l i jk e B r i l l , L e i d e n , Th e Ne th e r l a n d s . K o n i n k l i jk e B r i l l i n c o r p o r a te s th e i m p r i n ts B r i l l , B r i l l Ni jh o f , G l o b a l O r i e n ta l a n d H o te i P u b l i s h i n g . All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, o r tr a n s m i tte d i n a n y f o r m o r b y a n y m e a n s , e l e c tr o n i c , m e c h a n i c a l , p h o to c o p y i n g , r e c o r d i n g o r o th e r w i s e , without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill provided th a t th e a p p r o p r i a te f e e s a r e p a i d d i r e c tl y to Th e C o p y r i g h t C l e a r a n c e C e n te r , Ro s e w o o d D r i v e , S u i te , D a n v e r s , , . Fe e s a r e s u b je c t to c h a n g e .
Th i s b o o k i s p r i n te d o n a c i d - f r e e p a p e r .
8/19/2019 (NTTS 47) Kloha Texts and Traditions 2014
Introduction 1
Michael W. Holmes
Variants and Variance 25 D.C. Parker
In the Beginning was the New Testament Text, but Which Text? A Consideration of ‘Ausgangstext’ and ‘Initial Text’ 35
Eldon Jay Epp
Studies
Hapless Disciples and Exemplary Minor Characters in the Gospel of Mark: The Exhortation to Cross-Bearing as Both Encouragement and Warning 95
James A. Kelhofer
The Characteristics of the Greek of St. Mark’s Gospel 137
James W. Voelz

The Syro-Sinaitic Palimpsest and Ephraem Syrus in Luke 2:36–38 and 1:6 154
Tjitze Baarda
Codex Bezae and Luke 3:22 – Internal Evidence from Luke-Acts 175 Peter Doble
Elizabeth’s Magnicat (Luke 1:46) 200 Jefrey Kloha
A Flock of Synonyms? John 21:15–17 in Greek and Latin Tradition 220
H.A.G. Houghton
God or Jesus? Textual Ambiguity and Textual Variants in Acts of the Apostles 239
L.W. Hurtado
Urtext oder frühe Korruption? Einige Beispiele aus der Apostelgeschichte 255
Holger Strutwolf
1Corinthians 8:6: From Confession to Paul to Creed to Paul 281 J. Lionel North
Tychicus and the Colossian Christians: A Reconsideration of the Text of Colossians 4:8 303
Peter M. Head
Early Non-Canonical Christian Literature
How to Draw an Immaculate Conception: Protevangelium Jacobi 11–12 in Early Christian Art 319
David R. Cartlidge
The Education of Jesus in the Infancy Gospel of Thomas 327 Paul Foster

Le projet littéraire d’Ignace d’Antioche dans sa Lettre aux
Ephésiens 348 Denise Rouger et Christian-B. Amphoux
How to Change a Continuous Text Manuscript into a Lectionary Text 370
William J. Elliott
Bibliography J.K. Elliott 377 Index of Modern Authors 390 Index of Citations 395
Index of Subjects 415
Contributors
Christian-B. AmphouxC h e rc h e u r au C N RS ( 1 97 4 –2 0 0 8 ) , C PA F , U n i v e rs i té d’ A i x - M ars e i l l e
Tjitze Baarda Profe s s or E me ri tu s , V ri j e U n i v e rs i te i t, A ms te rdam
Peter Doble F orme rl y S e n i or F e l l ow, T h e ol og y an d Re l i g i ou s S tu di e s , U n i v e rs i ty of L e e ds
David Cartlidge Profe s s or E me ri tu s , M ary v i l l e C ol l e g e , T e n n e s s e e
William J. Elliott
Eldon J. Epp H ar k ne ss P ro f es so r o f B ib li ca l L it er at ur e e me r it u s a nd D ea n o f H um a ni ti es a nd S oc i al S c i e n c e s e me ri tu s , C as e W e s te rn Re s e rv e U n i v e rs i ty , C l e v e l an d, O h i o
Paul Foster S e ni o r L e ct u re r i n N e w Te s t am e n t L a ng u ag e , L i te r at u re , a n d T h eo l og y, T h e S c h ool of D i v i n i ty , U n i v e rs i ty of E di n b u rg h
Peter Head S ir K ir by L a in g S en io r L e ct ur er i n N ew Te st a me nt , Ty nd a le H ou se ; Fe ll ow o f S t. E dmu n ds C ol l e g e ; A l i ate d L e c tu re r i n th e F ac u l ty of D i v i n i ty , C amb ri dg e
Michael W. Holmes U n i v e r s i t y P r o f e s s o r o f B i b l i c a l S t u d i e s a n d E a r l y C h r i s t i a n i t y , B e t h e l U n i v e r - s i ty , S t. Pau l , M i n n e s ota
Hugh Houghton Re s e arc h F e l l ow, I n s ti tu te for T e x tu al S c h ol ars h i p an d E l e c tron i c E di ti n g , U n i - versity of Birmingham
AB Anchor Bible AGLB Aus der Geschichte der lateinischen Bibel
AHAW Abhandlungen der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften
AKG Arbeiten zur Kirchengeschichte
ANTF Arbeiten zur neutesamentlichen Textforschung
ATANT Abhandlungen zur Theologie des Alten und Neuen Testaments
BBB Bonner biblische Beitrage BBR Bulletin for Biblical Research
B DAG B au er, W. , F. W. D an ke r, W. F. A rn dt , a nd F. W. G in gr ic h. Greek-English Lex-
icon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. 3 r d e d .
Chicago, 1999
B ET L B ib l io th e ca e ph e me ri du m t h eo l og ic ar um l ov an ie ns iu m
B HT Be it rä ge z ur h is to ri sch en T he ol og ie
Bib Biblica
BibInt Biblical Interpretation
B iPa B ib li a Pa tr is ti ca : In de x d es c it at io ns e t al lu si on s bi bl iq ue s da ns l a li tt ér a-
ture
BJRL Bulletin of the John Rylands Library
B KP Be it rä ge z ur k la ss is ch en P hi lo lo gi e
B NT C B la ck ’s N ew Te st am en t C om me nt ar ie s
BT The Bible Translator
BTB Biblical Theology Bulletin
BT hS B ib li sc h-T he ol og is ch e S tu di en
B WA ( N) T B e it r ag e z u r W i s s e ns c h af t v o m A l te n ( u n d N e u e n) Te s t am e nt BZ Biblische Zeitschrift
B ZN W B ei h ef te zu r Z ei ts ch r if t fü r d ie ne ut es t am en t li ch e Wi ss en s ch af t
CAn t Chris tianis me Ant ique
CBM Ches ter Beatt y Mono graph s
CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly
C BQ MS C at h ol ic Bi bl ic al Qu ar te rl y M on o gr ap h S er ie s
C CS A C or pu s C hr is ti an or um S er ie s A po cr yp ho ru m
C NT C om me nt ai re d u No uve au Te st am en t C S CO C or pu s s cr ip to ru m c h ri st ia n or um o r ie nt al iu m
CV Communio Viatorum
DRev Downside Review
EBib Études bibliques
E FN E st ud io s d e l ol og ía n eo te st am en ta ri a
E K KN T E va n ge l is c h- K at o li s ch K om m e nt a r z u m N e ue n Te s ta m en t
ETL Ephemerides theologicae lovanienses ExpTim Expository Times
FN Filología neotestamentaria
F R LA N T Fo r s ch u ng e n z ur R e li g io n u n d L i te r at u r d es A l t en u n d N e ue n Te s t am e nt s
G CS D ie g ri ec hi s ch e c hr is t li ch e S ch r if ts te ll er d er e rs te n [ d re i] J ar hu nd er te
H KN T H an dko mm en ta r z um N eu er Te st am en t
HN T Hand buch zum Neuen Test ament
HSCP Harvard Studies in Classical Philology
HT B Histoire de texte bibl iqueH T KN T H e rd e rs t h eo l o gi s ch e r K om m e nt a r z u m N e ue n Te s ta m en t
HTR Harvard Theological Review
HvTSt Hervormade teologiese studies
ICC I nte rn at io na l C ri ti ca l C om me nt ar y
Int Interpretation
JBR Journal of Bible and Religion
JEH Journal of Ecclesiastical History
JR Journal of Religion
JSHJ Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus
JSNT Journal for the Study of the New Testament
JSNTSup Journal for the Study of the New Testament: Supplement Series
JTS Journal of Theological Studies
K EK K ri ti sc h -e xe ge ti s ch e r K om m en ta r ü be r d as N eu e Te st am en t ( Me ye r- Ko m -
mentar)
LC L Loeb Classical Library L NT S L ib ra ry o f N ew Te st am en t S tu di es
LQ F L it ur gi ew is se ns ch af tl ic he Q ue ll en u nd Fo rs ch un ge n
LSJ Lidd ell, H.G., R. S cott, J.S . Jones, A Greek-English Lexicon. 9 t h e d . w i t h r e -
vised supplement. Oxford, 1996
M BT h M ün st er is ch e B ei tr äg e z ur T he ol og ie
MH Museum helveticum
NHS Nag Hammad i St ud ies
N IC NT N ew I nt er na ti o na l C o mm en t ar y o n t h e N ew Te s ta me nt N IG TC N ew I nt er na ti o na l G re ek Te st am en t C om m en t ar y
NovT Novum Testamentum
N o vT S up N o vu m Te s t am e nt u m S u pp l em e n ts

N TG F T he Ne w Te st am en t i n t he G re ek Fa th er s
NTL New Test am ent Library
N TOA N ov um Te st am en tu m e t O rb is A nt iq uu s
NTS New Testament Studies N TT S Ne w Te st am en t To ol s a nd S tud ies
N T TS D N ew Te st am e nt To o ls , S tu di es a nd D oc um en ts
O EC T O xfo rd E ar ly C hr is ti an Tex ts
PG Pa tro lo gi a g ra ec a [ = Pa tro lo gi ae cu rs us co mp le tu s: Se ri es gra ec a] . E d.
J.-P. Migne. 162 vols. Paris, 1857–1886.
PL Patro logia l atina [ = Pat rolo giae c ursus c om plet us : Series l atin a]. E d.
J.-P. Migne. 217 vols. Paris, 1844–1864.
P TN C P il la r N ew Te st am en t C om me nt ar y QD Quaestion es d isputatae
RB Revue Biblique
ResQ Restoration Quarterly
RGG Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart
S BM S tu tt ga rte r b ib li sc he M on og ra ph ie n
SC Sources ch rét ien nes. Paris: Cerf, 1943–
SD Studies and Docum ents
Semeia Semeia
SNT Studien zum Neuen Testam en t
S N T SM S S o ci e ty f or N ew Te s t am e nt S tu d ie s Mo n o gr a ph S er i es
SP Sacra Pagina
S PAW S i tz u ng s b er i ch t e d e r p r eu s s is c he n A k ad e mi e d e r W i ss e ns c h af t en
SPhA Studia Philonica Annual
TC Textual Criticism
TGl Theologie und Glaube T H KN T T h eo l o gi s ch e r H a nd k om m e nt a r z u m N e ue n Te s ta m en t
TLS Times Literary Supplement
TLZ Theologische Literaturzeitung
T NT C Ty nd al e N ew Te st am en t C om me nt ar ie s
TRev Theologische Revue
T S Texts and Studies
TSK Theologische Studien und Kritiken
T U GA L Te x te u nd U n te r s uc h un g en z u r G e sc h ic h te d er a lt c hr i st l i ch e n Li t er a tu r TynBul Tyndale Bulletin
TZ Theologische Zeitschrift
WBC Word Biblical Commentary
WMANT Wissenschaftliche Monographien zum Alten und Neuen Testament WUNT Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament
ZNW Zeitschrift fur die Neutestamentliche Wissenschaft und die Kunde der alteren
Kirche
Professor Emeritus J. Keith Elliott, DPhil, DD
I t s e s s a y i s t s a n d e d i t o r s o f e r t h i s v o l u m e t o o u r h o n o r a n d a s a s y m b o l o f t h ee s t e e m a n d a f e c t i o n i n w h i c h h e i s w i d e l y h e l d . K e i t h E l l i o t t w a s a p p o i n t e d t o a l e c t u r e s h i p i n t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f L e e d s i n
1 9 6 7 . H e a r r i v e d f r o m S t P e t e r ’ s C o l l e g e , O x f o r d , h a v i n g c o m p l e t e d h i s D P h i l u nd er t he s up er vi si on o f G. D. K il pa tr ic k. H e h ad m ov ed t o O xf or d i n 1 96 4, a ft er t a k i n g a F i r s t i n H e b r e w a n d B i b l i c a l S t u d i e s a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y C o l l e g e , B a n g o r ( U n i v e r s i t y o f W a l e s ) , w h e r e h e h a d b e e n i n u e n c e d b y M a r g a r e t T h r a l l . T h i s young, newly appointed Lecturer in New Testament Language and Literature
h a d c h o s e n h i s m a j o r i n u e n c e s w e l l . H e c o n t i n u e d h i s a c a d e m i c c a r e e r a tL e e ds u n ti l h i s r e ti re m e nt , s e rv i ng s u cc e ss i ve l y a s S e ni o r L e ct u re r, R e ad e r, th e n as Profe s s or of N e w T e s tame n t T e x tu al C ri ti c i s m; K e i th ’ s ac ade mi c c are e r exemplies stabilitas.
T h i s q u a l i t y w a s e n h a n c e d i n 1 9 7 1 b y h i s m a r r y i n g C a r o l y n T u l l . F o r f o r t y years their home and their life together has been a foundation on which was b u i l t t h e c a r e e r t h a t n o w w e h o n o u r . T h e i r d a u g h t e r , R o s a m u n d , i s c u r r e n t l y a C a p t a i n i n t h e R o y a l E n g i n e e r s , a n d h a s s e r v e d i n I r a q a n d A f g h a n i s t a n . T h e m a n y w h o h a v e b e e n g u e s t s i n t h e i r h o m e w i l l k n o w h o w s i g n i c a n t i s t h i s stabilitas i n t h e l i f e w e a r e h o n o u r i n g .
K e i t h e n j o y e d t e a c h i n g , c a r e d a b o u t s t u d e n t s a n d d e l i g h t e d i n t h e i r p r o g r e s s . C a r e f o r s t u d e n t s w e n t b e y o n d t e a c h i n g t h e m : h e b e c a m e r s t A s s i s t a n t a n d l a t e r W a r d e n o f C h a r l e s M o r r i s H a l l , a L e e d s H a l l o f R e s i d e n c e ; h e c o n t i n u e s a s t u to r a t D ev on sh ir e H al l. Pe r ha p s, h ow ev er, i t w as i n s up e rv is in g h ig he r d e g r e e s t h a t h i s s k i l l s , k i n d n e s s , a n d p a t i e n c e w e r e m o s t e v i d e n t . T h e r a n k s o f g r e e n - b o u n d t h e s e s o n h i s s h e l v e s s i g n a l K e i t h ’ s e f e c t i v e n e s s a s a s u p e r v i s o r ;
t h o s e a m o n g t h e i r w r i t e r s k e e p i n g i n t o u c h w i t h h i m , m a n y b e c o m i n g f r i e n d s , witness to the quality of his supervising. Supervision often took place in the E l l i o t t h o m e , w h e r e C a r o l y n a l s o e n s u r e d t h a t v i s i t o r s w e r e w e l c o m e . O n e t h i n g was clear to under- and post-graduate alike: Dr Elliott is a gentleman, not only i n a n E n g l i s h s e n s e , b u t i n a N e w m a n s e n s e a l s o .
H e v a l u e s f o r m a l i t y i n d r e s s , i n d i n i n g , a n d i n a d d r e s s . W h i l e W a r d e n o f C ha r le s M or r is H al l, Ke it h f o st er ed f or m al s t ud en t d in ne rs ; l at er, h e w as t o e n j oy th e S e n ate D i n i n g C l u b . D e g re e c e re mon i e s g av e c ol ou rfu l e x p re s s i on to
t h i s f o r m a l i t y , a n d f r o m 1 9 8 8 o n w a r d s h i s D P h i l r o b e s g a v e w a y t o t h o s e o f a D oc to r o f D iv in it y o f t he U ni ve r si ty o f Wa le s. T hi s f o rm al it y i s, h ow ev er, a n o ut - ward, visible sign of the inner graciousness that echoes Newman’s memorable p ortrai t of a g e n tl e man — an oth e r di me n s i on of stabilitas.
. , ,
But stabilitas n ee d n o t e n ta i l a n a r ro w p a ro c hi a li s m. E x te r na l e xa m i ni n g a n d m e m b e r s h i p o f l e a r n e d s o c i e t i e s g e n e r a t e d t h e n e t w o r k o f f r i e n d s a n d a c q u a i n t a n c e s t h a t c o n s t i t u t e s t h e w i d e r w o r l d w i t h w h i c h K e i t h e n g a g e s . W e
h a v e a l r e a d y n o t e d f r i e n d s w h o i n u e n c e d h i m a n d w h o m h e v a l u e d : h i s j o i n te d i t o r s h i p o f a Festschrift f o r M a r g a r e t T h r a l l s y m b o l i s e s t h e i r l o n g s t a n d i n g fri e n ds h i p ; h e ap p l i e d an d c h amp i on e d G. D . K i l p atri c k ’ s th orou g h g oi n g e c l e c - ti c me th od; h e p ri z e s h i s h an d- wri tte n c orre s p on de n c e wi th T . C . S k e at, wh os e
Biblical Writings h e c o l l e c t e d a n d p u b l i s h e d i n 2 0 0 4 . T o t h e s e i n u e n c e s m u s t b e a dd ed t ho se o f B ru ce M et zge r a nd t he D ir ec to rs o f t he I ns ti tu t f ür n eu te st a- m en tl ic he Te xt f or sc hu ng i n M ün st er. K ei th a nd t he y h ad i n c om m on a c on ce rn f o r a c c u r a c y , a n d f o r m e t i c u l o u s w o r k ; o n e h a s o n l y t o r e a d h i s r e v i e w s o f c r i t -
i c a l G r e e k e d i t i o n s t o s e e w h e r e K e i t h ’ s i n s t i n c t s a n d v a l u e s l i e .F ri en ds a nd a c qu a in ta nc e s h av e a ls o e m er ge d f ro m a m on g l ea r ne d s o ci et ie s a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s . K e i t h w a s e l e c t e d t o t h e StudiorumNoviTestamenti Societas i n 1 9 6 8 , a n d s e r v e d a s i t s a s s i s t a n t s e c r e t a r y f r o m 1 9 8 4 – 1 9 9 4 . H e c o n - t i n u e s a r e g u l a r p a r t i c i p a n t i n m e e t i n g s o f t h e Society of Biblical Literature and i n i n te r n at i on a l c o nf e re n ce s o n t ex t ua l c r it i ci s m. L e ct u re t o ur s i n S o ut h A f r ic a a n d A u s t r a l i a , a n d s t i n t s a s a v i s i t o r t o t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f t h e W e s t I n d i e s a n d t wi ce t o C on co rd ia S em in ar y, S t . L ou is a d de d t o h is f r ie nd s a nd a cq ua in ta nc es . I t w a s , p e r h a p s , i n e v i t a b l e t h a t h e s h o u l d b e i n v i t e d t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e I n t e r - n at io na l G re ek N ew Te st a me nt P ro je ct , w ho se s ec re t ar y h e b ec a me i n 1 98 7, a nd u n s u r p r i s i n g t h a t h e b e c a m e ( 1 9 7 7 – 1 9 8 7 ) “ t h e e d i t o r r e s p o n s i b l e f o r b r i n g i n g t h e L u k e m a t e r i a l t h r o u g h t h e p r e s s … ” ; h e i s s t i l l a c o m m i t t e e m e m b e r . H i s c on ce rn f o r t h e t ex t o f t he N ew Te st a me nt c o nt in ue s i n K ei th’s p ar t ic ip a ti on i n the Marc Multilingue P r o j e c t , a F r a n c o p h o n e e n t e r p r i s e t o p l o t t h e h i s t o r y o f M ar k’s go sp el . H e a ls o r em ai ns V ic e C ha ir ma n o f, a nd c on tr ib ut or t o, t he Va ca - t i o n T e r m f o r B i b l i c a l S t u d i e s t h a t m e e t s a n n u a l l y i n O x f o r d ; t h e T e r m e n a b l e s n on - s p e c i al i s ts to k e e p ab re as t of b i b l i c al s c h ol ars h i p .
T h i s b u s y l i f e a t h o m e a n d a b r o a d i s e n r i c h e d b y w i d e a n d c r i t i c a l r e a d i n g : “ i f y o u ’ r e g o i n g t o r e a d i t , y o u m a y a s w e l l r e v i e w i t ” w a s h i s a d v i c e t o o n e p os tg ra d ua te s t ud en t , a m a xi m e m bo d ie d i n 1 99 0 w he n Ke it h b ec a me t h e R ev ie w s E di to r f o r Novum Testamentum. S in ce t he n, t hi s j ou r na l’s r ea d er s h av e r e c e i v e d f o r t y s e v e n s u c c e s s i v e B o o k N o t e s , e a c h d i s c u s s i n g a w i d e r a n g e o f p u b l i c a t i o n s i n m a n y l a n g u a g e s . T h e j o u r n a l ’ s r e v i e w e r s h a v e e n c o u n t e r e d a c r i t i c a l , g e n t l y h e l p f u l , a n d e n c o u r a g i n g e d i t o r w h o h a s h i m s e l f p u b l i s h e d , t o d a t e , f o u r h u n d r e d a n d f t e e n r e v i e w s .
Amidst his work at Leeds and extra-mural activities, Keith has published t w e n t y n i n e b o o k s , a n d p a r t s f o r s i x t y t h r e e o t h e r s ; h e a l s o h a s t o h i s c r e d i t n in et y s ev en a r ti cl es . A m on g t he se m an y p ub li ca t io ns , p e rh ap s o ne b es t e xe m - p l i e s t h e q u a l i t i e s w e h o n o u r . W h e n , i n r e s p o n s e t o r e n e w e d i n t e r e s t i n e a r l y
. , ,
C h ri s ti an i ty , O x ford U n i v e rs i ty Pre s s s ou g h t to u p date M . R. J ame s ’ s The Apoc- ryphal New Testament , r s t p u b l i s h e d i n 1 9 2 4 , t h e y g a v e K e i t h a c a r t e b l a n c h e . R e c o g n i s i n g t h a t n o t h i n g s h o r t o f a t h o r o u g h r e - w r i t i n g w o u l d s u c e , h e s e t
h i m s e l f t o p r o d u c e n e w , m o d e r n E n g l i s h t r a n s l a t i o n s o f t h e t e x t s . F o r e a c hte x t h e wrote a formal , i mp arti al , s c e n e - s e tti n g i n trodu c ti on , s k e tc h i n g i s s u e s , e n a b l i n g c o n t i n u i n g d e b a t e . F o l l o w i n g e a c h i n t r o d u c t i o n , h e o f e r e d r e a d e r s a b i b l i o g r a p h y t h a t i n d i c a t e d c r i t i c a l e d i t i o n s o f t h e t e x t i n t h e l a n g u a g e s i n which its versions appeared, pointed them to modern translations in a range o f l a n g u a g e s , a n d l i s t e d g e n e r a l w o r k s o n t h e t e x t . T h e d e t a i l o f e r e d a n d t h e i m m e n s e l a b o u r r e q u i r e d f o r i t s c o m i n g t o p r e s s m a k e t h i s v o l u m e i n i t s e l f amp l e te s ti mon y to K e i th ’ s s c h ol ars h i p . T y p i c al l y , h e o fe rs g e n e rou s ac k n owl -
e d g m e n t o f t h e s c h o l a r l y h e l p h e r e c e i v e d . C h a r a c t e r i s t i c a l l y , h e w a n t e d t h i s volume to be a “new James”—so he writes of it simply as a “thorough revision”. I t i s s m a l l w o n d e r t h a t h i s w o r k i s s o o f t e n r e f e r r e d t o b y o t h e r s c h o l a r s .
We pay tribute to a scholar in a community of scholars; disciplined to work; p as s i on ate for ac c u rac y .
E s s a y i s t s , s e r i e s e d i t o r s , a n d w e o f e r t h i s c o l l e c t i o n t o P r o f e s s o r K e i t h E l l i o t t , c ol l e ag u e , me n tor an d fri e n d.
Peter Doble Jefrey Kloha
Introduction
O n t he b ac k c ove r o f o ne o f h is re ce nt p ub lic at io ns, P ro fe ss or E ll io tt isd e sc ri be d a s s pe ci al is in g i n N ew Te st a me nt Te xt ua l C ri ti ci sm a nd i n E ar ly N on - c an on i c al C h ri s ti an L i te ratu re . W e h av e b orrowe d th e de s c ri p ti on for th i s v ol - u m e ’ s t i t l e , a n d h a v e p a r t i t i o n e d i t s e s s a y s i n t o t h r e e : 1 P r i n c i p l e s ; 2 S t u d i e s ; 3 E arl y N on - c an on i c al C h ri s ti an L i te ratu re .
G i v e n t h e d i v e r s i t y o f t h e s e a r e a s , t h e e d i t o r s i n v i t e d e s s a y i s t s f r o m a m o n g Ke it h E ll io tt ’s c ol le ag ue s a nd f ri en ds e ac h to c on tr ib ut e a p ie ce t ha t t he y d e e me d a p p ro p r ia t e t o o u r h o no r a nd — o ur s e le c t io n c r it e ri o n w a s p e r so n s
r a t h e r t h a n t h e m e s . W e a r e s o r r y t h a t , f o r r e a s o n s o f h e a l t h o r b e r e a v e m e n t ,a f e w o f t h o s e i n v i t e d w e r e u n a b l e t o c o n t r i b u t e ; o u r v o l u m e i s t h e p o o r e r f o r t he ir a b se nc e. W it hi n Pa r ts 1 a nd 3 , e ss ay is ts ’ c o nt r ib ut io ns a pp e ar i n a lp ha b et - i c al o r d er. P ar t 2 i s a r r an ge d r st i n c a n o n ic a l o r de r, t h en a l p h ab e t ic a ll y w i t hi n e ac h g rou p i n g .
1 Principles
What are textual critics about? And how do they propose to achieve their pur- p os es ? Ke it h’s c ar ee r h as s ee n h im r ef oc us h is w or k f ro m s ea rc hi ng f or a n ‘o ri gi na l t ex t’ t o w ha t m ay r ea so na bl y b e s ai d o f t he h is to ry t o w hi ch t ex ts p o i n t . V a r i a n t s m a y b e d e l i b e r a t e , o r s c r i b a l a c c i d e n t ; t h e y m a y b e t h e o l o g i - c a l l y m o t i v a t e d , o r t h e y m a y b e t h e r e s u l t o f h a r m o n i s i n g o n e t e x t w i t h a n o t h e r . K ei th’s f o cu s o n t he e vi de nc e a va il ab le i n t he s e co nd c en tu r y, p o ss ib ly t he c r ad l e o f C h ri s t ia n it y ’s s e lf - id e nt i t y, h a s p r od u c ed a w e al t h o f w r it i ng , i l lu s - t r a t e d b y t h e b i b l i o g r a p h y r e p r o d u c e d a t t h i s v o l u m e ’ s e n d . T h a t e v i d e n c e h a s
i n cl u de d p a py r i, t h e a p o st o li c f a t he r s, a n d m u ch f r om e a r ly, n o n- c a no n ic a l C h r i s t i a n l i t e r a t u r e ; m o s t o f t h e m a j o r t e x t u a l v a r i a n t s a r e f o u n d i n s e c o n d c e n - t u ry e v id e nc e. H ow K ei th p ro p os e s t o a ch ie ve h is p ur po s es r em ai ns h is s to ut ly - mai n tai n e d an d s e n s i ti v e l y - de fe n de d p ri n c i p l e of th orou g h - g oi n g e c l e c ti c i s m.
All four essayists whose work is gathered in this rst part address such concerns.
J. K. E l li ot t, New Testament Textual Criticism: The Application of Thoroughgoing Principles.
Essays on Manuscripts and Textual Variation ( No v TS u p 1 3 7 ; L e i d e n : B r i l l , 2 0 1 0 ) . W h er e th e y w e r e a v a il a b le , th e e s s ay i s ts’ o w n a b s tr ac ts h a v e b e e n i n c o r po r a te d , s o m e tim e s
by adaptation, into this Introduction’s text.
2
M i c h a e l W . H o l m e s , i n h i s When Criteria Conlict , s h o w s h o w a n e x a m i n a - t i o n o f f o u r t e x t u a l p r o b l e m s ( R o m 1 0 : 5 ; M a r k 8 : 3 5 ; 1 C o r 1 2 : 9 – 1 0 ; M a t t 1 8 : 1 8 ) d em o ns tr at es t he c ha ll en ge o f u si ng t he t yp ic a l a rg um en ta t io n o f i nt r in si c a nd
t r a n s c r i p t i o n a l p r o b a b i l i t i e s t o r e s o l v e t h e t e x t . I n s p e c i c e x a m p l e s t h e c r i t e r i ao f te n c on ic t , a n d a na l d e ci si on r eg ar di ng t he i ni ti al t ex t i s o f te n i mp os s ib le . Yet, decisions must be made; consequently those decisions are often based on
c r i t e r i a t h a t a r e n o t m a d e e x p l i c i t . Discussing Variants and Variance, D a v i d P a r k e r n o t e s t h a t i t h a s b e c o m e
c o mm o n pl a ce f o r t ex t ua l c r it i cs t o a s s ig n v a ri o us m o t iv es t o d i f e re n t r e ad i ng s i n t he m an us cr ip ts . T he to ne o f m any r ec en t s tu di es s ug ge st s t ha t s cr ib es s i g n i c a n t l y e d i t e d t h e i r t e x t s , f r e q u e n t l y w i t h t h e o l o g i c a l i n t e r e s t s i n m i n d .
An examination of several potential examples, as well as a specic analysis of C ode x S i n ai ti c u s , s u g g e s ts th at th orou g h re v i s i on for s u c h re as on s i s n ot l i k e l y . N e v e r t h e l e s s , r e n e m e n t s i n m e t h o d o l o g y m a y l e a d t o a m o r e a c c u r a t e w a y t o a cc ou nt f o r t he i nt en ti on al a lt er at io ns t h at d o e xi st i n t he m a nu sc ri pt t ra d it io n.
E l don E p p ’ s In the Beginning Was the New Testament Text, But Which Text? A Consideration of ‘Ausgangstext’ and ‘Initial Text’ n o t e s t h a t r e c e n t e d i t i o n s o f t h e N e w T e s t a m e n t w r i t i n g s i n t r o d u c e t h e t e r m s “ A u s g a n g s t e x t ” a n d “ I n i t i a l Te xt .” A n h is to r ic al s ur ve y o f e d it io n s o f t he N ew Te st a me nt s ho ws v ar yi ng u n d e r s t a n d i n g s o f w h a t t h e e d i t o r s c l a i m t o h a v e r e p r o d u c e d . T h i s e s s a y s e e k s t o c l a r i f y a n d s h a r p e n t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h i s n e w t e r m i n o l o g y , p l a c e t h e s e words within the context of our knowledge of the early transmission of these t e x t s , a n d a r g u e t h a t t h e s e a m b i g u o u s t e r m s s h o u l d n o t b e m i s u n d e r s t o o d t o p r o v i d e m o r e c e r t a i n t y a b o u t t h e e d i t o r i a l l y c o n s t r u c t e d t e x t t h a n i s w a r r a n t e d .
In The Appropriateness of the Eclectic Method for Establishing the Text of Acts, Jenny Read-Heimerdinger has chosen to write an open letter to our honorand,
a r g u i n g a g a i n s t t h e a p p r o p r i a t e n e s s o f a t h o r o u g h - g o i n g e c l e c t i c m e t h o d f o r e st ab li sh in g t he te xt o f A ct s. F ro m h er l on g b ac kg ro un d o f w or ki ng w it h C od ex
B e z ae , J e n n y c on ti n u e s h e r di s c u s s i on wi th K e i th — h e r doc toral s u p e rv i s or— a n d w i t h h i s w r i t i n g s , f o c u s i n g s h a r p l y o n h i s c o r e a p p r o a c h t o v a r i a n t s a n d variation.
U n s u rpri s i ng l y, h owe ve r, mos t e s s ayi s ts h ave u n de rtake n de tai le d s tu di es of s p e c i c p rob l e ms .
2 Studies
Mark
As author, and supervisor of doctoral candidates, Keith is notably attentive to b e g i n n i n g s a n d e n d i n g s . C o n s e q u e n t l y , o n e i s n o t s u r p r i s e d b y h i s p e r s i s t i n g
3
a t t e n t i o n t o M a r k ’ s o p e n i n g v e r s e s a n d t h e n a r r a t i v e ’ s m u c h - d i s c u s s e d e n d i n g s . I n a r t i c l e a n d e s s a y s , K e i t h h a s e x p l o r e d t h e cruces t h a t g o t o t h e h e a r t o f t e x t c r it i ci s m. C u rr e nt l y, h i s p a r ti c ip a t io n i n t h e Marc multilingue P r o j ec t k ee p s
K ei th’s f o cu s o n t hi s t ex t’s d iv er s e G re ek a n d v er si on al h is to r ie s. M ar k ’s t el li ngo f J e s u s ’ s t o r y , w i t h i t s i m p l i c a t i o n s f o r C h r i s t i a n d i s c i p l e s h i p , h a s c o m e t o u s with many variants. Two of our essayists address Markan issues: one, Mark’s n a r r a t i v e a n d i t s c h a r a c t e r s ; t h e o t h e r , M a r k ’ s G r e e k i n t h e l i g h t o f t h e t e x t s ’ transmission.
In Hapless Disciples and Exemplary Minor Characters in the Gospel of Mark: the Exhortation to Cross-bearing as both Encouragement and Warning, J a m e s A. Kelhofer asks, How do the negative depictions of the twelve disciples play
a r o l e i n M a r k ’ s c o n s t r u a l o f r e a d i n e s s t o s u f e r a s a n i n d i c a t i o n o f s t a n d i n ga s C h r i s t ’ s f o l l o w e r ? I n M a r k t h e a p p r a i s a l o f s u f e r i n g ’ s v a l u e w o r k s both pos- itively and negatively à p rop os de n i ti on s of l e g i ti mac y . Pos i ti v e l y , i t c on rms t h e s t a n d i n g o f m i n o r c h a r a c t e r s i n M a r k a n d o f o t h e r b e l i e v e r s w h o f o l l o w t h e i r e x a m p l e ( s ) . N e g a t i v e l y , i t c a l l s i n t o q u e s t i o n t h e s t a n d i n g o f n o t o n l y t h e T w e l v e i n t h e l a t t e r h a l f o f M a r k ’ s n a r r a t i v e b u t a l s o a n y o n e e l s e w h o w o u l d e mu l ate th e i r p e rdi ou s b e h av i ou r. M ark ’ s de p i c ti on s of th e T we l v e o fe r b oth e n co u ra g em e nt a n d w a rn i ng a b o ut t h e n e ce s si t y o f c o m mi t te d d i sc i pl e sh i p a n d r e a d i n e s s t o s u f e r a s J e s u s d i d .
N e x t , J a m e s V o e l z t a k e s u p t h e q u e s t i o n o f The Characteristics of the Greek of St. Mark’s Gospel . D i s c u s s i o n o f t h e G r e e k o f M a r k i s c o m p l i c a t e d b y t h e p r e s e n c e o f t e x t u a l v a r i a t i o n , w h i c h i s n o t r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e i n h a n d e d i t i o n s . A p r o c e d u r e w h i c h t a k e s i n t o a c c o u n t a l l v a r i a t i o n r e v e a l s t h a t s o m e f e a t u r e s o f M a r k a n s t y l e s h i f t f r o m t h e e a r l i e r p o r t i o n s o f t h e b o o k t o t h e l a t e r . F u r t h e r - m o r e , i n c o n t r a s t t o m a n y c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s o f M a r k ’ s G r e e k a s b e i n g c r u d e o r s i m p l e , m a n y f e a t u r e s o f h i s G r e e k c o r r e s p o n d t o t h o s e f o u n d i n l i t e r a r y a u t h o r s s u c h a s P l a t o .
Luke
T h re e e s s ay i s ts h av e foc u s e d on L u k an i s s u e s . In The Syro-Sinaitic Palimpsest and Ephraem Syrus in Luke 2:36–38 and 1:6 ,
T j i t z e B a a r d a h a s r e v i s i t e d a q u e s t i o n o n w h i c h K e i t h h a s w r i t t e n : A n n a ’ s a g e
A nd a r ec en t e ss ay l in ks Marc multilingue, M a rk ’s t h re e e n di n gs , a n d t h e a c ce s si b il it y o f m a nu s cr i pt e v id en c e: J .K . E l li o tt , “ T h e E n di n gs o f M a rk ’s G o sp e l a n d t h e P re s en t at i on o f Variants in the Marc multilingue Edition” in C.-B. Amphoux and J.K. Elliott (eds), Textual
Research on the Psalms and Gospels ( L e i d e n : B r i l l ; 2 0 1 2 ) . E l li ot t (2 0 10 ) : 3 5 3– 3 55 .
4
a n d t h e l e n g t h o f h e r m a r r i a g e , a s d e s c r i b e d i n L u k e , h a v e r e c e i v e d c o n s i d - e r a b l e a t t e n t i o n i n t h e e a r l y S y r i a c w i t n e s s e s a n d c o m m e n t a r i e s . E a r l y S y r i a c hy mn ol og y, a c lo se r ea di ng o f t he S yr o- Si na ti c t ex t o f L uke 2 :3 6– 38 , a nd a c om -
p a r i s o n o f t h e t e x t o f E p h r a e m w i t h t h i s m a n u s c r i p t i n L u k e 1 : 6 l e a d t o t h ec o n c l u s i o n t h a t t h e r e a d i n g s i n E p h r a e m a n d S y a r e t r a c e a b l e t o t h e D i a t e s - s a r o n . I t s a u t h o r , T a t i a n , r e g a r d e d A n n a a s l i v i n g e i g h t y - f o u r y e a r s a s a w i d o w b u t h a v i n g b e e n m a r r i e d a t a g e t h i r t e e n .
S e co n d, i n Codex Bezae and Luke 3:22 – Internal Evidence from Luke-Acts, Pe te r D ob le , w or ki ng w it h L uke -A ct s a s a n ar ra ti ve u ni ty, b ui ld s o n a h in t i n h is d o c t o r a l s u p e r v i s o r ’ s w r i t i n g s . T h i s e s s a y a r g u e s t h a t a t L u k e 3 : 2 2 t h e w o r d s o f P s 2 : 7 , r a t h e r t h a n t h e c o n a t i o n p r i n t e d i n t h e t e x t o f N A , a r e t h e i m a g e
r e e c t e d i n t h e m i r r o r o f P a u l ’ s A n t i o c h s e r m o n ( A c t s 1 3 : 3 3 ) . T h e r e a s o n f o rt h i s c o n c l u s i o n i s t o b e f o u n d i n a c o m b i n a t i o n o f i n t e r n a l e v i d e n c e — L u k e ’ s n a r r a t i v e s t r u c t u r e w h i c h c a r r i e s h i s t h e o l o g y , a s t r u c t u r e b o u n d u p w i t h h i s ‘ us e o f t he O T’ a nd h is a tt it ud e t o J es us ’ b ap t is m —a nd e xt er na l e vi de nc e —t h e f ac t t ha t D 05 b el on gs t o t he e ar li es t s tr at a o f t ex tu al e vi de nc e f or r ea di ng Ps 2 :7 r at he r t ha n a c on at io n. E ss en ti al ly, t he i nt er na l e vi de nc e f or t hi s c as e i s foc u s e d b y Pau l ’ s A n ti oc h s e rmon ( A c ts 1 3 : 1 5 –4 1 ) .
T h en , J e f r ey K l oh a , a n ot h e r o f K ei t h’s d o c to r a l s t ud e nt s , e x am i ne s Eliza- beth’s Magnicat (Luke 1:46). A t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e t w e n t i e t h c e n t u r y t h e r e was a strong consensus that Μαριμ was a later addition to Luke 1:46, conse- q u e n t l y t h e M a g n i c a t ( L u k e 1 : 4 6 – 5 5 ) w a s s u n g b y E l i z a b e t h . T h i s v i e w , h o w - e v e r , w a s n o t a d o p t e d b y m o d e r n c r i t i c a l e d i t i o n s n o r b y m o s t c o m m e n t a t o r s o n L uke . T hi s e s sa y r ev is it s t he m an us cr ip t a nd p at r is ti c e v id e nc e , t he f un ct io n o f t h e c h a r a c t e r s M a r y a n d E l i z a b e t h i n t h e L u k a n n a r r a t i v e , a n d t h e s e c o n d c e n tu ry c on te x t wi th i n wh i c h th e te x t was tran s mi tte d.
John
Hugh Houghton’s essay, A Flock of Synonyms? John 21:15–17 in Greek and Latin Tradition, d is cu ss es a p as sa ge w he re o ne o f Ke it h’s m aj or c on ce rn s c om es s h a r p l y i n t o f o c u s : h o w d i d s e n s i t i v i t i e s t o s t y l e a n d t o l a n g u a g e b e a r o n w a y s i n which a text was transmitted? The three-fold questioning of Peter in John 21:15– 1 7 f a m ou s ly s h if t s b e t we e n s i mi l ar v o ca b l es ( γα π ω /φ ι λ ω ; ο δα / γι ν σκ ω ; e t c. ) . A study of the transmission of this passage in the Greek and Latin manuscripts o f J o h n a n d i t s d i s c u s s i o n b y e a r l y C h r i s t i a n a u t h o r s r e v e a l s t h a t d i f e r e n c e s b et we en t he se v oc ab le s f or m a p ar t o f t he e ar ly G re ek o r L at in i nt er pr et iv e t ra -
dition.
K . El li ot t a nd I . Mo ir, Manuscripts and the Text of the New Testament , ( E d i n b u r g h : T& T C l a r k ; 1995), 63.
5
Acts
K e i t h ’ s i n t e r e s t i n t h e s e c o n d c e n t u r y e m b r a c e s q u e s t i o n s a r o u n d C o d e x B e z a e , t h e m a n u s c r i p t e v i d e n c e f o r A c t s , t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f t w o ‘ e d i t i o n s ’ o f A c t s , a n d
t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h o r o u g h g o i n g c r i t i c i s m t o t h e m a n y v a r i a n t s i n t h i s w o r k . I f on e i n c l u de s J e n n y Re ad- H e i me rdi n g e r’ s l e tte r, th e n th re e e s s ay i s ts foc u s on L u k e ’ s s e c o n d v o l u m e — i f t h a t i s w h a t A c t s i s .
F i r s t , L a r r y H u r t a d o c o n s i d e r s TextualAmbiguityandTextualVariantsinActs of the Apostles. T h e c o r r e l a t i o n o f G o d a n d J e s u s i n A c t s , i n p a r t i c u l a r t h e u s e of κριος / κριος f o r b o t h , p r o d u c e d a n u m b e r o f s t a t e m e n t s i n w h i c h t h e r e c a n b e a c e r t a i n d e g r e e o f a m b i g u i t y a s t o t h e r e f e r e n t . A t t h e s e p o i n t s w e o f t e n n d v a r i a n t s i n t h e m a n u s c r i p t s , w h i c h r e e c t e f o r t s o f a n c i e n t r e a d e r s
t o d i s a m b i g u a t e t h e s t a t e m e n t s a n d c l a r i f y t h e t e x t . T h e y o f t e n s e e m t o h a v ed ra wn u po n t he i mm ed ia te c o nt ex t t o h el p t he m j ud ge m at te rs . S o t he v ar ia nt s a r e a r t e f a c t s o f t h i s e x e g e t i c a l a c t i v i t y o f t h e s e a n c i e n t r e a d e r s o f A c t s .
T he n, i n Urtext oder frühe Korruption? Einige Beispiele aus der Apostel- geschichte, H ol ge r S tr ut wo lf n ot es t ha t t he A ct s o f t he A po st le s p re se nt n um er -
o u s p as sa ge s w he re r ec o ns t ru ct io n o f t he “a ut ho r ’s t ex t” i s d i c ul t, i f n ot i m p o s s i b l e . I n s o m e c a s e s , i t m a y a p p e a r t h a t t h e t e x t i s i m p o s s i b l e t o r e c o n - s t r u c t f r o m t h e a v a i l a b l e e v i d e n c e , n e c e s s i t a t i n g t h e p r o p o s a l o f a c o n j e c t u r e . T h i s r a i s e s s e v e r a l q u e s t i o n s : I s t h e m a n u s c r i p t t r a d i t i o n s u c i e n t l y r e l i a b l e ? C a n t h e a u t h o r h a v e p r o d u c e d a t e x t e n t i r e l y f r e e f r o m i n c o n s i s t e n c i e s , s o l e - c i s m s , a n d m i s t a k e s ? C a n t e x t u a l c r i t i c i s m p r o d u c e t h e “ a u t h o r ’ s t e x t , ” o r a r e t h e r e l i m i t s t o w h a t c a n b e r e c o n s t r u c t e d ?
Letters
K e i t h ’ s r s t b o o k w a s The Greek Text of the Epistles to Timothy and Titus, a n d p ie ce s o n R om a ns , t he C or in th ia n l et te r s, H eb re ws f o ll ow ed ; h is r ev ie ws o f E C M ’ s C ath ol i c E p i s tl e s , e x te n d th i s l i s t. T wo e s s ay i s ts h av e foc u s e d on l e tte rs .
F i rs t , L i on e l N o rt h’ s 1Corinthians8:6:FromConfessiontoPaultoCreedtoPaul e x a m i n e s a n i n t e r p l a y o f t e x t a n d t r a d i t i o n . 1 C o r 8 : 6 c o n t a i n s a b i n i t a r i a n d o x - o lo gy. W he th er Pa u li ne o r p re - Pa ul in e, i t r e ec t s Pa u l’s t he o lo gy a nd r he to r ic a l i n t e r e s t s i n 1 C o r 8 . A s t h e e a r l y c h u r c h s h a p e d i t s T r i n i t a r i a n c o n f e s s i o n o v e r t h e n e x t s e v e r a l h u n d r e d y e a r s , t h i s p a s s a g e r e c e i v e d c o n s i d e r a b l e a t t e n t i o n . I n t u r n , a s t h i s t h e o l o g y b e c a m e e m b e d d e d i n c r e e d a n d l i t u r g y , i t i n u e n c e d t h e t e x t o f P a u l .
N ex t , i n TychicusandtheColossianChristians:AReconsiderationoftheTextof
Colossians 4:8, P e t e r H e a d p r o p o s e s t h a t a r e c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e e v i d e n c e a n d
S e e , f o r e x am p l e, E l l i o tt, ( 2 0 1 0 ) : 7 9– 1 0 1 ; 1 1 7 –1 3 2 ; 2 75 – 2 86 ; 2 8 7 – 31 3 .
6
a r g u m e n t a t i o n f o r t h e r e a d i n g l e a d s t o t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t γ ν τ π ε ρ μ ν s ho ul d b e a do pte d r at he r t ha n t he r ea di ng γ ν τε τ π ερ μ ν. A c on si de ra ti on o f T y c h i c u s ’ r o l e a s l e t t e r - c a r r i e r o f t h i s c o r r e s p o n d e n c e f u r t h e r c o n r m s t h i s
conclusion.
3 Early Non-Canonical Christian Literature
K e i t h , t h e s p e c i a l i s t i n N e w T e s t a m e n t t e x t u a l c r i t i c i s m , b e c a m e i n c r e a s i n g l y c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e r a n g e o f e v i d e n c e a v a i l a b l e t o t h o s e i n t e r e s t e d i n w h a t h ap pe ne d, b et we en t he r st a nd f ou rt h c en tu ri es , t o t ho se t ex ts t ha t o nl y
l a t e r b e c a m e t h e N e w T e s t a m e n t . I n The Oxford Bible Commentary h e o f e r sr e a d e r s a c o m p r e h e n s i v e s u r v e y o f s o u r c e s o f s u c h e v i d e n c e f r o m a r a n g e o f C h r i s t i a n i t i e s i n u e n c e d b y a v a r i e t y o f m o v e m e n t s s u c h a s G n o s t i c i s m , t o t h e wealth of writing found both in the apostolic fathers and in the apocrypha—to which Keith has notably given much attention. Three essayists contribute to t h i s s e c t i o n , a n d o n e c o n t r i b u t o r a d d s a b r i e f n o t e .
T h e n a r r a t i v e s o f J e s u s ’ b i r t h , b o t h c a n o n i c a l a n d n o n - c a n o n i c a l , p r o v i d e d f e r t i l e g r o u n d f o r e a r l y C h r i s t i a n s t o r e e c t o n t h e i n c a r n a t i o n b o t h t h e o l o g i - c al l y an d arti s ti c al l y . D av i d R. C artl i dg e , How to Draw an Immaculate Concep- tion: Luke 1:34–35 and Protevangelium 11–12 in early Christian Art , p r o p o s e s t h a t e ar ly p o rt ra ya ls o f t he “ Im m ac ul at e C on ce pt io n” s ho w n ot o nl y a c re a ti ve i nt er - e s t , b u t c a r e f u l t h e o l o g i c a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e e v e n t a n d i t s i m p l i c a t i o n s f o r u n de rs tan di n g th e p e rs on of C h ri s t.
Paul F os te r’s TheEducationofJesusintheInfancyGospelofThomas n o t e s t h a t th re e s u c c e s s i v e s c e n e s i n IGT p ortray atte mp ts to e du c ate J e s u s . B y e x p l ori n g t h e c u m u l a t i v e e f e c t o f t h e i r p l a c e m e n t i n t h e t e x t , t h e n b y a s k i n g w h e t h e r t h e s e s c e n e s r e e c t c h i l d r e n ’ s e d u c a t i o n a l e x p e r i e n c e i n a n t i q u i t y , t h i s e s s a y
s u g g e s t s t h r e e t e n t a t i v e c o n c l u s i o n s : t h e e n q u i r y o f e r s s u p p o r t f o r IGT ’ s p r o v e - n a n c e i n S y r i a o r A s i a M i n o r ; i t s t e x t b o t h s u g g e s t s t h a t J e s u s u n d e r w e n t a d e v e l o p m e n t a l p r o c e s s , a n d e s t a b l i s h e s h i s s u p e r i o r w i s d o m a n d g r a c e ; w h i l e a r m i n g t h e “ o t h e r n e s s ” o f J e s u s , t h i s p o p u l a r t h e o l o g y w o u l d r e s o n a t e w i t h c h i l dre n ’ s own e x p e ri e n c e of b e i n g e du c ate d.
D en is e R ou ge r a nd C .- B. A mp ho u x e xa m in e Le projet littéraire d’Ignace d’Antioche dans sa Lettre aux Ephésiens. A c l o s e r e a d i n g o f I g n a t i u s ’ Ephesians
J. B ar to n a n d J . M u dd im an , e d s. , The Oxford Bible Commentary, ( O x f o r d : O x f o r d U n i v e r s i ty Press; 2001).
S ee , e .g ., J . K. E l li ot t, The Apocryphal New Testament , ( O x f o r d : O x f o r d U n i v e r s i ty P r e s s , 1 9 9 3 ; rev. repr. 1999).
7
within a Jewish-Hellenistic context reveals clues regarding Ignatius’ knowledge o f a n d , p o t e n t i a l l y , h i s p r o j e c t o f a c o l l e c t i o n o f e a r l y f o r m s o f p r e s e n t N e w T e s tame n t wri ti n g s . T h i s l i te rary p roj e c t i n v ol v e d two c ol l e c ti on s . F i rs t, a p re -
d e ce ss o r o f J oh n, a H eb re w g os pe l s im il ar t o M a tt he w, a s ay in gs c o ll ec t io n, a nda n e a r l y f o r m o f M a r k . S e c o n d , a n e a r l y c o l l e c t i o n o f v e o f P a u l ’ s l e t t e r s . T h i s p r o j e c t , i n i t i a t e d b y I g n a t i u s , w a s c o m p l e t e d b y h i s s u c c e s s o r , P o l y c a r p . T h u s , I g n a t i u s w a s t h e o r i g i n a t o r o f t h e c o l l e c t i o n k n o w n a s t h e “ N e w T e s t a m e n t . ”
F i n all y, W i l li am E l l iott’s , How to Change a Continuous Text Manuscript into a Lectionary Text r e m i n d s u s t h a t m a n u s c r i p t s o f t h e g o s p e l s f r e q u e n t l y i n c l u d e
l ec ti on ar y n ot a ti on s. H is n ot e d es cr ib e s t he f u nc t io n a nd p ur p os e o f t h es e n o t a t i o n s i n G r e g o r y - A l a n d 5 4 3 ( A n n A r b o r M s . 1 5 ) .
We have moved far from where we began. We thank our essayists for theirp a t i e n c e i n t h i s o v e r - l o n g p r o c e s s , a n d w e j o i n t h e m i n o f e r i n g t h i s Festschrift to K e i th .
Introduction
O n e f e a t u r e c o m m o n t o b o t h “ t h o r o u g h g o i n g ” a n d “ r e a s o n e d ” v e r s i o n s o f e c l e c - t i c i s m i s t h e e m p l o y m e n t o f v a r i o u s s o r t s o f t r a n s c r i p t i o n a l a n d i n t r i n s i c c r i t e - r i a i n t h e p r o c e s s o f m a k i n g t e x t u a l d e c i s i o n s . A s u m m a r y p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e s e c ri te ri a i n l is t f or m c an l eav e a n i mp re ss io n o f a c er ta in t he or et ic al c la ri ty, e le -
g a n c e , a n d c e r t a i n t y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e c r i t e r i a : s c r i b e s t e n d e d t o d o t h i s a n dt h i s , a u t h o r s t e n d e d t o d o t h a t a n d t h a t , e t c . I n p r a c t i c e , h o w e v e r , o n e n d s t h a t m at te rs a re s el do m q ui te s o c le ar o r s ur e. A s ho rt s er ie s o f s pe ci c c as es , d raw n f r o m t h e G o s p e l s a n d P a u l i n e l e t t e r s , o f e r s a n o p p o r t u n i t y t o r e e c t o n t h i s di fe re n c e b e twe e n th e ory an d p rac ti c e .
Romans 10:5
T h e v e r s e f o l l o w i n g a f a m o u s e x e g e t i c a l c r u x ( t h e m e a n i n g o f τ λ ο ς γ ρ ν μ ο υ Χριστς κτλ. in 10:4) ofers a challenging textual crux of its own, as the text of 10:5 o c c u r s i n a n u m b e r o f d i v e r s e f o r m s i n t h e m a n u s c r i p t t r a d i t i o n . A f t e r Μ ω σ ς γρ one nds:
A) γρφει τν δικαιοσνην τν κ [το] νμου τι ποισας ατ νθρωπος ζσεται ν ατος
B ) γρ φ ει τ ν δ ικ αι οσ ν ην τ ν κ [ τ ο ] ν μ ου τι πο ι σα ς α τ νθρ ωπο ς ζ σ ετ αι ν α τ
C ) γρ φ ει τι τ ν δ ικ αι οσ ν ην τ ν κ [ τ ο ] ν μο υ πο ι σα ς α τ νθρ ωπο ς ζ σε τα ι ν α τ
D) γρφει τι τν δικαιοσνην τν κ [ το] νμου ποισας νθρ ωπος ζσεται ν ατ E) γρφει τι τν δικαιοσνην τν κ [ το] νμου ποισας νθρ ωπος ζσεται ν ατος
F) γρφει τν δικαιοσνην τν κ [το] νμου ποισας νθρωπος ζσεται ν α τος
A s i n, e .g ., B. M. M et zg er, A TextualCommentary on the GreekNewTestament ( 2 d e d . ; S tu ttg a r t: D e u ts c h e B i b e l g e s e l l s c h a f t a n d U n i te d B i b l e S o c i e ti e s , 1 9 9 4 ) , 1 1 – 1 4 ( 1 s t e d . [ 1 9 7 1 ] , x x v – x x v i i ) .
Fo r r ec en t d is c us s io n s o f t h e i n te r pr et i ve i s su e s r ai s ed b y 1 0 :5 , c o ns u lt P. M . S p ri n kl e , Lawand Life: The Interpretation of Leviticus 18:5 in Early Judaism and in Paul ( W U NT 2 . 2 4 1 ; Tü b i n g e n : M o hr S i eb e ck , 2 0 08 ), 1 6 59 0 ( c h. 9 ) ; a l so P. T. G a de n z, CalledfromtheJewsandfromtheGentiles:
Pauline Ecclesiology in Romans 9–11 (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2008). T he i nc lu si on o r o mi ss io n o f τ ου ( το υ D F G 6 3 3 1 1 75 1 50 6 1 73 9 1 8 81 2 14 7 2 34 4 ] omit
(A)
12
T h e p r i m a r y e v i d e n c e f o r e a c h f o r m i s a s f o l l o w s :
A: (
) D ( F G omit ν θ ρ ω π ο ς ) ( Ψ ) 0 4 9 0 5 6 0 1 4 2 0 1 5 1 8 8 4 2 4 1 2 4 1 1 2 4 3

* ( A ) 8 1 6 3 0 1 5 0 6 1 7 3 9 v g c o O r i g e n E : ( D ) 6 F : 4 2 4
I n l oo ki ng o ve r t he se d i fe re nt f or ms o f t he v er se , o ne o bs er va ti on t ha t a ri se s i s
t h e c l o s e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n ( a ) t h e l a t e p o s i t i o n o f t h e τ ι a n d t h e p r e s e n c eo f α τ a nd ( us ua ll y) α το ς , o n t he o ne ha nd ( as in t he A a nd B f or ms ), a n d ( b) t he e ar ly p os it io n o f t he τι , t he o mi ss io n o f α τ , a nd ( us ua ll y) t he p re se nc e o f α τ , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d ( a s i n t h e D a n d E f o r m s ) . I n t h e f o r m e r f o r m , t h e l a t e p l a c e m e n t o f τ ι s i t u a t e s t h e p h r a s e τ ν δ ι κ α ι ο σ ν η ν τ ν κ [ τ ο ] ν μ ο υ a s P a u l ’ s s u m m a r y o f w h a t M o s e s w r i t e s a b o u t , a n d r e q u i r e s t h a t α τ b e c o n s t r u e d a s t h e o b j e c t o f π ο ι σ α ς , w h e r e a s i n t h e l a t t e r f o r m t h e e a r l y p l a c e m e n t o f τ ι f ra me s τ ν δ ικ αι οσ ν ην τ ν κ [ το ] ν μ ου a s p ar t o f t he q uo ta ti on ( an d t he re fo re a tt r ib ut a bl e t o M os e s, n ot Pa ul ) a nd a ls o r eq ui re s t ha t δ ικ αι οσ νη ν b e c o ns t ru ed a s t h e o b j e c t o f π ο ι σ α ς .
While it is possible to approach this set of variants in a linear and atomistic m an ne r, d ea li ng w it h o ne v ar ia n t a t a t im e, t he c lo se c or re la t io n b e tw ee n t h e t w o h a l v e s o f t h e v e r s e s t r o n g l y s u g g e s t s t h a t i t w o u l d b e p r e f e r a b l e t o
B Ψ 9 4 5 al ) a pp ea rs t o b e u nr el at ed t o t he v ar ia ti on e ls ew he re i n t he v er se , a nd t he re fo re w il l b e i g n o r e d i n th e f o l l o w i n g d i s c u s s i o n .
2 34 4 r e ad s ο τ ι i n b o th p l a c es , b u t o t h er w is e r e ad s w i t h . 3 3* r e a ds ο τ ι i n b o t h p l ac es , a n d h a s τ α υτ α f o r α υ τα , b u t o t h er w is e r e ad s w i t h B . I n p l ac e o f κ [ το ] ν μ ο υ, A r e a ds κ π σ τε ω ς.
I f o n e s e t s a s i de t h o s e f e w w i t ne s se s t h a t e i t he r h a ve τ ι t w ic e ( 3 3* 2 3 4 4) o r n o t a t a l l ( 42 4 ) , o n l y a s i n g l e l a te M S ( 1 8 8 1 , 1 4 th c . ) b o th p l a c e s τ ι e a r l y a n d i n c l u d e s α τ .
A n e x a mp l e o f t h is s o rt o f a p p ro a ch i s o f e re d b y G o de t , w h o d e a ls s e qu e nt i al l y w i t h e a ch variant in turn, starting at the beginning of the verse. The text he reconstructs (γρφει τν δ ι κ αι ο σ νη ν τ ν κ [ τ ο ] ν μ ο υ τ ι π ο ι σ ας ν θρω π ος ζ σε τ α ι ν α τ ) i s n o t f o u n d , a p p a r en tl y, i n a n y e x ta n t G r e e k m a n u s c r i p t ( F. G o d e t, Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans [rev. ed.;
Ne w Y o r k : Fu n k & W a g n a l l s , 1 8 8 3 ] , 3 7 7 ) . A m o n g c o n te m p o r a r y s c h o l a r s , a s i m i l a r p r o c e d u r ei s f ol lo we d b y S ta nl ey, w ho se s eq ue nt ia l c ho ic es r es ul t i n a t ex t o f t he v er se t ha t m at ch es t ha t read by Vaticanus (C.D. Stanley, Paul and the Language of Scripture: Citation Technique in the
Pauline Epistles and ContemporaryLiterature [ S NTSM S 6 9 ; C a m b ri d g e: C a m b ri d g e U n i ve r s ity Press, 1992], 126–128).
13
d i s c u s s t h e p l a c e m e n t o f τ ι ( e a r l y o r l a t e ) i n t h e r s t h a l f i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e t w o v a r i a n t s i n t h e s e c o n d h a l f . T h e d e c i s i o n t o d o s o i s n o t w i t h o u t i t s c o n s e q u e n c e s : i f t h e p o s i t i o n o f τ ι d o e s c o r r e l a t e w i t h ( e . g . ) t h e p r e s e n c e o r
a b s e n c e o f α τ , t h e n w e a r e l i k e l y d e a l i n g h e r e n o t w i t h a c c i d e n t a l v a r i a t i o nb u t a d e l i b e r a t e r e - c a s t i n g o f t h e v e r s e ( p e r h a p s b y a n e a r l y r e a d e r o f t h e t e x t , r a t h e r t h a n b y a s c r i b e ) .
T he c om me nt s r ec or de d b y M et zge r o n b eh al f o f t he U BS E di to ri al C om mi t- t e e s e t f o r t h c o n c i s e l y s e v e r a l r e a s o n s t o f a v o r t h e A f o r m o f t h e v e r s e . W i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e p l a c e m e n t o f τ ι t h e y i n c l u d e : 1 ) “ e a r l y a n d d i v e r s i e d e x t e r n a l s up po rt ;” 2 ) “c op yi st s wo ul d h ave b ee n m or e l ike ly to m ove t he τι t o a p os it io n i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r γ ρ φ ε ι t h a n c o n v e r s e l y ; ” a n d 3 ) “ t h e e x p r e s s i o n π ο ι ε ν τ ν κ
ν μ ο υ δ ι κ α ι σ ο ν η ν i s n o n - P a u l i n e . ” T o t h e s e a n o t h e r p o i n t m a y b e a d d e d : 4 ) i ti s t h e “ h a r d e r r e a d i n g , ” a s t h e a l t e r n a t i v e s m o o t h e s o u t t h e s y n t a x . F u r t h e r - m o r e , 5 ) “ A s f o r t h e v a r i a t i o n s i n v o l v i n g α τ a n d α τ ο ς , t h e o m i s s i o n o f t h e f o r m e r a n d t h e s u b s t i t u t i o n o f α τ f o r t h e l a t t e r a p p e a r t o b e s c r i b a l e m e n - d a t i o n s , p r o m p t e d b e c a u s e t h e c o n t e x t c o n t a i n s n o a n t e c e d e n t t o w h i c h t h e plural may refer.”
N o ne o f t h es e r e a so n s i s u n pr o bl e ma t i c, h o we ve r. T h e e x te r na l e v id e nc e f o r r ea di ng A , f or e xa mp le , i s t he m or e i mp re ss iv e o f t he o pt io ns , b ut i n a nd o f i ts el f i s a n i n s u c i e n t b a s i s t o p r e f e r t h a t r e a d i n g , f o r a t l e a s t t w o r e a s o n s : a ) t h e s u p p o r t f o r r e a d i n g D i s n o t i n s i g n i c a n t , i n c l u d i n g a s i t d o e s t h e t e s t i m o n y o f
1 73 9 O ri ge n v g c o; a nd b ) i n t he Pa ul in e l et te rs , t hi s c om bi na ti on o f e vi de nc e,
C ra n e ld ma ke s t he sa me p oi nt (C .E .B . C ra n e ld , A Critical and Exegetical Commentary
on the Epistle to the Romans [Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1979], 2:520–521). O n t he r ol e o f r ea de rs i n ge ne ra ti ng t ex tu al va ri an ts , c f. M .W. H ol me s, “ Th e Tex t o f
: E v i d e n c e o f th e E a r l i e s t ‘ C o m m e n ta r y ’ o n Ro m a n s ? ” i n New Testament Manuscripts:Their Text and Their World ( e d . T . J . K r a u s a n d T . N i c k l a s ; L e i d e n : B r i l l , 2 0 0 6 ) , 1 8 9 – 2 0 6 ; a n d U . S c h mi d , “ S c ri b e s a n d Va r i an ts — S oc i o lo g y a n d Ty po l o gy,” i n Te x tua l Va r i ati o n :
T h eo l og i ca l a n d S o ci a l Te n de n ci e s? ( e d. D. C . P ar ke r a n d H .A . G. H ou g ht on ; Te xt s a n d S tu d i e s , 3 d s e r i e s , 5 ; P i s c a ta w a y , NJ : G o r g i a s P r e s s , 2 0 0 8 ) , 1 – 2 3 .
A ll b u t o n e o f t h e f ol lo wi ng p o in ts w o ul d a pp ly t o t h e B f or m a s w el l, w h os e r ec en t s u p- p o r t e r s i n c l u d e C . S t a n l e y ( Paul and the Language of Scripture, 1 2 6 – 1 2 8 ) a n d H . H u b n e r (Gottes Ich und Israel: Zum Schriftbegrauch des Paulus in Römer 9–11 [Göttingen: Vanden- h o e c k & Ru p r e c h t, 1 9 8 4 ] , 7 8 – 9 0 ) .
Metzger, Textual Commentary ( 1 s t e d . ) , 5 2 4 ( t h e c o m m e n t d o e s n o t o c c u r i n t h e 2 d e d i -tion). S o A . L in de ma nn , “ Di e G er ec ht ig ke it a us d em G es et z: E rw äg un ge n z ur A us le gu ng u nd z ur
Textgeschichte von Römer 10 5,” ZNW 7 3 ( 1 9 8 2 ) : 2 3 1 – 2 5 0 , h e r e 2 3 6 . Metzger, Textual Commentary ( 1 s t e d . ) , 5 2 5 .
14
while often preserving the initial reading of the tradition, also preserves sec- o n d a r y o r e v e n t e r t i a r y r e a d i n g s a s w e l l .
As for the second reason above, Lindemann notes that an interest in bringing
t h e “ q u o t a t i o n ” i n t o c l o s e r c o r r e s p o n d e n c e w i t h G a l 3 : 1 2 a n d L e v 1 8 : 5 L X X c o u l dh a v e p r o m p t e d t h e s h i f t o f τ ι t o t h e l a t e r p o s i t i o n . T h e t h i r d p o i n t i n v o l v e s a b i t o f c i r c u l a r i t y : t h e p h r a s e i s “ P a u l i n e ” o n l y i f t h e τ ι i s p l a c e d l a t e r i n t h e v e r s e ; i f i t i s i n t h e e a r l i e r p o s i t i o n , t h e p h r a s e i s p a r t o f t h e q u o t a t i o n i t s e l f , a n d t h u s i s a t t r i b u t e d t o M o s e s . W i t h r e g a r d t o t h e f o u r t h p o i n t , d e c i d i n g w h i c h r e a d i n g i s “ h a r d e r ” i s a m u r k y b u s i n e s s : o n e c o u l d p o i n t o u t t h a t γ ρ φ ε ι ν τ ι i s t y p i c a l l y Pa ul in e ( cf . R om 3 1 0, 4 :1 7, 8 :3 6; 1 C or 9 :1 0, 1 4: 21 , G al 3 :1 0; 4 :2 2) , w hi le t he γρ φ ει ν τ ν δ ι κ α ι ο σ ν η ν c o n s t r u c t i o n i s u n u s u a l a n d t h e r e f o r e m o r e “ d i c u l t ” — a n d
t ha t t he p hr as e π οι ε ν τ ν δ ικ αι οσ ν ην τ ν κ [ το ] ν μ ου i s e ve n m or e u nu su al . F i n a l l y , r e t h e f t h p o i n t , h a r m o n i z a t i o n t o L e v 1 8 : 5 L X X a n d / o r G a l 3 : 1 2 c o u l d a c c o u n t f o r t h e p r e s e n c e o f b o t h α τ a n d α τ ο ς ( a n d p e r h a p s a l s o t h e l a t e p o s i t i o n o f t h e τ ι ) .
I n s h o r t , e a c h c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n f a v o r o f r e a d i n g A c a n b e “ a n s w e r e d ” b y a c o n s i d e r a t i o n t h a t f a v o r s r e a d i n g D . I n t h i s i n s t a n c e , i t i s o f p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t to o bs er ve h ow m any o f t he t ra di ti on al c ri te ri a a re b ro ug ht t o b ea r i n t he d i s c u s s i o n , o f t e n i n o p p o s i t i o n t o o n e a n o t h e r : e . g . , i n t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f t h e verse, is reading D the result of eforts to produce a “smoother” text, or is the A reading the result of harmonization? The result is a “point-counterpoint” s i t u a t i o n t h a t p r o d u c e s m o r e o r l e s s a s t a l e m a t e .
I n t h i s s o r t o f c i r c u m s t a n c e , i t i s n o t u n c o m m o n t o n d a t e x t u a l c r i t i c o r e x e g e t e e l e v a t i n g o n e c o n s i d e r a t i o n a b o v e t h e r e s t i n o r d e r t o b r e a k t h e s t a l e - m at e ( cf . M et zg er ’s c la ss ic a d vi ce : “ T he t ex tu al c ri ti c m us t k no w w he n i t i s a p p r o p r i a t e t o g i v e g r e a t e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n t o o n e k i n d o f e v i d e n c e a n d l e s s t o a n o t h e r ” ) . T h u s L i n d e m a n n , e . g . , g i v e s p r i o r i t y t o t h e lectio dicilior crite- r i o n : h e a r g u e s t h a t t h e A r e a d i n g i s t h e “ h a r d e r r e a d i n g ” a n d t h e r e f o r e t o b e
C f. M .W. H ol me s, “ Re as on ed E cl ec ti ci sm a nd t he Te xt o f R om an s,” i n Romans & the People
ofGod:EssaysinHonorofGordonD.Fee ( e d. S . K. S o de r lu n d a n d N .T. Wr i gh t ; G r an d R a pi ds : Eerdmans, 1999), 187–202.
L i nd em a nn , “ Ge re ch t ig ke i t,” 2 34 – 23 5 . C f . a l so Li n de m an n , “ Ge re c ht i gk ei t ,” 23 6– 2 37 . A s do e s L i nd e ma n n ( “G e re c ht i gk ei t ,” 23 7 n . 23 ).
T ho ug h R om 4: 23 do es o fe r a pa ra ll el . I t a p pe a rs t h a t t he c o m bi n at i on o f π ο ι ε ν + δ ι κ αι ο σ ν ην i s u n p ar a ll e le d e ls e wh er e i n t h e Pauline corpus.
S o Cran e ld, Romans, 2 : 5 2 1 . Metzger, Textual Commentary ( 1 s t e d . ) , x x v i i i ( 2 n d e d . , 1 4 * ) .
15

* ( A ) 8 1 6 3 0 1 5 0 6
1 7 3 9 v g c o O ri g e n . T h u s b o t h L i n d e m a n n a n d C r a n e l d b r e a k t h e s t a l e m a t e a n d r e a c h a d e c i - s io n, b ut e ac h i n h is o wn w ay. Fo r o bs er ve rs o f L in de ma nn a nd C ra n e ld , h ow - e ve r, t he s ta le m at e r em ai ns : w hy, o ne w on de r s, d id e a ch d e ci de t o g iv e d e ci si ve weight to a diferent criterion? In this circumstance, Metzger’s assertion that t he t ex tu a l c ri t ic “ mu st k no w ” w hi ch c r it er io n t o e m ph as iz e o nl y r ai se s a no t he r q ue st io n: o n w ha t b as is ? O ne b eg in s t o w on de r i f t he c la im b y R ob er t A da ms i s p e rh ap s c or re ct : “ th e c at eg or ie s o f c om m on s cr ib a l e r ro r h el p o nl y t o a ut h en ti -
c a t e o u r d e c i s i o n s ; t h e y d o n o t m a k e t h e m f o r u s , e x c e p t i n t h e e a s y c a s e s w h e r e we would not have needed them anyway.”
Mark 8:35
I n M ar k 8 :3 5 ( ς γρ ν θ λ τ ν ψυ χν α το σ σα ι πολ σε ι α τν ς δ’ ν πολ σ ει τ ν ψ υχ ν α το νε κε ν μο κ α τ ο ε α ελ ο υ σ σε ι α τ ν ), a l e s s - c o m p l e x p a i r o f v a r i a n t s n o n e t h e l e s s p r e s e n t s , a s d i d R o m 1 0 : 5 , a c o n i c t b e t w e e n w i d e l y u s e d c r i t e r i a . T h e f o c u s o f a t t e n t i o n h e r e i s t h e p h r a s e ψ υ χ ν α τ ο , w h i c h o c c u r s t w i c e i n t h e v e r s e .
8:35a ψυχ ν ατο
A C* K L W Δ Θ 0214 ƒ ƒ 33 157 565 579 700 8 9 2 1 0 7 1 1 2 4 1 1 4 2 4 2 5 4 2

A B C* L Δ 0214 ƒ 33 565 579 892 1071 1241 1424 pm
αυ το ψυ χν K W Θ ƒ 28 1 57 70 0 25 42 pm
L i nd e ma n n, “ G er ec h ti g ke it ,” 2 3 7; s i mi l ar l y F. Wa t so n , Paul and the Hermeneutics of Faith
( L o n d o n a n d N e w Y o r k : T & T C l a r k , 2 0 0 4 ) , 3 3 0 n . 3 3 .
Craneld, Romans, 2 : 5 2 1 . R . A da ms , “ Ed it in g P ie rs P lo wm an B : T he I mp er at iv e o f a n I nt er mi tt en tl y C ri ti ca l E di ti on ,” Studies in Bibliography 4 5 ( 1 9 9 2 ) , 4 4 ( a s c i t e d b y D . C . G r e e t h a m , “ R e a d i n g i n a n d a r o u n d
Piers Plowman, ” i n Texts and Textuality: Textual Instability, Theory, and Interpretation [ed. P . C o h e n ; Ne w Y o r k a n d L o n d o n : G a r l a n d , 1 9 9 7 ] , 3 6 ) .
16
Re - org an i z i n g th e data b y wi tn e s s e s p re s e n ts th e fol l owi n g p atte rn s :
A) αυτο … αυτο 28

A C* L Δ 0214 ƒ 33 565 579 1071 1241 1424 pm
T h e s y n o p t i c p a r a l l e l s ( M a t t 1 6 : 2 5 a n d L u k e 9 : 2 4 ) b o t h r e a d ψ υ χ ν α τ ο … ψ υ χ ν α το , for al l p rac ti c al p u rp os e s sine vario.
T he a s su mp ti on o f a ut ho r ia l c o ns is te nc y ( a c o mm o n i nt r in si c c ri te ri on ) would favor reading D, and correspondingly would view the inconsistency evi-
d e n t i n r e a d i n g C a s s c r i b a l i n o r i g i n . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , a w i d e l y - r e f e r e n c e dt ra ns cr ip t io n al c r it er io n i s t h at t he n on -h ar m on iz in g r ea d in g i s u su al ly t o b e p re fe rr ed , a c on si de ra ti on t ha t w ou ld f avo r r ea di ng C , i n w hi ch c as e t h e c o n s i s t e n c y o f r e a d i n g D w o u l d b e a s c r i b a l c r e a t i o n , p e r h a p s t o h a r m o - n i z e t h e t e x t o f M a r k t o t h a t o f M a t t h e w a n d L u k e . T h u s t h e o p t i o n s h e r e i nv o lv e n o t o n ly a c o n ic t b e t we e n i n tr i ns i c a n d t r an s cr i pt i on a l c o ns i de r a- t i o n s ( a s d i d t h e p r e v i o u s e x a m p l e ) , b u t a l s o r a i s e t h e q u e s t i o n o f a u t h o r i a l vs. scribal consistency—an issue that arises as well in the next two examples.
1Corinthians 12:9–10
Verses 9–10 are part of a larger syntactical unit that includes vv. 8–11, which in t h e U B S / N A e d i t i o n s r e a d s a s f o l l o w s :
( a ) μ ν γ ρ δ ι το π νε μ ατ ος δ δο τα ι λ γ ος σ ο φ ας ,
( b ) δ λ γ ος γ ν σ εω ς κ ατ τ α τ π ν ε μα , ( a ) τ ρ π σ τι ς ν τ α τ π νε μα τι , ( b ) δ χα ρ σμ ατ α α μ τω ν ν τ ν π νε μ ατ ι, ( a ) δ νε ργ μα τ α δ υν με ω ν , ( b ) ° [δ ] πρ ο φη τε α,
I n Ma tt 1 6: 25 , t he rs t in st an ce is sine vario i n t h e c o n t i n u o u s - t e x t G r e e k M S S , a n d t h e
s e c o n d i n s t a n c e i s n e a r l y s o ( 2 8 r e a d s α υ τ ο ψ υ χ ν , w h i l e 2 5 1 i s r e p o r t e d t o r e a d ψ υ χ ν α υ τ ο ) . I n L u k e 9 : 2 4 , i n t h e r s t i n s t a n c e t h e α τ ο i s o m i t t e d b y W , a n d i n t h e s e c o n d i n s ta n c e K r e a d s ψ υ χ ν α υ τ ο .
T hi s c o ns id er at io n w o ul d a l so a pp ly t o r e ad in g B , w hi ch w as a do pt ed b y We st co tt & Hort.
17
( c) ° [ δ ] δ ια κ ρ σε ι ς π ν ευ μ τ ω ν, ( d) τ ρ γ νη γ λω σ σ ν , ( e) δ ρ μη νε α γλ ω σσ ν ·
( ) π ντ α δ τ α τα νε ργ ε τ ν κ α τ α τ π νε μ α δ ια ιρ ο ν ° δ κ στ κ αθ ςβολεται.
O f t h e m a n y t e x t u a l i s s u e s i n t h i s p a s s a g e ( h i n t e d a t b y t h e N A t e x t u a l s i g l a i n c l u d e d a b o v e ) , t h e p r e s e n t f o c u s i s o n t h e u s e o r n o n - u s e o f δ a s a c o n n e c t i n g p a r t i c l e i n t h e l i s t o f t h e v a r i o u s “ m a n i f e s t a t i o n s o f t h e S p i r i t ” ( c f . v . 7 ) . I n v . 8 b a n d v . 1 1 , t h e p r e s e n c e o f δ i s r m , b u t a s t h e f o l l o w i n g c h a r t i n d i c a t e s , t h e s i t u a t i o n i s q u i t e d i f e r e n t i n v v . 9 – 1 0 .
9a 9b 10a 10b 10c 10d 10e
τρ τρ
D l a t t ( M a r c i on ? )
F G VL77 δ
630 δ δ δ δ
A cc or di ng t o t he t es ti mo ny o f Te rt ul li an ( wh o c om po se d h is AdversusMarcionem c a . 2 0 7 –
2 1 2 ) , M a r c i o n ’ s te x t a p p a r e n tl y l a c k e d th e c o n n e c ti v e p a r ti c l e . B u t a s S c h m i d p o i n ts o u t,th e m a n n e r i n w h i c h Te r tu l l i a n p r e s e n ts M a r c i o n ’ s te x t i n th i s i n s ta n c e r e n d e r s i t u n c e r - t a in w h et h er t h e p a rt i cl e w as p r es e nt o r a b se n t ( U. S c hm i d, Marcion und sein Apos-
tolos. Rekonstruktion und historische Einordnung der marcionitischen Paulusbriefausgabe
[ A NTF 2 5 ; B e r l i n : d e G r u y te r , 1 9 9 5 ] , 1 2 2 ) . A cc o rd in g t o E . G ü t in g ( “ N eu e di t io n d e r P e rg a me n tf r ag m en t e L o nd o n B r it . L i b r. P ap .
2 2 4 0 a u s d e m W a d i S a r g a m i t n e u te s ta m e n tl i c h e m Te x t, ” Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und
Epigraphik 7 5 [ 1 9 8 8 ] : 9 7 – 1 1 4 , h e r e 1 0 5 ) , 0 2 0 1 l a c k s δ i n th i s i n s ta n c e , w h e r e a s th e r e l e v a n t volume of Das Neue Testament auf Papyrus ( Das Neue Testament auf Papyrus, I I : Die
Paulinischen Briefe, T e i l 1 : Röm., 1. Kor., 2. Kor . [ e d . K . J u n a c k , E . G ü t i n g , U . N i m t z , a n dK . W i t t e ; A N T F 1 2 ; B e r l i n a n d N e w Y o r k : D e G r u y t e r , 1 9 8 9 ] , x i ) , f o l l o w i n g t h e editioprincips, r e p o r ts 0 2 0 1 a s r e a d i n g δ .
Fo r 1 0e , B is l a cu n os e d ue t o a sc r ib a l le a p (γλ ω σσ ν … γλ ω σσ ν ) . I n th e pr ec ed in g wo rd i s τ ρ ra th er t ha n .
9a 9b 10a 10b 10c 10d 10e
τρ τρ
1881 δ δ δ δ –

P δ δ δ δ δ
A C Ψ δ δ δ δ δ δ δ
T h e B y z a n t i n e t e x t u a l t r a d i t i o n r e a d s δ w i t h e v e r y t e r m i n v v . 9 – 1 0 ( a n d τ ρ a l i k e ) , s e v e n i n a l l , w h i l e t h e D l a t t g r o u p d o e s n o t h a v e a c o n n e c t i v e a f t e r a n y o f t h e t e r m s . S i n a i t i c u s r e a d s δ a f t e r e v e r y ( v e i n a l l ) b u t n o t a f t e r τ ρ . T h e s e a r e t h e “ c o n s i s t e n t ” w i t n e s s e s , i n t h a t t h e y p r e s e n t a r e g u l a r p at te r n o f u sa ge . A ll o t he r w it ne ss e s m ay b e c at eg or iz ed a s “ in co ns is te nt ,” a n d d i s p l a y a w i d e r a n g e o f s e e m i n g l y r a n d o m p a t t e r n s w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e i n c l u s i o n o r o m i s s i o n o f δ : t w i c e ( 0 2 0 1 ? ) , t h r e e t i m e s ( e . g . , 1 7 3 9 C l e m A l e x , a n d p r o b a b l y B ) , f o u r t i m e s ( 6 3 0 ) , o r v e t i m e s ( P — b u t n o t t h e s a m e v e a s
). I f o ne g ra nt s t he p os si bi li ty t ha t t he a ut ho r m ay h ave b ee n s ty li st ic al ly
i n c o n s i s t e n t i n h i s c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e p a s s a g e , t h e n o n e b a s i c a l l y l a c k s a n y e v i d e n t i a r y g r o u n d s u p o n w h i c h t o b a s e a r e a s o n e d d e c i s i o n a s t o t h e i n i t i a l f o r m o f t h e t e x t . I f , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , o n e d o e s a s s u m e a u t h o r i a l c o n s i s t e n c y , t h e n t h e t h r e e “ c o n s i s t e n t ” o p t i o n s c o m e t o t h e f o r e f o r c o n s i d e r a t i o n a s t h e

, o r t he c on si st en t ly a s yn de t ic v er si on f o u n d i n D l a t t .
L oo k in g a t t he r an ge o f v ar ia t io n i n t er ms o f a u th or ia l c om po s it io n v s. s cr ib al t r a n s m i s s i o n r e v e a l s a n i n t e r e s t i n g r a n g e o f p o s s i b l e c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s . I f o n e
H ere 1 88 1 i s l ac un os e.
W h ic h i n cl u de s, f o r a l l p r ac t ic a l p ur p os e s, F G V L 7 7, a s w e l l a s t h e e v id en c e o f Te r tu l li a n( w h o , e v e n i f h e d o e s n o t o f e r r e l i a b l e e v i d e n c e o f M a r c i o n ’ s te x t, n o n e th e l e s s p r e s e r v e s a n e a r l y 3 d c . L a t i n v e r s i o n o f t h e v e r s e s ) .
Fo r t h e c on tr as ti ng e f ec ts o f p ol ys yn de to n v s . a sy nd et on , c f . B DF § 4 60 (3 ); R ob er ts on , Grammar , 4 2 7 – 4 2 8 .
a d o p t s t h e
t e x t f o r m ( w h i c h e x h i b i t s a m i x o f a s y n d e t i c a n d n o n - a s y n d e t i c r ea d in gs ) a s t he i ni ti al t ex t, t he n o ne m u st c on cl ud e t ha t s cr ib a l a c ti vi ty m o v e d s o m e s t r e a m s o f t h e t e x t t o w a r d s g r e a t e r u n i f o r m i t y t h a n t h e a u t h o r

. I f o n e a d o p t s e i t h e r t h e B y z a n - t i n e o r t h e D ( F G ) - l a t t t e x t f o r m a s t h e i n i t i a l t e x t , t h e a u t h o r w i l l b e c r e d i t e d with consistency, and the loss of that consistency will be attributed to scribal (or p e r h a p s r e a d e r l y ) a c t i v i t y . I f o n e a d o p t s t h e B y z a n t i n e t e x t f o r m a s t h e i n i t i a l t e x t , t h e d i v e r g e n t t e x t f o r m s c o u l d b e v i e w e d a s e x a m p l e s o f a s c r i b a l t e n -
d e n c y t o d r o p w o r d s , e s p e c i a l l y s h o r t p a r t i c l e s o r c o n n e c t i v e s ; i f o n e a d o p t st he D (F G) -l at t t ex t f or m, t he d ive rge nt f or ms c ou ld b e v ie we d a s e xa mp le s o f a di fe re n t, fre q u e n tl y - ob s e rv e d s c ri b al te n de n c y , th e te n de n c y towards e l i mi - n ati on of as y n de ton .
Matthew 18:18

D L 0 2 8 1 2 8 3 3 5 7 9 8 9 2 pc co.
A s do , e . g. , Ti s ch e nd o rf , We s tc o tt & H or t , an d UB S / NA . Championed by Zunt z (Text of the Epistles, 1 05 –1 07 ; c f. 1 88 , 2 15 ), w ho h as b ee n f ol lo we d b y G ü ti n g a n d M e a l a n d ( Ε . W . G ü ti n g a n d D . L . M e a l a n d , Asyndeton in Paul [ S tu d i e s i n th e
B i b l e a n d E a r l y C h r i s ti a n i ty 3 9 ; L e w i s to n , NY : M e l l e n , 1 9 9 8 ] ,

(NTTS 47) Kloha Texts and Traditions 2014

Documents