1 NREM/ZOOL 4464 – Ornithology Avian morphology: Part 1 - integument Dr. Tim O’Connell Laboratory information for week of Feb. 22–23, 2017 In lab this week, we will be introducing general avian morphology and comparative morphology, focusing on integument (skin and associated features) and skeletal structure. In addition to your text, background information for this material has been gleaned from the following sources: Elphick, C., J. B. Dunning, Jr., and D. A. Sibley. 2001. The Sibley guide to bird life and behavior. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., New York. Hildebrand, M. 1982. Analysis of vertebrate structure. 2 nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Podulka, S., R. W. Rohrbaugh, Jr., and R. Bonney. (Eds). 2004. Handbook of bird biology. 2 nd Ed. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY. Pyle, P. 1997. Identification guide to North American Birds Part I: Columbidae to Ploceidae. Slate Creek Press, Bolina, CA. Rising, J. D. 1996. A guide to the identification and natural history of the sparrows of the United States and Canada. Academic Press, Harcourt Brace & Company, San Diego. For this lab, we will use preserved specimens from the OSU Collection of Vertebrates as well as salvaged birds (window-killed or road-killed). To begin, let’s look at skin and other bare parts. Bill • ramphotheca • maxilla (upper mandible) • mandible (lower mandible) • culmen • gonydeal angle • tomia • gape Specific beak adaptations • lamellae for straining (e.g., ducks) • serrations (e.g., mergansers) • tomial tooth (e.g., falcons) • display/thermoregulation (e.g., toucans) • cranial kinesis (e.g., American Woodcock) Toe arrangements • anisodactyl • zygodactyl • heterodactyl • syndactyl • pamprodactyl
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
1
NREM/ZOOL4464–Ornithology Avianmorphology:Part1-integumentDr.TimO’Connell LaboratoryinformationforweekofFeb.22–23,2017Inlabthisweek,wewillbeintroducinggeneralavianmorphologyandcomparativemorphology,focusingonintegument(skinandassociatedfeatures)andskeletalstructure.Inadditiontoyourtext,backgroundinformationforthismaterialhasbeengleanedfromthefollowingsources:Elphick,C.,J.B.Dunning,Jr.,andD.A.Sibley.2001.TheSibleyguidetobirdlifeandbehavior.AlfredA.
Knopf,Inc.,NewYork.Hildebrand,M.1982.Analysisofvertebratestructure.2ndEd.JohnWiley&Sons,NewYork.Podulka,S.,R.W.Rohrbaugh,Jr.,andR.Bonney.(Eds).2004.Handbookofbirdbiology.2ndEd.Cornell
LabofOrnithology,Ithaca,NY.Pyle,P.1997.IdentificationguidetoNorthAmericanBirdsPartI:ColumbidaetoPloceidae.SlateCreek
Press,Bolina,CA.Rising,J.D.1996.AguidetotheidentificationandnaturalhistoryofthesparrowsoftheUnitedStates
andCanada.AcademicPress,HarcourtBrace&Company,SanDiego.Forthislab,wewillusepreservedspecimensfromtheOSUCollectionofVertebratesaswellassalvagedbirds(window-killedorroad-killed).Tobegin,let’slookatskinandotherbareparts.Bill• ramphotheca• maxilla(uppermandible)• mandible(lowermandible)• culmen• gonydealangle• tomia• gape
Specificbeakadaptations• lamellaeforstraining(e.g.,ducks)• serrations(e.g.,mergansers)• tomialtooth(e.g.,falcons)• display/thermoregulation(e.g.,toucans)• cranialkinesis(e.g.,AmericanWoodcock)Toearrangements• anisodactyl• zygodactyl• heterodactyl• syndactyl• pamprodactyl
2
Scalingpatternsofpodotheca• booted• scutellate• reticulate• scutellate/reticulateSpecificfootadaptations• webbing–totipalmate(allfourtoesjoined,e.g.,pelicans),palmate(halluxunwebbed,e.g.,ducks,semipalmate(reducedwebbing,e.g.,SemipalmatedSandpiper)
• lobing–grebes,coots,finfoots• reductionintoesforrunning(e.g.,plovers,ostriches)WebbingpatternsforaquaticbirdsFeathersComprisedoftheproteinkeratin–sameashair,nails,rhinohorn,andtheoutersheathofcattlehornsFunctionsoffeathers• insulation• camouflage• uvprotection• flight• display• soundproduction
3
Typesoffeathers• down• contour• semiplumes• filoplumes• bristle• powderdown• rectrix(rectrices)–tailfeathers• remige(remiges)–wingfeathers
Featherstructure(generalizedremige)• calamus• rachis• vane• barbs• barbules• hooklets
Indownfeathers,thebarbslackbarbulesandhookletssothereis
novaneto“ziptogether.”Inaddition,thebarbsarelongerthantherachis,makingthefeatherroundinshape.Feathertracts• tail/rectrices• uppertailcoverts• undertailcoverts• belly/vent• flanks• breast• throat• chin• auriculars• lores• orbitalring• supercilium• crown• nape• scapulars• mantle/back• axillaries• primaries
4
• secondaries• tertials• alula• primarycoverts• greatercoverts• mediancoverts• lessercoverts
SkeletonBirdskeletonsarecharacterizedbyreductionofbones(toreduceweight),fusionofbones(toproviderigidstructuresforshockabsorption),andpneumatizationoflongbonesespecially(toprovidestrengthandreduceweight).Bonestoknow• cranium(singleoccipitalcondyle;doubleinmammals)• craniofacialhinge• secondarybonypalate• premaxilla• dentary
5
• cervicalvertebrae(7inmammals;avg.14-15inbirds)• wing:brachium[humerus],antebrachium[radiusandulna],manus[carpals,metacarpals,andphalanges]
• coracoid• clavicle(fusedtoformfurculum)• sternum(withorwithoutkeel,a.k.a.carina)• scapula• uncinateprocessonribs• synsacrum(fusedlumbarvertebrae,ilium,ischium,andpubis)• leg:thigh[femur],tibiotarsus[tibiaandfibula],tarsometatarsus[fusedtarsalsandmetatarsals],toes[phalanges]
Appendicularskeleton–limbsandassociatedattachments
6
Feetandlegs• thigh• tibiotarsus• tarsometatarsus(tarsus)• toes2–4.(#1isthehallux,othersjustreferredtoas“phalanges#_”)
• talons• spursAxialskeleton–craniumandvertebralcolumn
7
8
Withoutitsfeathers,theskeletonofArchaeopteryxwasverysimilartothatofmaniraptordinosaurslikeVelociraptor.AsastudentofOrnithology,itisimportanttounderstandthemodificationsofthatbasictheropodbodydesigninmodernbirds,withanemphasisonthechangesthatareassociatedwiththedemandsofflight.
Related Documents
