Reduction in Vehicle Temperatures and Fuel Use from Cabin Ventilation, Solar-Reflective Paint, and a New Solar-Reflective Glazing John P. Rugh, Lawrence Chaney, Jason Lustbader National Renewable Energy Laboratory John Meyer - Visteon Mukesh Rustagi, Kurt Olson - PPG Industries Rupert Kogler - Webasto AG
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Reduction in Vehicle Temperatures and Fuel Use from
Cabin Ventilation, Solar-Reflective Paint, and a New Solar-Reflective
GlazingJohn P. Rugh, Lawrence Chaney, Jason Lustbader
National Renewable Energy LaboratoryJohn Meyer - VisteonMukesh Rustagi, Kurt Olson - PPG IndustriesRupert Kogler - Webasto AG
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OutlineImproved Mobile Air Conditioning Cooperative Research ProgramVehicle Thermal Soak TestThermal and Vehicle Fuel Use Analysis
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Improved Mobile Air Conditioning Cooperative Research Program
Demonstrate technologies to reduce direct (leakage) and indirect (tailpipe) HFC-134a refrigerant emissionsGovernment/Industry partnership28 Industry SponsorsAdministered by Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)Four Teams
Reduce leakage during operationImproved COPReduce vehicle thermal loadReduce leakage during service
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2006 I-MAC Reduced Thermal Load Vehicle
Select the most promising technologies and test in a final configuration
Solar Powered Parked Car Ventilation
Solar Reflective Glazings
Solar Reflective Paint
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Solar Reflective Glazings: Sungate EPManufacturer: PPG IndustriesReflects IR portion of solar spectrum
Meets 70 % transmittance requirementGreater than 50% solar energy reflected
Reduces solar heat gainWindshield, sidelites, backlite
Solargreen® glass
Sungate® windshield
Sungate® EP
LTa 72% 72 71
TSET 44% 39 33
TSER 6% 31 47
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Solar Powered Parked Car Ventilation
Manufacturer: Webasto24 cell, 17 W PV panel in sunroofSix ~ 1.6 W fansCurrent configuration: Extracts hot air from cabin interiorSince STS already had a sunroof, a unique test install was required
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Solar Reflective Paint
Manufacturer: PPG IndustriesPrototype S2XMaintains color while reflecting IR portion of solar spectrumStandard clearcoat over IR reflective basecoatCooler skin temperatures reduce cabin heat gainNREL measured absorptance
Baseline 89.4%Solar reflective 82.1%
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I-MAC Vehicle Soak Test Procedure
Two nearly identical vehicles parked facing 160º, front/backEvaluate technologies that reduce thermal load
Modify test vehicleStart data acquisition system ~ 8:30 amStop data acquisition system ~ 16:30 am
Data analysisReport time-averaged temperature difference between identical locations between 12:30 and 13:30Eliminate cloudy daysAverage results with multiple “good” test days
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Cadillac STS & NREL Test Facility
Modified
Baseline
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Reduction in Air TemperaturesSolar reflective glazings all locationsSolar powered ventilationSolar reflective paint
Integrated Modeling Model the STS over a drive Model the STS over a drive cycle and find the fuel usecycle and find the fuel use
CAD
RadTherm
ThermalComfort
AirConditioning
Cabin Thermal/Fluid
Vehicle
FuelEconomy
TailpipeEmissions
OccupantThermal Comfort
ADVISOR
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Impact on Fuel Economy
• Vehicle simulator used to assess impact of reduced AC load.
FTP Drive Cycle
Fuel Economy no AC 18.5Fuel Economy with Baseline AC 15.4Fuel Economy with 70% Baseline AC 16.1
Fuel Economy (mpg)
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Impact on Fuel Use
• US Average AC use - 32.6% (MAC Summit 2004)
• US Vehicle Miles Traveled - 11,998 (Wards 2005)
FTP Drive Cycle
Fuel Used with Baseline AC 42.6Fuel Used with 70% Baseline AC 31.4Fuel Savings per Vehicle 11.2
Annual Fuel Used per Vehicle for AC (gal)
26 % Reduction in AC fuel use for this vehicle
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ConclusionsSignificant reduction in cabin interior temperatures demonstrated 30% reduction in thermal loadPotential for lower power A/C system or A/C used less oftenReducing fuel use of vehicle air conditioning is within reach with current technology