NPR 4.1: BALLISTIC, CRUISE MISSILE, AND MISSILE DEFENSE ... · Czech Republic, Hungary, and Russia, 151 Czech Republic, Poland, and Russia, 151 Russia, 151 ... 16 Scud missiles on

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Missile Developments

The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1996

BALLISTIC, CRUISE MISSILE, ANDMISSILE DEFENSE SYSTEMS: TRADE AND

SIGNIFICANT DEVELOPMENTS,FEBRUARY-JUNE 1996

CONTENTS

OVERVIEW, 147

AFGHANISTANwith:India, 149

ARGENTINAInternal Developments, 149

with:Brazil, 149United States, 149

AUSTRALIAwith:Brazil, Russia, and UnitedStates, 149Israel and United States, 150Taiwan, 150Thailand, 150

AUSTRIAwith:Hungary, India, Moldova,Romania, andSwitzerland, 150

BAHRAINwith:United States, 150

BELARUSInternal Developments, 150

with:China, 150Czech Republic, Hungary,and Russia, 151Czech Republic, Poland, andRussia, 151Russia, 151

United Arab Emirates andUnited Kingdom, 157

GERMANYwith:France, Italy, and UnitedStates, 155Ukraine and UnitedStates, 157

HUNGARYwith:Austria, India, Moldova,Romania, andSwitzerland, 150Belarus, Czech Republic, andRussia, 151Israel and Sweden, 157

INDIAInternal Developments, 157

with:Afghanistan, 149Austria, Hungary, Moldova,Romania, andSwitzerland, 150Pakistan and Russia, 159Pakistan and UnitedStates, 159Russia, 159Russia and United States, 160Ukraine, 160

INDONESIAwith:Malaysia, Philippines,Singapore, South Africa,Taiwan, and Vietnam, 160

BRAZILInternal Developments, 151

with:Argentina, 149Australia, Russia, and UnitedStates, 149France, 151France and UnitedKingdom, 151United States, 151

BRUNEIwith:

United States, 152

BULGARIAwith:Russia, 152

CHINAInternal Developments, 152

with:Belarus, 150Iran and North Korea, 153Israel, 153Russia, 153Taiwan, 153Ukraine, 153United States, 154

COLOMBIAwith:Venezuela, 154

COMMONWEALTH OFINDEPENDENT STATES

Internal Developments, 154

CZECH REPUBLICwith:Belarus, Hungary, andRussia, 151Belarus, Poland, andRussia, 151

EGYPTwith:North Korea, 154Russia, 154

ETHIOPIAInternal Developments, 154

FINLANDwith:Russia, 155

FRANCEwith:Brazil, 151Brazil and UnitedKingdom, 151Germany, Italy, and UnitedStates, 155Iran and Qatar, 155Israel and UnitedKingdom, 155Italy and UnitedKingdom, 155Kuwait, 155Kuwait and UnitedKingdom, 156Pakistan, 156Russia, 156Saudi Arabia, 156South Korea, 157



146

Russia, 160United Kingdom, 160

IRANInternal Developments, 161

with:China and North Korea, 153France and Qatar, 155Japan, 162Ukraine, 162

IRAQInternal Developments, 162

with:Russia and United States, 164United Kingdom, 164

ISRAELInternal Developments, 164

with:Australia and UnitedStates, 150China, 153France and UnitedKingdom, 155Hungary and Sweden, 157Singapore, 164Switzerland, 165Turkey, 165United Kingdom, 165United States, 165

ITALYwith:France and UnitedKingdom, 155France, Germany, and UnitedStates, 146

JAPANwith:Iran, 162United States, 167

KUWAITwith:France, 155France and UnitedKingdom, 156Russia, 167United States, 167

LIBYAwith:Netherlands, 167Ukraine, 167United States, 168

MALAYSIAInternal Developments, 168

with:Indonesia, Philippines,Singapore, South Africa,Taiwan, and Vietnam, 160

MOLDOVAwith:Austria, Hungary, India,Romania, andSwitzerland, 150

NETHERLANDSwith:Libya, 167

NORTH KOREAInternal Developments, 168

with:China and Iran, 153Egypt, 154Pakistan and Taiwan, 168United States, 168

PAKISTANInternal Developments, 168

with:France, 156India and Russia, 159India and United States, 159North Korea and Taiwan, 168South Africa, 169Ukraine, 169United States, 169

PHILIPPINESInternal Developments, 169

with:Indonesia, Malaysia,Singapore, South Africa,Taiwan, and Vietnam, 160

POLANDwith:Belarus, Czech Republic, andRussia, 151

QATARwith:France and Iran, 155United Kingdom, 169

ROMANIAwith:Austria, Hungary, India,Moldova, andSwitzerland, 169

RUSSIAInternal Developments, 169

with:Australia, Brazil, and UnitedStates, 149Belarus, 151Belarus, Czech Republic, andHungary, 151Belarus, Czech Republic, andPoland, 151Bulgaria, 152China, 153Egypt, 154Finland, 155France, 156India, 159India and Pakistan, 159India and United States, 160Indonesia, 160Iraq and United States, 164Kuwait, 167South Africa, 171Ukraine, 171Ukraine and UnitedStates, 172United Arab Emirates, 172United Arab Emirates andUnited States, 172United Nations, 172United States, 172Yugoslavia, 172

SAUDI ARABIAwith:France, 156

SINGAPOREwith:Indonesia, Malaysia, Philip-pines, South Africa, Taiwan,and Vietnam, 160Israel, 164

SOUTH AFRICAInternal Developments, 173

with:Indonesia, Malaysia, Philip-pines, Singapore, Taiwan,and Vietnam, 160Pakistan, 169Russia, 171

SOUTH KOREAInternal Developments, 173

with:France, 157United States, 173

SWEDENwith:Hungary and Israel, 157

SWITZERLANDwith:Austria, Hungary, India,Moldova, and Romania, 150Israel, 165

TAIWANInternal Developments, 174

with:Australia, 150China, 153Indonesia, Malaysia, Philip-pines, South Africa, Taiwan,and Vietnam, 160

THAILANDInternal Developments, 174

with:Australia, 150

TURKEYInternal Developments, 174

with:Israel, 165

UKRAINEwith:China, 153Germany and UnitedStates, 157India, 160Iran, 162Libya, 167Pakistan, 169Russia, 171Russia and United States, 172United States, 174

UNITED ARAB EMIRATESwith:France and UnitedKingdom, 157Russia, 172Russia and United States, 172United Kingdom, 175United States, 175

147



UNITED KINGDOMwith:Brazil and France, 151France and Israel, 155France and Italy, 155France and Kuwait, 156France and United ArabEmirates, 157Indonesia, 160Iraq, 164Israel, 165Qatar, 169United Arab Emirates, 175

UNITED NATIONSwith:Russia, 172

UNITED STATESInternal Developments, 175

with:Argentina, 149Australia, Brazil, andRussia, 149Australia and Israel, 150Bahrain, 150Brazil, 151Brunei, 152China, 154France, Germany, andItaly, 155Germany and Ukraine, 157India and Pakistan, 159India and Russia, 160Israel, 165Japan, 167Kuwait, 167North Korea, 168Pakistan, 169Russia, 172South Korea, 173Ukraine, 174United Arab Emirates, 175

VENEZUALAwith:Colombia, 154

VIETNAMwith:Indonesia, Malaysia, Philip-pines, Singapore, SouthAfrica, and Taiwan, 160

OVERVIEW

Iraq’s continued evasion of United Nations Security Coun-cil Resolution 687 and China’s missile exercises near Tai-wan featured prominently between February and June 1996.UNSCOM (U.N. Special Commission in Iraq ) Chief RolfEkeus revealed that Baghdad was concealing between six and16 Scud missiles on trucks which traveled around the coun-try between different military installations. Also, missile in-spectors were denied access to several suspected weapon sitesin Iraq . According to Ekeus, some of the institutions ac-cused of hiding Iraq’s proscribed weapons-related materialsare also responsible for Saddam Hussein’s security, and thisexplains why Baghdad was unwilling to give the commissionaccess to certain sites. However, in late June, Iraq agreed togive UNSCOM “immediate, complete and unconditionalaccess” to all of its suspected weapons sites and provided thecommission with what it described as “final documents” onits missile and chemical and biological weapon programs.Ekeus said that although Baghdad continued to hide weap-ons, components, and documentation, he was confident thenew agreement would work. In a related development, theU.S. State Department informed Congress there was “no in-dication” that the Russian government had “sanctioned” thetransfer of missile gyroscopes and accelerometers to Iraq in1995. A U.S. government investigation determined that theRussian-made components had been smuggled out of thecountry. If the investigation had implicated the Russian gov-ernment, Moscow’s commitment to fulfill its obligations as anew member of the Missile Technology Control Regime(MTCR ) would have been cast into serious doubt.

In Asia, China’s Second Artillery Corps test-launched four600 km-range, nuclear-capable Dong Feng-15 (DF-15, M-9)ballistic missiles. Their trajectories took them from the main-land to the waters off Taiwan’s two busiest ports, Keelungand Kaohsiung. The tests were perceived in Taipei as delib-erate intimidation during the three-week run-up to Taiwan’sfirst direct presidential election. However, polls taken inTaiwan just before the election showed that the test launchesserved only to bolster support for the elections among theTaiwanese electorate.

Theater missile defense (TMD) efforts progressed in Is-rael with the second successful test flight of an Arrow-2 anti-tactical ballistic missile (ATBM) from the Palmahim launchsite near Tel Aviv. The program is funded jointly by the UnitedStates and Israel. Project heads said the first operational

YUGOSLAVIAwith:Russia, 172



148

Arrow system should be deployed by the end of 1998 andthat Israel will have a “significant missile defense capabil-ity” by the end of the century. A U.S.-Israeli agreement onTMD will bolster Israel’s missile defenses. According toU.S. officials, the agreement focuses on supplying Israelwith better early-warning information. Also, Washingtonhas pledged to increase financial support for the U.S.-Is-raeli Nautilus program to develop a laser capable of shoot-ing down rockets such as the Katyusha, which Hezbollahguerrillas have been firing into Israel from southern Leba-non.

India moved closer to acquiring anti-missile systems fromRussia in order counter the threat posed by Pakistan’s Chi-nese-made M-11 missiles. Although Moscow has offeredto sell India its S-300V air defense system, New Delhi wantsto purchase Russia’s most advanced anti-missile system, theS-300PMU, because of its “unprecedented capabilities” inintercepting ballistic missiles. Additionally, India is devel-oping an indigenous anti-missile system known as the Akash.

Finally, debate continued in the United States over theaccuracy of the National Intelligence Estimate 95-19 (NIE95-19). In November 1995, the estimate, subtitled Emerg-

ing Missile Threats to North America During the Next 15Years, predicted that “no rogue nation will have the capabil-ity to threaten the U.S. with missiles before 2010.” Retiringdirector of the U.S. Ballistic Missile Defense OrganizationLt. Gen. Malcolm O’Neill questioned this prediction. He ar-gued that the NIE did not account for “wildcards” such assmuggling or gaps in U.S. capability, including the technol-ogy for conducting surveillance of underground facilities.

Wyn Bowen and Kimber Cramer

NOTE:

A date marked with an “*” indicates that an event wasreported on that date; a date without an “*” is the datewhen an event actually occurred.

The numbers listed in parentheses following the biblio-graphic references refer to the identification number of thedocument in the CNS Missile Database from which the newssummaries are abstracted. Because of the rapidly changingnature of the subject matter, The Nonproliferation Reviewis unable to guarantee that the information reported hereinis complete or accurate, and disclaims liability to any partyfor any loss or damage caused by errors or omissions.

149



AFGHANISTAN

AFGHANISTAN WITH INDIA

3/23/96The Muslim newspaper reported that Indiahas provided Afghanistan’s Rabbani-Mas’udregime with assistance to make Scud missilesystems operational.

Muslim (Islamabad), 3/23/96, p.12; in FBIS-NES-96-059, 3/23/96 (6065).

ARGENTINA

INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS

5/1/96The Argentine government declassified 24secret arms export decrees. President CarlosMenem said this would allow Argentineansto see how officials from the previous ad-ministration sold weapons to warring nations.Two of the declassified decrees—2719/92and 1903/93—referred to Argentina’s dis-mantlement of the Condor-2 missile program.Menem said the Condor project was “a realaberration” that cost Argentina a great dealof money. The president said he had “issuedinstructions to carefully investigate the Con-dor project’s impact on Argentina.” Menemadded that most of the weapons sold by theprevious administration went to Iran.

Telam (Buenos Aires), 5/2/96; in FBIS-LAT-96-087,5/2/96 (6086). Telam (Buenos Aires), 4/30/96; inFBIS-LAT-96-086, 4/30/96 (6086).

5/16/96Argentine Economy Minister DomingoCavallo announced that the Menem admin-istration had issued a decree to privatize thedefense firm Military Industries (FM) andwill send a bill to Congress that would elimi-nate “the legal secrecy on arms imports andexports.” The Finance Ministry will overseethe privatization process, which will beginwithin the next three months and is sched-uled to “last no more than a year.” In the fu-

ture the Customs Department will controlall arms transfers. Cavallo said the previoussystem encouraged the “import of arms anddangerous technologies” through secret lawsover the past 15 years and that privatizationof FM will ensure that future arms produc-tion will focus on the Argentine military. Headded that the bill corresponded withArgentina’s decision to dismantle the Con-dor missile, a project that constituted “themost cold-blooded export of technology tocountries that should have never received it,which was not even Argentine technologybecause it was developed by German com-panies in our territory.” Cavallo said thatafter the 1990-91 Gulf War the U.N. discov-ered a facility in Iraq similar to one thatmanufactured the Condor missile inCordoba.

Clarin (Buenos Aires), 5/2/96; in FBIS-LAT-96-089,5/2/96 (6088). Noticias Argentinas (Buenos Aires),5/17/96; in FBIS-LAT-96-097, 5/17/96 (6088).

ARGENTINA WITH BRAZIL

2/27/96Argentine Defense Minister Oscar Camilionsaid it was a mistake for Argentina and Bra-zil not to have collaborated on space projectsin the past. Camilion cited the importanceof saving money as one of the principal rea-sons for cooperation. According to MariaHelena Tachinardi, a Sao Paulo-based jour-nalist, government sources have indicatedthat the two countries plan to co-producesatellites, conduct research, and build anSLV in the future. Tachinardi said that a bi-lateral Argentine-Brazilian working groupon space cooperation was created in 1989.At the fifth meeting of this group in 1/96,the delegates finalized the details of anagreement on the civilian use of outer space.

Telam (Buenos Aires), 4/5/96; in FBIS-LAT-96-068,4/5/96 (6027). Maria Helena Tachinardi, GazetaMercantil (Sao Paulo), 2/28/96; in FBIS-LAT-96-060, 3/27/96 (6027). Jose Casado, O Estado De SaoPaulo (Sao Paulo), 2/24/96, p. A4; in FBIS-LAT-96-042, 2/24/96 (6027). Aviation Week & SpaceTechnology, 3/4/96, p. 49 (6027).

4/5/96An Argentine Foreign Ministry source saidBrazil and Argentina would conclude “a co-operation agreement on space activities en-visaging the use of missile-launch baseslocated in northern Brazil” during a two-day

meeting between President Menem and Bra-zilian President Fernando Henrique Cardososcheduled to begin on 4/7/96. Argentina hasbeen evaluating whether to design its ownspace rockets or to purchase them fromabroad. According to Defense MinisterCamilion, Argentina must decide how to“develop observation satellites and otherspace capabilities.”

Telam (Buenos Aires), 4/5/96; in FBIS-LAT-96-068,4/5/96 (6027). Maria Helena Tachinardi, GazetaMercantil (Sao Paulo), 2/28/96; in FBIS-LAT-96-060, 3/27/96 (6027). Jose Casado, O Estado De SaoPaulo (Sao Paulo), 2/24/96, p. A4; in FBIS-LAT-96-042, 2/24/96 (6027). Aviation Week & SpaceTechnology, 3/4/96, p. 49 (6027).

ARGENTINA WITH UNITED STATES

2/29/96NASA Administrator Daniel Goldin andConrado Virotto, president of the ArgentineSpace Agency, extended a five-year spaceagreement initially signed by the U.S. andArgentina in 1991.

Space News, 3/4/96-3/10/96, p. 2 (6028).

AUSTRALIA

AUSTRALIA WITH BRAZIL , RUSSIA, AND

UNITED STATES

3/25/96*The Russian-U.S. venture InternationalLaunch Services (ILS) is exploring the pos-sibility of establishing a new launch site forthe Proton booster at Alcantara in Brazil,Darwin in Australia, or Cape Canaveral inthe U.S. Russia’s Khrunichev currently usesKazakstan’s Baikonur Cosmodrome tolaunch its Proton rockets. However, spacelaunch locations in Australia and Brazilwould be better suited for launching satel-lites because of their proximity to the equa-tor. Australia’s Space TransportationSystems Ltd (STS) is competing with a pro-posal to build the Asia Pacific Space LaunchCenter at Gunn Point on the Timor andAfarura Seas, in Australia’s Northern Terri-tory. According to STS spokesman TonyRyan, the proposed $850 million Australian



150

facility would include a launch pad, a con-trol center, and a facility for mounting satel-lites on SLVs. STS Chairman Mike Ahernsaid “four major international organizations”are willing to take part in the project if itproceeds, “including companies from Asia,Australia, Europe and the United States.”According to Charles H. Lloyd, president ofILS’s Proton Division, a Proton M launchedfrom Brazil would be able to launch twoHughes HS 601-class satellites simulta-neously, in comparison to only one atBaikonur. The Brazilian Space Agency(AEB) is also developing a satellite launchcenter at Alcantara from which it intends tolaunch both domestic and foreign SLVs. TheProton could launch a 7.4 ton (6,300 pounds)payload into geosynchronous transfer orbitfrom Alcantara, in comparison to a 3.9 tonpayload from Baikonur. Florida GovernorLawton Chiles has proposed that CapeCanaveral should be modified to accommo-date foreign rockets such as the Proton SLV.

Michael K. French, Space News, 3/25/96-3/31/96,pp. 4, 25 (6089). Joseph C. Anselmo, Aviation Week& Space Technology, 4/15/96, pp. 22-23 (6163).

AUSTRALIA WITH ISRAEL AND

UNITED STATES

4/29/96*The AGM-142 version of Israel’s Popeyestandoff attack missile—manufactured byRafael—was selected to upgrade the strik-ing power of the Royal Australian Air Force’s(RAAF) F-111C bomber aircraft. Australiais scheduled to sign the contract with Rafaeland its marketing and co-production partner,Lockheed Martin Electronics & Missiles ofthe U.S., in 5/96. The contract will providefor the initial transfer of an undisclosed num-ber of AGM-142 missiles, which are sched-uled for deployment with the RAAF in early1998.

Gregor Ferguson, Defense News, 4/29/96-5/5/96, p.4 (6007).

AUSTRALIA WITH TAIWAN

4/96*Taiwan is considering purchasing an Austra-lian high-frequency, surface-wave radar foruse in cueing the Sky Bow missile defensesystem. The radar, developed by Telstra

Applied Technologies, has an over-watersearch range of roughly 300 km and a bistaticlinear array with a 50 m receive portion. Thesystem uses a “frequency-modulated continu-ous-wave scheme”, which, according toTelstra, is more effective than pulsed emis-sions. It can also track direct-wave emissionsto pinpoint early trajectories of land-basedtactical ballistic missiles. Australia’s DefenceScience and Technology Organization hiredTelstra in 1996 to develop and market theradar.

International Defense Review, 4/96, p.5 (6343).

AUSTRALIA WITH THAILAND

3/20/96An official from Thailand’s Thai SatelliteTelecommunications said the firm will fi-nance 50 percent of the preparation work forthe development of a commercial spacelaunch facility in northern Australia. Accord-ing to Tony Ryan, spokesman for Australia’sSpace Transportation Systems, the prepara-tion work is scheduled for completion by 4/97. The work will include an “environmen-tal impact study and consultations of techni-cal, economic and political matters.”

Michael K. French, Space News, 3/25/96-3/31/96,pp. 4, 25 (6089).

AUSTRIA

AUSTRIA WITH HUNGARY, INDIA ,MOLDOVA , ROMANIA , AND

SWITZERLAND

3/3/96Customs officials in the Feldkirch area ofAustria intercepted a truck carrying whatwere thought to be “guiding systems for tor-pedoes or missiles” from Moldova. The sus-pect items had been transported throughRomania and Hungary and were destined tobe flown from Zurich, Switzerland, to India.According to Austrian Security DirectorElmar Marent, illicit arms shipments are of-ten transported around Europe to concealboth the country of origin and the destina-tion. The crates containing the “guiding sys-

tems” contained parachutes.R. Stroehle, Kurier (Vienna), 3/5/96, p. 13; in FBIS-TAC-95-005, 3/5/96 (6017).

BAHRAIN

BAHRAIN WITH UNITED STATES

5/96The U.S. Congress was informed thatBahrain is seeking to acquire “151 MLRS[multiple launch rocket system] extended-range pods and 51 reduced-range pods” fromthe U.S. The U.S. has provided Bahrain withnine MLRS launchers in recent years.Bahrain also wants the Army Tactical Mis-sile System (ATACMS) to enhance the fire-power of its MLRS launchers. ATACMS hasyet to be cleared for sale to Bahrain.

Philip Finnegan, Defense News, 6/10/96-6/16/96, p.16 (6198).

BELARUS


2/96Major General Oleg Kruglyakov, com-mander of the “25th missile arsenal” inBelarus, was arrested and charged with steal-ing precious metals extracted from missilecomponents. According to Major GeneralAnatoly Glyukov, the republic’s militaryprosecutor, the case against Kruglyakov in-volves the theft of 7 kg of platinum from thearsenal and the disappearance of two high-ranking officers who worked there.

Larisa Sayenko, Moscow News, 2/22/96-2/28/96, p.13 (6105).

BELARUS WITH CHINA

3/19/96-3/25/96A 14-member delegation from China’s PLAGeneral Staff, led by General Van Zhun [astransliterated], observed Belarusian missilebrigade combat exercises, including troop

151



training at a test range.H. Markushyn, Vo Slavu Rodiny (Minsk), p. 1; inFBIS-SOV-96-062, 3/26/96 (6448).

BELARUS WITH CZECH REPUBLIC ,HUNGARY, AND RUSSIA

4/5/96Belarusian First Deputy Foreign MinisterValeriy Tsyapkala suggested at a press con-ference in Minsk that Russia might discon-tinue the withdrawal of nuclear missiles fromBelarus if the Czech Republic and Hungaryjoined NATO and accepted the deploymentof nuclear missiles on their territories.Tsyapkala expressed surprise that certaincountries would consider allowing the de-ployment of tactical nuclear missiles on theirterritory because such a move would makethem vulnerable to a future nuclear attackby Russia.

Interfax (Moscow), 4/5/96; in FBIS-SOV-96-068, 4/5/96 (6103). Interfax (Moscow), 4/4/96; in FBIS-SOV-96-067, 4/4/96 (6103).

BELARUS WITH CZECH REPUBLIC ,POLAND , AND RUSSIA

4/4/96Belarusian President AlyaksandrLukashenka said that Belarus would reactwith “adequate measures” if NATO deployedtactical nuclear weapons in Poland or theCzech Republic. Lukashenka implied thatsuch measures might include keeping thenuclear warheads currently located inBelarus, instead of returning them to Russiaas planned. According to Lukashenka, 18tactical nuclear missiles and three spare war-heads currently remain in Belarus.

Interfax (Moscow), 4/4/96; in FBIS-SOV-96-067, 4/4/96 (6103).

BELARUS WITH RUSSIA

2/27/96President Alyaksandr Lukashenka and Rus-sian President Boris Yeltsin agreed thatMoscow will waive Minsk’s $500 million billfor Russian natural gas in return for “the com-ponents of nuclear missiles which had beenwithdrawn to Russia and dismantled there.”

Informatsionnoye Agentstvo Ekho Moskvy (Mos-cow), 2/27/96; in FBIS-SOV-96-040, 2/27/96(6106). Interfax (Moscow), 3/27/96; in FBIS-SOV-

96-061, 3/27/96 (6106). Chrystia Freeland and Mat-thew Kaminski, Financial Times, 2/28/96, p. 3(6106).

3/27/96President Alyaksandr Lukashenka pledgedto remove the last 18 Russian missiles fromBelarus by the end of 1996, but cautionedagainst rushing the withdrawal process.Lukashenka denied reports that plans existto station Russian nuclear weapons “inBelarus and [the] Kaliningrad region.”

Interfax (Moscow), 3/27/96; in FBIS-SOV-96-061,3/27/96 (6106). Chrystia Freeland and MatthewKaminski, Financial Times, 2/28/96, p. 3 (6106).

BRAZIL


2/13/96*Brazil’s SCD-2A data collection satellite isscheduled to be launched on the VeiculoLancador de Satellites (VLS) rocket’smaiden flight in mid-1997. The VLS wasoriginally scheduled to launch the SCD-2satellite but was unable to do so because ofdelays caused by a lack of funds; the major-ity of the $12 million allocated for develop-ment of the rocket in 1995 did not arrive until12/95. Brazilian Air Force GeneralReginaldo dos Santos, director of the Aero-space Technical Center (CTA), said that thefunds released in 12/95 will allow for theimportation of electronic items “meetingmilitary specifications” made possible byBrazil’s accession to the MTCR. In 1996,the VLS program is scheduled to receivebetween eight and 10 million reals to com-plete development of the launcher.

Virginia Silveira, Gazeta Mercantil (Sao Paulo), 2/13/96, p. C3; in FBIS-LAT-96-062, 2/13/96 (6029).

BRAZIL WITH :Argentina, 149Australia, Russia, and United States, 149

BRAZIL WITH FRANCE

6/96Brazil concluded an $8.2 million agreement

with France’s Societe Europeenne de Pro-pulsion (SEP) for the installation of equip-ment to test small rocket engines.

Flight International, 6/12/96-6/18/96, p. 26 (6178).

BRAZIL WITH FRANCE AND

UNITED KINGDOM

2/29/96Air Force General Reginaldo dos Santos saidBrazilian officials are negotiating with firmsin the U.K. and France for the purchase oftechnology that could reduce developmentcosts for the VLS. The CTA director saidthat negotiations with British Aerospace andFrance’s Societe d’Applications Generalesd’Electricite et de Mecanique have centeredon Brazil’s acquisition of an inertial naviga-tion system, which the VLS needs to accu-rately deploy satellites into orbit. Brazilmight also be interested in obtaining liquidpropellants and thermal protection for theVLS’s engines in the future. After the maidenflight of the VLS, scheduled for 1997, therocket will be launched once every 12months over the following four years to “per-fect the design.” Brazil will simultaneouslydevelop an advanced version of the VLS toincorporate both liquid and solid fuels forcarrying heavier payloads. According to Bra-zilian officials, a 30 percent reduction in VLSdevelopment costs could reduce the rocket’sprice to as little as $7 million per launch.Joao Vaz, president of the Brasilia-basedaerospace consulting firm Airways Interna-tional, said procurement decisions and busi-ness ventures must be concluded soon if theVLS is to be operational by the end of the1990s. Brazil intends to produce basic tech-nology domestically, while importing ad-vanced technologies.

Philip Finnegan, Defense News, 3/11/96-3/17/96, p.26 (6026). Philip Finnegan, Space News, 3/11/96-3/17/96, pp. 3, 21 (6026).

BRAZIL WITH UNITED STATES

3/1/96The U.S. and Brazil signed a bilateral agree-ment to cooperate in the areas of “commer-cial space” and nuclear energy. Accordingto a Western diplomat in Brazil, Brasilia’saccession to the MTCR and its enactment oflegislation to control trade in military tech-



152

nology have helped reduce U.S. concernsover technology transfers.

Philip Finnegan, Space News, 3/11/96-3/17/96, pp.3, 21 (6026).

BRUNEI

BRUNEI WITH UNITED STATES

6/11/96The U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) in-formed Congress that Brunei is seeking topurchase 48 Harpoon anti-ship missiles(ASM) from McDonnell Douglas at a costof $57 million. The DOD said the proposeddeal was consistent with the U.S. policy ofhelping friendly nations to “provide for theirown defense.” According to the Pentagon,Brunei wants to equip its patrol boats withthe Harpoon missiles.

Reuter, 6/11/96; in Executive News Service, 6/11/96 (6172).

BULGARIA

BULGARIA WITH RUSSIA

5/28/96Russian Deputy Minister for Defense Indus-try Gennadiy Voronin held talks with theheads of Bulgaria’s Electron Consortium andMetalkhim Holding and visited the HEMUS-96 international defense technology exhibi-tion in Plovdiv, Bulgaria. Russia’sRosvooruzhenie displayed 20 items ofweapon technology at the exhibition, includ-ing the Tunguska air defense missile com-plex and the Buk-M1 air defense rocketcomplex.

Krasnaya Zvezda, 06/01/96, p. 3 (6369). Trud(Sofia), 5/30/96. p. 3; in FBIS-EEU-96-105, 5/30/96 (6180).

5/29/96Russian Deputy Minister for Defense Indus-try Gennadiy Voronin and Bulgarian DeputyPrime Minister Doncho Konakchiev dis-

cussed the establishment of joint arms ven-tures and Bulgaria’s “receipt of new licenses”from Russia. Voronin and Ivan Kolev, deputychief of Bulgaria’s Interdepartmental ArmsCouncil, head a working group which is pre-paring for the 9/96 meeting of the Bulgar-ian-Russian Commission on Cooperation inSpecialized Production. At the meeting, Bul-garia hopes to obtain new licenses and re-new old licenses for its military enterprises.Russia and Bulgaria are considering “jointproduction and appearance on third markets”in the areas of optical electronics, artilleryand missile ammunition, and “automatic sys-tems of communications and fire control.”

Trud (Sofia), 5/30/96. p. 3; in FBIS-EEU-96-105, 5/30/96 (6180).

CHINA


2/8/96*China’s Northwest Industry University “suc-cessfully designed” a miniaturized turbo jetengine for use in unmanned jets and cruisemissiles. The China Aviation Industry Cor-poration recently approved three prototypesof the engine.

Xinhua (Beijing), 2/8/96; in FBIS-CHI-96-028, 2/8/96 (5981).

2/8/96The “VXI automatic missile testing system,”jointly developed by the Second ArtilleryCorps and Harbin Polytechnic University ofChina, underwent a successful evaluation.This is the first such Chinese system to ap-ply advanced VXI bus technology to auto-matic missile testing.

Jiefangjun Bao (Beijing), 2/10/96; in FBIS-CHI-96-032, 2/10/96 (5973).

2/14/96China’s Long March 3-B (LM3-B) rocketexploded two seconds after initial launchfrom Xichang. China Great Wall Industrysays that telemetry data from the boostershow that a failure in the inertial-guidancesystem caused the delivery vehicle to ex-

plode. The LM3-B was carrying the Intelsat708 satellite.


3/96A list of firms that contribute to China’s mis-sile programs was published to alert export-ers to the risk of diversion by the end-user inChina. The list comprises: Beijing ElectronTube Plant, which provides support technol-ogy, raw materials, and smelting equipmentfor high-temperature soldering of liquid-fuelrocket engine combustion chambers; BeijingEmulation Center, which performs simulatedlaunch-vehicle experiments; Beijing Instituteof Special Engineering Design, which is thenerve center for designing and building theXichang Space and Launch Center (XSLC)and related special equipment; Beijing Uni-versity of Aeronautics and Space Flight,which has produced simulated aerodynamicflight conditions for missiles using a numericcontrol system; Changchun Applied Chem-istry Institute, which develops fuel bindersand propellants for solid rockets used on stra-tegic missiles and tactical rockets; DalianInstitute of Chemical Physics, part of theChinese Academy of Sciences, which stud-ies combustion of rocket propellant and la-ser devices; Harbin Industrial University,which produces aluminum alloy plates usedon rocket casings; Southwest Aluminum Pro-cessing Plant, which manufactures LongMarch-2E (LM-2E) large-forged rings; andthe United Study Center for Liquid FuelRocket Propellant Technology, which stud-ies liquid-fuel rocket engines for the Scienceand Technology University of National De-fense.

Risk Report, 3/96, p. 7 (6446).

3/27/96*China’s air force science personnel recentlydeveloped unmanned supersonic targetdrones. These can be used to test live-firemissiles and air armaments and can fly athigh, medium, low and “extremely low” al-titudes. They are China’s first supersonicdrones and will fill a long-standing gap inChina’s missile testing program.


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5/23/96*Over the last several years, China’s SecondArtillery Corps has taken steps to increaseits “rapid mobile combat” [rapid deploymentforce] capabilities, including the successfulcompletion of a number of important testlaunches. In order to enhance effectiveness,the corps has focused on employing moderntechnology. Better, more modern training ofmissile crews has been a key element of re-search and has resulted in the developmentof a large, all purpose strategic missile simu-lator and a complete simulator system forcombat training of the strategic missile unit.Scientists and experts have also developedan “automatic missile testing machine” (see2/8/96 entry) which allows China “to rankamong the world powers” in strategic mis-sile monitoring and tracking technology.With respect to enhancing Chinese combatcapabilities and developing an automatedmissile combat command-and-control sys-tem, Second Artillery Corps experts haveaccomplished a great deal, including devel-opment of the missile brigade control sys-tem, the electronic command system, and“the commonly-used message processingsystem.” Other achievements include in-creasing combat effectiveness through bet-ter technical reconnaissance, weatherforecasting, geographical surveying, antichemical warfare and logistics support.Corps logistics personnel worked with re-search organizations and the strategic mis-sile troops themselves on a number of keyareas, including the replenishing of oxygenunder closed conditions, the elimination ofhazardous gases and germs, health protec-tion, the treatment of battlefield emergencies,and the purification and treatment of drink-ing water and sewage.


CHINA WITH :Belarus, 150

CHINA WITH IRAN AND NORTH KOREA

5/12/96The Iranian News reported that Iran hadlaunched ASMs and a new long-range mis-sile called Tondar during naval maneuversin the northern Persian Gulf, in proximity to

Iran’s oil terminal on Kharg Island. The re-port said that the Tondar is an ASM designedto be launched by coastal batteries. Iran hadpreviously claimed it was developing a bal-listic missile called the Tondar-68, which hada reported range of approximately 700 km.The Tondar-68 program was to have ben-efited from Chinese and North Korean mis-sile technology and assistance. It appears thenew Tondar missile might be a derivative ofthe Chinese-made C-801 ASM or the moreadvanced C-802. The C-801 has a maximumrange of 80 km, which Iran has been attempt-ing to extend for some time.

James Bruce, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 5/22/96, p. 17(6195).

CHINA WITH ISRAEL

4/10/96*An electronics joint venture between twoIsraeli firms and China National Aero-Tech-nology Import and Export Company has pro-vided China with its first company capableof producing global positioning system(GPS) navigational equipment. The ventureis known as Beijing Catic-Azimuth Electron-ics.


CHINA WITH RUSSIA

5/96*China has been purchasing Russian-pro-duced wire-guided torpedoes and submarine-launched wake-homing systems. China mayalso want to buy submarine-launched cruisemissiles in the future, and has modified its‘Romeo’ class SSG submarines to carry theC-801 ASM.

John Downing, Jane’s Intelligence Review & Jane’sPointer, 5/96, p. 6 (6425).

CHINA WITH TAIWAN

3/8/96Shortly after midnight (local time), Chinalaunched three M-9 (DF-15) missiles frombases on its southern coast into waters nearTaiwan’s two busiest ports, the southern portof Kaosiung and the northern port ofKeelung. Two of the missiles were launchedinto the target square 22 km east of Keelung,and the third into the zone 52 km west of

Kaosiung. The launches were part of plannedPLA exercises from 3/8-3/23. The exercisesincluded land and naval maneuvers, and themissile launches were part of live-fire dem-onstrations. The exercises, particularly themissile launches, directly preceded Taiwan’sfirst presidential election, held 3/23, and wereintended to intimidate Taiwan’s government.

Edward A. Gargan, New York Times, 3/8/96, p. A1(6140). UPI in; Executive News Service, 3/8/96(6124). Reuter, 3/8/96; in Executive News Service,3/8/96 (6140).

3/13/96In a continuation of its military exercises,China launched a fourth M-9 missile into thewaters off Kaosiung. For both the 3/8 and 3/13 launches, China equipped the M-9s withtelemetric warheads. These are non-explo-sive and use navigational survey instrumentsto collect and transmit missile-flight data.

Markus Eliason, Washington Times, 3/13/96, p. A13(6127).

6/17/96Taiwanese Army army chief arms procure-ment officer, Kuo Chuan-sheng, revealed thatthe phased-array radar for the Tien Kung(Sky Bow) air-defense system was able todetect China’s M-9 missile launches intowaters near Taiwan in 3/96.

Benjamin Yeh, Taiwan Central News Agency WWW,6/17/96; in FBIS-CHI-96-118, 6/17/96 (6386).

CHINA WITH UKRAINE

5/96The National Space Agency of Ukraine(NSAU) has signed a $1 million contractwith the China National Space Administra-tion for the purchase of an “Imitator” re-search station. According to KonstantynYartsev, head of NSAU’s International IssuesDepartment, the Imitator can simulate grav-ity, infrared emissions, and temperature, aswell as three additional factors. Yartsev saidHarbin Polytechnic Institute in China orderedthe Imitator, which is produced by theKharkov Institute of Low Temperatures.Ukraine will use the money from the deal toadvance its own space and rocket industries.According to Yartsev, espionage allegationsmade against Chinese space experts work-ing at Pivdenmach in Dnipropetrovsk in 2/96 will not strain relations between the China



154

National Space Administration and NSAU.Unian (Kiev), 5/6/96; in FBIS-TAC-96-006, 5/6/96(6411).

CHINA WITH UNITED STATES

3/96*The U.S. Bureau of Export Administration’sExport Administration 1994 and 1995 Re-port on Foreign Policy Controls stated thatthe U.S. sold China several missile-relateditems during those two years. Under Depart-ment of Commerce category 7A23, “InertialOr Other Equipment Using Accelerometers,”the U.S. sold seven units for a total of$1,507,235; under category 3A51, “MassSpectrometers,” one item for $349,429; un-der category 2E40, “Technology For TheUse Of Hot Isostatic Presses,” one item for$80,000; and under category 3A52, “Cath-ode Ray Oscilloscopes and Components,” 22units for a total of $1,137,550.

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of ExportAdministration, Export Administration Annual Re-port, 1994 and 1995 Report on Foreign Policy Con-trols, 3/96, p. II-85 (5999).

COLOMBIA

COLOMBIA WITH VENEZUELA

Mid-6/96Venezuela’s foreign ministry denied thatColombia was transporting missiles to itsborder with Venezuela.

Pedro Prado, Televan Canal 10 (Caracas), 6/13/96;in FBIS-LAT-96-118, 6/13/96 (6177).

COMMONWEALTH OFINDEPENDENT STATES

(CIS)


Late 3/96The Council of CIS Defense Ministersagreed in Moscow to establish a unified air-

defense system for the CIS countries.Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press, 4/24/96, p.21 (6116).

4/1/96Russia and Belarus established “joint alertduty” to provide protection for the “westernforeign air borders of the CIS member stateswithin the boundaries of the state borders ofRussia and Belarus.” Russia has been eagerto maintain a unified air-defense system be-cause the majority of the FSU’s missile-at-tack warning stations are located in other CIScountries. Azerbaijan and Moldova are theonly CIS states not to have been included inthe system. Moscow will contribute up to 50percent of the funds needed for the system,and Russian firms will receive a majority ofthe military contracts associated with it. Rus-sia hopes the establishment of a unified airdefense system will remedy the financial dif-ficulties that have resulted in a lack of re-sources to replace worn-out equipment overthe past two years.

Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press, 4/24/96, p.21 (6116).

5/96“Informed military sources” said Russia in-tends to station a Buk-M1 anti-aircraft com-plex in Armenia. Following the conclusionof military agreements between Russia andArmenia, experts specializing in anti-aircraftdefense and officers from the Russian gen-eral headquarters are formulating a plan todefend the CIS’ southern air space. The CIS’southern air defense system has been linkedwith the Gabala radio-locator station in east-ern Azerbaijan. The station is designed tomonitor incoming ICBMs and is consideredto be the most important element of Russia’ssouthern air defense system.

Turan (Baku), 5/14/96; in FBIS-SOV-96-095, 5/14/96 (6099).

CZECH REPUBLIC

CZECH REPUBLIC WITH :Belarus, Hungary, and Russia, 151Belarus, Poland, and Russia, 151

EGYPT

EGYPT WITH NORTH KOREA

3/96-4/96North Korea delivered at least seven ship-ments of Scud-C missile materials to Egypt,according to a Central Intelligence Agency(CIA) report acquired by The WashingtonTimes. The shipments included steel sheetsand support equipment, giving Egypt every-thing that it would need to produce Scud-Cmissiles. The shipment was part of a 1980’slicensing agreement between Egypt andNorth Korea.

Bill Gertz, Washington Times, 6/21/96, p. A1 (6400).

EGYPT WITH RUSSIA

6/10/96*Egypt has contracted with Russian compa-nies to upgrade its aging SA-2, SA-3, andSA-6 SAMs, according to an unnamed West-ern diplomat.


ETHIOPIA


5/29/96*The Ethiopian Navy offered to sell 16 navalvessels equipped with SS-N-2 ‘Styx’ ASMsto the highest bidder. Ethiopia also offeredto sell Swedish-manufactured “fast armedlaunches” and a Natya-class minesweeper.According to Captain Gabre YohanesTsegaye, the Ethiopian Navy’s representa-tive in Djibouti, the Navy wants to take thebest offer on the vessels and would rathersell them “as a package.” Although the op-erational status of the vessels is not known,observers in Djibouti say that they have beenwell maintained. Ethiopia became a land-locked country in 1993 after Eritrea gained

155



independence following its victory in a 25-year guerrilla war against Ethiopia.

James Bruce, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 5/29/96, p. 15(6192).

FINLAND

FINLAND WITH RUSSIA

5/5/96Russian Prime Minister ViktorChernomyrdin and Finnish Prime MinisterPaavo Lipponen concluded a deal forFinland’s acquisition of advanced medium-range Buk M-1 (SA-11) air defense systemsfrom Russia. On 5/7/96, General GustavHagglund, commander-in-chief of Finnishdefense forces, announced that Finland willoverlook Russian debt in exchange for BukM-1 systems worth an estimated 850 millionFinnish marks ($177.1 million). Hagglundsaid the deal includes “radars, fire-controlsystems and spare parts.” The Buk M-1 willreplace the SA-3 missiles that Finland cur-rently deploys to defend Helsinki against airattacks. Finland considered acquiring the S-300 extended-range air-defense system, butrejected it in favor of the SA-11, which isbetter suited to its defense needs.

Giovanni de Briganti, Defense News, 5/13/96-5/19/96, p. 30 (6120).

FRANCE

FRANCE WITH :Brazil, 151Brazil and United Kingdom, 151

FRANCE WITH GERMANY , ITALY , AND

UNITED STATES

4/22/96Germany, Italy, and the U.S. signed a state-ment of intent to develop and produce theMedium Extended Air-Defense System(MEADS); France reserved the option to

participate at a later date. Designed for useby NATO, MEADS is a mobile theater mis-sile defense (TMD) system designed to pro-vide forward and maneuvering forces with360-degree coverage against aircraft andballistic and cruise missile attacks. MEADSwill be transportable in a C-130 Herculesaircraft. If it does become involved in theprogram, France would be responsible for20 percent of the program’s costs, Germany20 percent, Italy 10 percent, and the U.S. theremaining 50 percent. Because of the Frenchdecision not to participate at this time, theU.S. and Italy may find it difficult to meettheir increased obligations. The U.S. maynow have to pay 60 percent, Germany 25percent, and Italy 15 percent. According tothe French defense ministry, France is not ina position to commit fully to the MEADSprogram because the future defense budgetremains unclear and major weapon choiceshave yet to be made. U.S. Secretary of De-fense William Perry described MEADS asone of the “most challenging tests of trans-atlantic cooperation.”

Olivier Provost, La Tribune Desfosses (Paris), 5/20/96, p. 11; in FBIS-TAC-96-007, 5/20/96 (6318).Arms Control Today, 4/96, p. 26 (6318). AFP (Paris),3/26/96; in FBIS-TAC-95-005, 3/26/96 (6022). Gra-ham Warwick and Gilbert Sedbon, Flight Interna-tional, 4/24/96-4/30/96, p. 17 (6022).

5/96French Defense Minister Charles Millonannounced France’s withdrawal from theMEADS project. Millon cited strategic re-quirements and financial concerns as reasonsfor the decision.

Olivier Provost, La Tribune Desfosses (Paris), 5/20/96, p. 11; in FBIS-TAC-96-007, 5/20/96 (6318).Arms Control Today, 4/96, p. 26 (6318).

FRANCE WITH IRAN AND QATAR

6/3/96*France agreed to sell Iran “a small number”of Exocet ASMs, according to anonymousIranian sources. The sources said France willdeliver the Exocets to Iran in 7/96 and 8/96through a private company in Qatar. TheASMs will reportedly be deployed on mis-sile boats with the regular Iranian Navy andthe Revolutionary Guards Navy in the OmanSea and the Persian Gulf. Although Francepreviously supplied Iran with 10

Combattante-II missile boats, only four ofthem are currently operational. The remain-ing vessels are described as “seaworthy,”although they lack “essential equipment.”

Iran Brief, 6/3/96, p. 8 (6234).

FRANCE WITH ISRAEL AND

UNITED KINGDOM

3/27/96*Israel’s Rafael has chosen the French-madeMicro-turbo TRI-60 engine to power theversion of the Popeye air-to-surface missileit is offering to fulfill the U.K. Royal AirForce’s conventional stand-off missile(CASOM) requirement.


FRANCE WITH ITALY AND

UNITED KINGDOM

3/96Defense ministers from the U.K., France, andItaly agreed to jointly develop a frigate de-signed to provide civilian cargo convoys ornaval battlegroups with a “defensive bubble”against aircraft and ASMs such as the Exocet.The program will cost seven billion pounds($10.7 billion) and a total of 22 ships will beproduced: 12 for the U.K., four for France,and six for Italy. Development of the ship’sPrincipal Anti-Air Missile System (PAAMS)will be led from Paris. The PAAMS officewill build on a series of missiles Italy andFrance have been developing since the late1980s. The U.K. will pay Italy and Franceapproximately 100 million pounds for thework already completed on these missiles.The Project Horizon ship and its commandand control and secondary weapon systemswill be designed at an office in London.

Bernard Gray, Financial Times, 3/23/96-3/24/96, p.2 (6019). Bernard Gray, Financial Times, 3/23/96-3/24/96, p. 1 (6019).

FRANCE WITH KUWAIT

3/18/96French Economy and Finance Minister JeanArthuis visited Kuwait to emphasize“France’s keenness to conclude a certainnumber of contracts,” includingAerospatiale’s offer to provide MM-15 sea-to-sea missiles for the eight P-37 fast patrol



156

boats the Gulf emirate purchased fromFrance’s Constructions Mecaniques deNormandie in 3/95. The patrol boats costKuwait roughly 2.5 billion French francs. Inan effort to sweeten the MM-15 offer, Francehas “raised the possibility” of giving Kuwaitintelligence information gathered from itsHelios-1 observation satellite. A similar pro-posal previously helped France secure a“major security deal” with Qatar. Followingthe 1990-91 Gulf War, Kuwait’s Amir Jabiral-Ahmad al-Sabah informed France that itmight be awarded “a relatively exclusiveright” to supply the emirate with naval equip-ment and weapons. In 10/93, France andKuwait subsequently signed a 10-year de-fense pact. Kuwait is in the process of con-cluding contracts to fulfill two other defenserequirements. First, Kuwait is considering theprocurement of six seaborne helicoptersequipped with air-to-sea missiles. France isoffering Kuwait Panther helicopters armedwith AS 15TT missiles. Second, Kuwait mayalso purchase four 2,000 ton corvettes armedwith anti-aircraft missiles, “anti-surface mis-siles,” and anti-submarine missiles. Franceis bidding for the corvette contract “withproducts designed by 12 foreign shipyards.”France sold Ffr3.8 billion worth of arms toKuwait in 1995.

Jacques Isnard, Le Monde (Paris), 3/27/96, p. 6; inFBIS-TAC-95-005, 3/27/96 (6291).

4/29/96*Three French firms set aside $157 million(808 Ffr) in offset commitments for sellingradar, missiles, and missile boats to Kuwait.


FRANCE WITH KUWAIT AND

UNITED KINGDOM

6/4/96A Kuwaiti newspaper reported that Kuwait’sdefense minister, Sheikh Ahmad al-Hamoudal-Sabah, said a contract had been awardedto British Aerospace (BAe) for the purchaseof Sea Skua ASMs. BAe was competing withFrance’s Aerospatiale, which wanted to pro-vide Kuwait with MM-15 ASMs. Accord-ing to a BAe official, although the companywas informed that Kuwait’s Ministry of De-fense had chosen the Sea Skua to equip its

Combattante-I patrol boats, the company wasnot aware of an official decision. Accordingto Jean Claude Ranvier, a spokesman forAerospatiale, his firm has yet to be informedof the competition’s outcome.

Reuter, 6/4/96; in Executive News Service, 6/5/96(6191). Defense News, 6/10/96-6/16/96, p. 2 (6191).Bernard Gray, Financial Times, 6/5/96, p. 8 (6191).

FRANCE WITH PAKISTAN

4/10/96France announced that it will deliver threemodernized Agosta submarines to the Paki-stani Navy over the next few years. RearAdmiral Alain Bereau, commander of Frenchnaval forces in the Indian Ocean, said thesubmarines will have the capability to launchSM-39 ASMs.

Muslim (Islamabad), 4/11/96, pp.1, 11; in FBIS-NES-96-072, 4/11/96 (6062).

FRANCE WITH RUSSIA

Late 5/96The impending Russian elections caused aweek’s delay in the founding of Starsem, ajoint Franco-Russian company designed tomarket European Ariane and Russian Soyuzrockets. The launch of Starsem was sched-uled instead for early 6/96. Yuri N. Koptev,director-general of the Russian SpaceAgency (RKA), sent a telegram to notifyFrench officials of the change. According toofficials, France’s Aerospatiale andArianespace will own 35 percent and 15 per-cent of Starsem, respectively. RKA andRussia’s Central Specialized Design Bureauof Samara—which produces the Soyuz—willshare the other 50 percent. According toArianespace spokesman Claude Sanchez,“nothing could be considered definitive”until the papers establishing Starsem as aprivate company “under French law” hadbeen signed by the parties involved. MichelDelaye, director of Arianespace’s space anddefense division, said the firm plans to even-tually design a new upper stage for the Soyuzrocket in order to place “groups of small sat-ellites into low Earth orbit.” In the short term,Arianespace and Aerospatiale will be respon-sible for marketing the Soyuz outside formerSoviet territory.

Peter B. de Selding, Space News, 5/27/96-6/2/96,pp. 1, 29 (6215).

6/96Russian defense companies displayed S-300V and S-300PMU1 air defense systemsand the Smerch rocket system at theEurosatory ’96 defense exhibition in Paris.Russia’s Rosvoorouzhenie and the State Sci-entific Production Enterprise Splav, and theFrench firm Selerg announced the comple-tion of a joint project to develop an improved122 mm rocket for the Russian PN-21 Gradrocket system. The improved version incor-porates a new motor which has increased therocket’s range to 36 km. Accuracy has alsobeen improved significantly. The Russianand French companies intend to sell the newrocket to countries that already possess Gradrocket systems.

Valentin Rudenko, Krasnaya Zvezda, 7/2/96, p. 3(6377).

FRANCE WITH SAUDI ARABIA

Mid-5/96A Saudi Arabian F-2000 frigate began a 12-month refit at France’s Toulon Naval Dock-yard. The Mahdina is the first of four RoyalSaudi Navy (RSN) F-2000 frigates sched-uled to be refitted in France under the four-year Project Mouette contract concluded in1/94. According to Direction des Construc-tions Navales (DCN) officials at the dock-yard, the refit includes “missiles, sonars, andthe helicopter handling system.” Missile en-hancements will focus on giving the ships’OTOBreda/Matra Otomat anti-ship weaponsystems added capabilities “both inside themissiles and in the ship-based control sys-tem,” including “enhanced search patternsto re-attack missed targets.” According toDCN officials, the first-generation Thomson-CSF Airsys Crotale self-defense missiles willnot be upgraded. The frigates’ nuclear, bio-logical, and chemical weapon (NBC) detec-tion and protection systems will also beimproved. This will involve enhancing theair-tight gas citadel by fitting more sophisti-cated pressurization systems, and “retrofit-ting new, high performance detectionsensors.”

Jane’s Defence Weekly, 6/26/96, p. 26 (6284).

157



FRANCE WITH SOUTH KOREA

5/8/96The special products division of SouthKorea’s Daewoo Heavy Industries has pro-duced an indigenous surface-to-air missile(SAM) system, known as either the Chonmaor Pegasus. The turret, sensors, and internalparts of the Pegasus were developed withtechnology provided by the French firmThomson-CSF and are identical to theCrotale New Generation SAM. The Pegasushas eight launch tubes mounted on a trackedchassis. The missile itself is said to have a12 kg warhead, “command-to-line-of-sight”guidance, and an effective range of 10 km.Full-scale production of the SAM is expectedto begin in 1998.

Christopher F. Foss, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 5/8/96,p. 16 (6036).

FRANCE WITH UAE AND

UNITED KINGDOM

4/3/96*A proposal by Matra Defense to sell theBlack Shahine variant of its Apache air-launched stand-off weapon to the UnitedArab Emirates may violate the MTCR’s Cat-egory One guidelines. According to sourcesclose to the signatories, the proposal is caus-ing concern because it threatens to violate,“at least in spirit,” the guidelines that restrictthe transfer of missiles capable of deliver-ing 500 kg or greater payloads over a dis-tance of 300 km or more. If the BlackShahine is deemed to exceed MTCR guide-lines, France will either have to ask for a“one-off approval for the missile” transferor seek permission “to modify the design tomeet the guidelines.” Matra Defense hasmade no comment to date. A proposal bythe U.K.’s GEC-Marconi to sell a stand-offweapon to the UAE has already been turneddown by the British Ministry of Defence(MOD) on the grounds that it would be rela-tively easy to increase the missile’s range.The MOD has since approved a revised de-sign proposal from GEC-Marconi. MatraDefense and GEC-Marconi are competingagainst each other to fulfill the UAE’s stand-off missile requirement.

Douglas Barrie, Flight International, 4/3/96-4/9/96,p. 22 (6121).

GERMANY

GERMANY WITH :France, Italy, and United States, 155

GERMANY WITH UKRAINE AND

UNITED STATES

3/18/96Colonel Oleksandr Serdyuk, head of theAdministrative Management of StrategicNuclear Forces Troops at the Ukrainian De-fense Ministry, said the 3.5 million markspromised by the German government for the“soft” destruction of five ICBM launch siloslocated near populated areas will not beenough. Ukraine is seeking financial assis-tance from the U.S. to help pay for the de-struction of these five silos.

Ukrinform (Kiev), 3/19/96; in FBIS-TAC-95-005,3/19/96 (6102). Unian (Kiev), 3/18/96; in FBIS-TAC-95-005, 3/18/96 (6102).

HUNGARY

HUNGARY WITH :Austria, India, Moldova, Romania, andSwitzerland, 150Belarus, Czech Republic, and Russia, 151

HUNGARY WITH ISRAEL AND SWEDEN

2/28/96*Sweden’s Saab conducted preliminary talkswith Rafael and other Israeli companies re-garding a potential Israeli weapons packageto be offered as part of Saab’s proposal tosupply the Hungarian Air Force with JAS39Gripen aircraft. Air force officials in Hun-gary are reported to be interested in acquir-ing Israeli-made air-to-surface and air-to-airweapons. Saab refused to comment on itstalks with the Israeli firms.

Andrzej Jeziorski and Arie Egozi, Flight Interna-tional, 2/28/96-3/5/96, p. 18 (6253).

INDIA


2/4/96Indian Foreign Minister Pranab Mukherjeesaid there was no chance the Prithvi-1 SSMprogram would be abandoned, despite tech-nical and training problems that threaten todelay the missile’s deployment—originallyscheduled for mid-1996—by at least 12months. The Indian Army plans to stationinitially approximately 25 Prithvi missilesalong the border with Pakistan. The army’slong-term aim is to acquire 100 Prithvi mis-siles, extra mobile launchers, and supportequipment. Meanwhile, an official fromIndia’s Defence Research and DevelopmentOrganisation (DRDO) said Bharat Dynam-ics Ltd. (BDL) of Hyderabad was havingdifficulties with the Prithvi-1 SSM’s guid-ance system and “handling” the missile’s liq-uid fuel. The official added that the first 15Prithvi-1 SSMs were in production, but couldnot be delivered for at least another year. Ac-cording to Indian defense sources, army per-sonnel lack experience in handling liquidfuel, which must be loaded immediately priorto launch and removed if the launch isaborted. Indian defense sources said safetyand efficiency concerns had dictated the de-lay.

Vivek Raghuvanshi, Defense News, 2/12/96-2/18/96, p. 32 (6068).

2/16/96Officials from the Indian Defence Ministrysaid the state-owned Ordnance FactoryBoard (OFB), which produces projectiles,rockets, and other military equipment, isscheduled to undergo major restructuring.The changes will involve the closure of ap-proximately a third of the company’s pro-duction lines, and the transfer of employeesto more defense-oriented positions. OFBemploys 173,000 workers and maintains 39factories.

Defense News, 2/26/96-3/3/96, p. 24 (6060).



158

3/8/96India’s parliamentary standing committee ondefense released a report on defense policyplanning and management, recommendingserial production of the Agni IRBM and itsintroduction into the armed forces. Accord-ing to the report, the demand was made dueto a change in the security environment, in-cluding “developments of military signifi-cance in the neighborhood.” Prior topostponement of the Agni project, India test-fired three Agni IRBMs (without warheads),two of which were successful. The Indiangovernment had declared previously that theproject ended with the launch of the Agni-03 reentry vehicle.

Radio Pakistan Network (Islamabad), 2/7/96; inFBIS-NES-96-026, 2/7/96 (6110). Times of India(Bombay), 3/11/96, p. 1; in FBIS-NES-96-049, 3/11/96 (6110).

3/21/96India’s third Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle(PSLV-D3) launched the 922 kg IRS P3 re-mote sensing satellite into an 817 km near-polar Sun-synchronous orbit from theSriharikota Satellite Launching Range. Thelaunch of the PSLV-D3 was the third in aseries of developmental flights. More than150 private and public industries were in-volved in manufacturing the PSLV’s com-ponents, which include “tight alloystructures, motor cases, electronic packages,heat-shield and radars.” Dr. Kasturirangan,chairman of the Indian Space ResearchOrganisation (ISRO), was confident the or-ganization could begin commercial launchesof the PSLV with its next flight. ISRO plansto offer commercial launches of satellitesweighing up to 1,000 kg into 900 km orbitsat a cost of between $10 and $12 million.

Flight International, 2/7/96-2/13/96, p. 24 (6167).Vivek Raghuvanshi, Space News, 3/25/96-3/31/96,pp. 3, 26 (6167). V.R. Mani, Times of India(Bombay), 3/22/96, p. 1; in FBIS-NES-96-061, 3/22/96 (6167). All India Radio Network (Delhi), 3/21/96; in FBIS-NES-96-056, 3/21/96 (6167).

3/23/96Prime Minister Narasimha Rao said the In-dian space program “will not be allowed tosuffer because of a lack of funds.”

All India Radio Network (Delhi), 3/23/96; in FBIS-NES-96-058, 3/23/96 (6167). All India Radio Net-work (Delhi), 3/21/96; in FBIS-NES-96-056, 3/21/96 (6167).

3/31/96Dr. Kasturirangan said that the PSLV willsoon be in demand to conduct launches forthe world’s satellite manufacturers. He addedthat there were not many rockets in thePSLV’s class that can launch satellites intolow earth or intermediate orbits. Accordingto Kasturirangan, initial evaluations of thePSLV’s 3/96 launch indicate that India’sSLVs “can be safely used to launch Indianremote sensing satellites.” BhuvaneshChaturvedi, India’s minister of state for sci-ence and technology, said the launch haddemonstrated India’s substantial capabilityin both satellite technology and rocketry.ISRO can now prepare for the maiden launchof its next generation SLV, the Geostation-ary Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV), nowscheduled for late 1998.

Vivek Raghuvanshi, Space News, 3/25/96-3/31/96,pp. 3, 26 (6167). V.R. Mani, Times of India(Bombay), 3/22/96, p. 1; in FBIS-NES-96-061, 3/22/96 (6167). All India Radio Network (Delhi), 3/31/96; in FBIS-NES-96-065, 3/31/96 (6167). AllIndia Radio Network (Delhi), 3/21/96; in FBIS-NES-96-057, 3/21/96 (6167). Strategic Digest, 2/96, p.276 (6167). Vijay Menon, India Today, 4/15/96, p.99 (6167). All India Radio Network (Delhi), 3/21/96; in FBIS-NES-96-056, 3/21/96 (6167).

4/96India’s Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) outlinedits national security priorities, which includeserial production of the Prithvi SSM,operationalization of the Agni SSM, andacceleration of the development of the Agni-2 SSM. The “BJP manifesto’s external se-curity blueprint” emphasized the importanceof expanding India’s missile program and ofboosting military preparedness in general.The BJP also stressed its opposition to theMTCR.

Doordarshan Television Network (Delhi), 4/20/96;in FBIS-NES-96-079, 4/20/96 (6059). Indian Ex-press (Delhi), 4/10/96, p. 9; in FBIS-NES-96-072,4/10/96 (6059).

4/1/96*The Indian Navy is set to acquire three newindigenously produced missile systems aspart of a “shift in strategic thinking whichadvocates technology inputs to maintain thecompetitive edge of the cash-strapped Navy.”The three missile systems include: a newlong-range ASM; a naval version of theAkash SAM; and a large submarine-launched

ballistic missile (SLBM) called “Sagarika.”The ASM will have a range of approximately20 km when launched from the air and morethan 10 km when fired from a ship. The na-val version of the Akash SAM has been de-signed specifically to be fired from navalplatforms and will be used to target incom-ing enemy aircraft and missiles. The newASM and the naval Akash SAM are sched-uled for deployment by 1999. The SagarikaSLBM project began in 1994 and is sched-uled for completion by 2005. Defensesources describe the Sagarika as the most ad-vanced missile on DRDO’s agenda. TheSagarika project is in the final stages of scale-model testing and the propulsion system isunder development. According to unnamedsources, the Indian Navy’s shift in emphasistoward missile technology has been drivenby monetary restrictions and a recognitionof the important role missiles will play in thenext century. The budget for developingthese naval missiles and their related systemsis rumored to be more than Rs 100 crore.

M. Ahmed, Business Standard (Delhi), 4/1/96, p. 5;in FBIS-NES-96-065, 4/1/96 (6064).

4/4/96K. Madhavan Nair, director of India’s Liq-uid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC), saidISRO had completed the design of the cryo-genic engine for the GSLV’s upper stage.Nair also said that work on fabricating theengine was well under way at Machine ToolAids and Reconditioning (MTAR) andGodrej. Since the completion of designs forthe 7.5 MT cryogenic engine, LPSC has be-gun designing larger and more powerful en-gines at its Valiamala complex nearThiruvananthapuram. The new 12 MT and16 MT engines will be used to launch 3,500kg and 4,000 kg communications satellitesinto geostationary orbit, respectively.

Asian Recorder, 5/6/96-5/12/96, p. 25603 (6326).

6/2/96An explosion damaged India’s Defence Re-search and Development Laboratory(DRDL) in Hyderabad, where India’s me-dium- and long-range missiles are developed.DRDL denied reports that as many as 20people were injured by the explosion. Ac-cording to DRDL head A.J.P. Kalam, theblast was isolated to the High Energy Mate-

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rials Building, where chemical additives forpropellants are developed. Kalam said theblast would not affect the program becausethe facility’s principal laboratory was leftunscathed. The results of an official investi-gation into the explosion have yet to be re-leased. Kalam said DRDL would increasesafety measures at the laboratory regardlessof the results from this investigation. A faultyair-conditioning system is thought to havetriggered the blast, although India did not ruleout sabotage because of recent terrorist bombattacks in New Delhi and Rajasthan.

K.S. Jayaraman, New Scientist, 6/8/96, “India’s Mis-sile Centre Shaken By Blast.” India Today, 6/30/96,p. 13 (6271). Electronic Telegraph, 6/3/96, http://www/telegraph.com (6168).

6/3/96Indian Defence Minister Mulayam SinghYadav said India’s new BJP governmentwould “uphold the broad national consen-sus on security issues,” although he did notspecifically comment on India’s missile pro-gram. Yadav took office just as India’s Plan-2005 called for 70 percent of India’s weaponrequirements to be met through indigenousproduction within 10 years.

Times of India (Bombay), 6/4/96, p. 7; in FBIS-NES-96-109, 6/4/96 (6218). Atul Aneja, Hindu (Madras),6/3/96, p. 11; in FBIS-NES-96-109, 6/3/96 (6218).

6/12/96Unnamed senior government sources in NewDelhi said the Indian Ministry of Defencehad suspended all civilian use of the IRS-1Csatellite to “monitor without distractionnuclear and ballistic missiles deployed byChina and possibly Pakistan near India’sborder.” The IRS-1C can perform “sensitivemilitary satellite operations” using its pan-chromatic camera, which can “return a reso-lution of 5.8 m and can facilitate moreaccurate aerial photographs in detail.” Ac-cording to the anonymous Indian sources, theIRS-1C has “a tilt of 30 degrees on eitherside,” which permits it to “record imagerydeep inside neighboring countries.”


6/24/96*India’s $285.7 million program to develop anuclear-powered submarine has suffered asetback following failed tests of its “com-pressed enriched uranium water reactor with

plate type fuel.” According to sources fromthe DRDO, the advanced technology vessel(ATV) will be fitted with 1,000 km-rangecruise missiles and an advanced sonar sys-tem. The ATV is being developed by theDepartment of Atomic Energy, the DRDO,and the Indian Navy.


INDIA WITH :Afghanistan, 149Austria, Hungary, Moldova, Romania,and Switzerland, 150

INDIA WITH PAKISTAN AND RUSSIA

6/19/96India’s Kerala Cabinet decided to re-openthe investigation into the ISRO spy scandal.The scandal involved documents related toVikas engines and the PSLV, which were al-legedly delivered to Pakistani agents in 1994.Chief Minister E.K. Nayanar said the cen-tral government’s Research and AnalysisWing (RAW) and the Intelligence Bureau(IB) would be asked to participate in the in-vestigation. The case began in 11/94 with thearrest of Mariam Rasheeda, a Maldivian,who was accused of staying in India afterher visa had expired. Other people arrestedincluded: Rasheeda’s associate, FauziyaHassan; S. Nambinarayanan, deputy direc-tor of the LPSC; D. Sasikumaran, generalmanager of fabrications at LPSC; K.Chandrasekharan, a trade representativefrom the Russian Space AgencyGlavkosmos; and Chandrasekharan’s friend,S.K. Sharma. Police Inspector GeneralRamon Srivastava was also accused of in-volvement in the scandal. When India’s Cen-tral Bureau of Investigation (CBI) originallyinvestigated the case, it reported that allega-tions by the State Police and IB were un-founded. The CBI also concluded theaccused had been forced by their interroga-tors to make statements and recommendedto the Ernakulam chief judicial magistratethat the case be closed. The six defendantswere subsequently released on the basis ofCBI’s report. The suspended Indian scien-tists were reinstated to their positions.

Hindu (Madras), 6/20/96, p. 11; in FBIS-NES-96-121, 6/20/96 (6220).

INDIA WITH PAKISTAN AND

UNITED STATES

Early 2/96U.S. government officials expressed theirdisapproval of the 1/27/96 Prithvi-2 SSM testbecause of concern this type of action wouldraise tensions on the subcontinent. After thetest, U.S. Deputy National Security AdvisorSandy Berger was sent to Pakistan in an at-tempt to ease regional tensions.

Theresa Hitchens and Vivek Raghuvanshi, DefenseNews, 2/12/96-2/18/96, pp. 3, 36 (6323). TimZimmerman, Brahma Chellaney, and Phillippe B.Moulier, U.S. News & World Report, 2/12/96, pp.42-44, 46 (6323). Raj Chengappa, India Today, 2/29/96, pp. 98-99 (6323).

2/3/96Indian Foreign Minister Pranab Mukherjeedismissed U.S. State Department claims thatthe Prithvi-2 test was destabilizing.Mukherjee said that because of Pakistan’srecent “buying spree” of weapons, includ-ing submarines, missiles, and Mirage fighteraircraft, the test was not a mistake. He addedthat there was no chance India would aban-don the Prithvi program. One Indian defenseofficial dismissed Pakistani objections to thetest as an overreaction, claiming the newmissile would not be fitted with nuclear war-heads. The official said that nobody wouldput a nuclear warhead on a 250 km-rangemissile because “the risk of damage to thearea of origin is too much.”

Reuter, 2/4/96; in Executive News Service, 2/4/96(6274). Farhan Bokhari and Vivek Raghuvanshi,DefenseNews, 2/5/96-2/11/96, p.18 (6274). RadioPakistan Network (Islamabad), 2/3/96; in FBIS-NES-96-024, 2/3/96 (6274).

INDIA WITH RUSSIA

2/12/96Indian defense sources said Russia’s S-300air-defense system would have to be testedin India before a final decision on its pur-chase could be made. India is consideringpurchase of the S-300PMU to counterPakistan’s acquisition of Chinese-manufac-tured M-11 SSMs. Russia has already offeredto sell India the S-300V anti-missile systembut Indian defense officials want the S-300PMU because of its “unprecedented ca-pability.” Indian defense sources estimate thesystem could cost New Delhi approximately



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Rs 800 crore (U.S. $230 million), and theybelieve that India could initially afford topurchase only three or four systems to pro-tect New Delhi and Bombay from M-11 at-tacks.

Ranjit Kumar, Navbharat Times (Delhi), 2/18/96, p.1; in FBIS-TAC-96-004, 2/18/96 (6249). VivekRaghuvanshi, Defense News, 2/26/96-3/3/96, p. 8(6061).

2/22/96Russian diplomats said that India’s previousshortage of spare parts for its Russian-madeweapon systems had been resolved and “thesupply fluctuation” had been “stabilized.”

Vivek Raghuvanshi, Defense News, 2/26/96-3/3/96,p. 8 (6061).

3/96*By the end of 1996, the first of seven cryo-genic booster engines will be delivered toISRO by Russia’s Glavkosmos. Accordingto a Glavkosmos spokesman, the remainingsix engines will be delivered at six-monthintervals.

Strategic Digest, 3/96, pp. 423-424 (6066).

3/96A delegation from Russia’s Rosvoorouzhenieled by Oleg Sidorenko, the company’s deputydirector general, visited India to displayRussian weaponry at the second India Inter-national Civil and Defence Equipment andSystem Exhibition and Conference (IICDES’96) in New Delhi. Russian exhibits atIICDES ’96 included modern Sukhoi com-bat aircraft, 155 mm guns, submarines, heli-copters, and missile and anti-aircraft systems.Russia’s Splav State Scientific ProductionEnterprise displayed Grad, Uragan, andSmerch multiple launch rocket systems at theexhibition. These systems and other Russianmilitary equipment drew the attention of In-dian specialists, who reportedly agreed withtheir Russian counterparts to continue devel-oping bilateral military cooperation betweentheir two countries. Splav is providing theIndian Army with assistance to upgrade itsBM-21 Grad multiple rocket launchers.

Hindustan Times (Delhi), 4/2/96, p. 9; in FBIS-NES-96-066, 4/2/96 (6111). Viktor Sergeyev, Segodnya(Moscow), 3/13/96, p. 4; in FBIS-UMA-96-080-S,3/13/96 (6111). Yuriy Golotiuk, Segodnya, 3/27/96,p. 2 (6376). Viktor Litovkin, Finansoviye Izvestiya,3/5/96, p. 2 (6376).

3/15/96Russia and India were scheduled to sign a“package of military documents on techni-cal cooperation, including five contractsworth $3.5 billion.” Russia’sRosvoorouzhenie has been working on thefive contracts with India for approximatelytwo years under the auspices of the “Programof Military-Technical Cooperation for thePeriod Up to 2003.” Under the terms of thecontracts, India’s ground forces are sched-uled to acquire Russian-made Urugan andSmerch multiple rocket launchers, S-300Vanti-aircraft missiles, and Tunguska mobileanti-aircraft guns.

Flight International, 3/13/96-3/19/96, p. 14 (6063).Stephen Blank, Jane’s Intelligence Review, 4/96, pp.167-169 (6063). Viktor Sergeyev, Segodnya (Mos-cow), 3/13/96, p. 4; in FBIS-UMA-96-080-S, 3/13/96 (6111). Viktor Litovkin, Finansoviye Izvestiya,3/5/96, p. 2 (6376).

INDIA WITH RUSSIA AND UNITED STATES

6/18/96The espionage trial of Aluru J. Prasad beganin a U.S. federal court. Prasad, an Indianbusinessman accused of selling U.S. militarysecrets to the Soviet Union and Russia, ischarged with attempting to obtain classifiedinformation about infrared missile detectors,radar systems, and the stealth bomber’s spe-cial paint that makes the aircraft invisible toradar. A graduate of MIT, Prasad is presi-dent of India-based Hyderabad Batteries Ltd.Subrahmanyam Kota, the prosecution’s chiefwitness, reportedly sold Prasad unclassifiedinformation regarding the stealth bomber’spaint for $20,000 and drawings of a Sikorskyhelicopter rotor for $15,000. Although Kotawas indicted with Prasad and a third man,espionage charges against him were droppedas part of a plea bargain. Kota reportedly soldU.S. military software to the Soviet Unionduring the Cold War and has sold biotech-nology secrets to Russia since the end of theCold War. The Indian-born Kota is an Ameri-can citizen and president of the BostonGroup, a computer consulting company. Thetrial is expected to provide some insight intohow espionage has changed since the end ofthe Cold War.

Washington Times, 6/19/96, p. A6 (6248).

INDIA WITH UKRAINE

4/16/96*Ukraine has reportedly offered missiles toIndia, but negotiations between the two coun-tries have so far been unproductive.

Aleksandr Sychev, Izvestiya, 4/16/96, p. 3 (6187).

INDONESIA

INDONESIA WITH MALAYSIA ,PHILIPPINES , SINGAPORE, SOUTH

AFRICA , TAIWAN , AND VIETNAM

4/24/96South African Defense Minister Joe Modiseidentified Malaysia as an important marketfor Pretoria. Malaysia could also become agateway for South African defense manufac-turers to access expanding markets in Indo-nesia, the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan,and Vietnam, where “defense budgets willbe big.” South Africa has already signedthree joint-production agreements with Ma-laysian firms, including ventures to produceelectro-optics and electronic-countermeasuresystems and equipment. The three Malaysiancompanies are: Malaysian Optics Systems,SME Industries Group, and Mara Holdings.According to Modise, the defense systemsproduced by South Africa’s Denel Group are“much sought after in the Far East” becauseof their “reliability and value for money.”

New Straits Times (Kuala Lumpur), 4/25/96, p. 7; inFBIS-EAS-96-083, 4/25/96 (6012).

INDONESIA WITH RUSSIA

6/96Russia’s Reutov defense plant and Vympelmissile design bureau displayed missiles androckets at the Indonesia Air Show 1996 (IAS-96) in Jakarta.

Valentin Rudenko, Krasnaya Zvezda, 7/2/96, p. 3(6377).

INDONESIA WITH UNITED KINGDOM

2/21/96*The U.K.’s Lucas Industries is establishing

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a joint “precision-machining” venture withIndonesia’s PT Metinca Dirgantara and PTPindad. The venture will support Indonesia’saerospace sector. Lucas will have a 51 per-cent stake in the venture, while PT Pindadand PT Metinca Dirgantara will have a 34and 15 percent stake, respectively.


IRAN


Early 2/96Vice Admiral Scott Redd, commander ofnaval forces for the U.S. Central Command(CENTCOM), said Iran’s test-launch of aChinese-manufactured C-802 ASM in theNorth Arabian Sea in early 1/96 “renewedconcerns” about Tehran’s naval potential.The C-802 has a range of 95 km. Redd saidthat since 1994, Iran has been increasing its“fixed manned launch sites” for SSMs andSAMs. Redd estimated that Iran has at leastnine long-range SAM sites located on themainland and islands in the Persian Gulf,compared to three HAWK missile sites inthe early 1990s. Iran has HAWK, SA-5, andSA-6 SAMs located at these sites. Tehranalso has up to four SSM sites.

Iran Brief, 3/4/96, p. 6 (6265). Voice of the IslamicRepublic Of Iran First Program Network (Tehran),5/2/96; in FBIS-NES-96-087, 5/2/96 (6265). Bar-bara Starr, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 2/7/96, p. 14(6265).

Mid-4/96Iran conducted the five-day “Salman-1 of75” naval exercise between Jazireh-e Kharkand Bushehr in the Persian Gulf, duringwhich missile-launching frigates and “anti-surface air-to-sea air units” were mobilized.

Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran First Program(Tehran), 4/13/96; in FBIS-NES-96-074, 4/13/96(6077).

5/1/96*Iran has been constructing tunnels capableof housing long-range ballistic missiles alongits Persian Gulf coastline. According toCENTCOM Commander General Binford

Peay, Iran is “doing a lot of tunneling neartheir littorals.” CENTCOM spokesman NavyCaptain Mark D. Neuhart confirmed Peay’sstatement and said that the tunnels appearedto have been constructed to store, rather thanlaunch, missiles. Neuhart said that the tun-nel project was part of Iran’s defense mod-ernization program. CENTCOM assertedthat Iran’s tunnels would “not have an im-mediate effect on U.S. activity in the Per-sian Gulf,” but Washington intends tocontinue monitoring the situation. U.S. De-fense Secretary William Perry said that hedid not think the tunnels would fundamen-tally alter Iran’s ability to wage war. SomeU.S. defense officials have asserted that thecombination of Iran’s tunnels with its deploy-ment of Chinese-made anti-ship missiles andSoviet-made submarines was “noteworthy.”The tunnels are thought to be designed toprotect storage and potential launch sites forNorth Korean manufactured No-dong-1SSMs, as well as to house Scud SSMs.

New York Times, 4/30/96, p. A7 (6263). BarbaraStarr, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 5/8/96, p. 4 (6263).Financial Times, 5/3/96, p. 6 (6263). WashingtonPost, 5/3/96, p. A24 (6263). Jane’s Defence Weekly,5/1/96, p. 3 (6263).

5/12/96-5/15/96Maritime units of Iran’s RevolutionaryGuards fired ASMs during maneuvers in thePersian Gulf. According to RevolutionaryGuards Marine Colonel Parviz Qowsi, theevent marked the first time marine units hadlaunched land-to-sea and sea-to-sea missilesduring military exercises in the northern Gulf.According to the Iranian news agency IRNA,the “four-day war games” took place betweenKharg Island and the port of Bushehr.


5/13/96Iran announced that it had tested a new mis-sile called Tondar, which it claims to haveproduced indigenously. The Tondar isthought to be a land-based ASM. Accordingto Brigadier General Ahmad Dadbin, com-mander of Iran’s land forces, Iran has“achieved the technology of missile produc-tion.”

James Bruce, Jane’s Defense Weekly, 6/12/96, p. 27(6196). Jane’s Defence Weekly, 6/5/96, p. 15 (6196).

5/23/96-5/24/96Iran conducted the Velayat (Guardianship)military exercise involving 200,000 troopsand hundreds of tanks in the Koush-e Nosratdesert south of Tehran. According to thecommander of the exercise, General HadiGolestaneh, missile, artillery, engineering,and communications units took part in themaneuvers. Ten armored and infantry divi-sions, 100 helicopters from the Iranianarmy’s Havanirouz air wing, and six inde-pendent brigades also participated. The ma-neuvers involved approximately half of Iran’sregular armed forces and were the largestever to be conducted in the Middle East. Theexercise coincided with a warning byCENTCOM Commander General BinfordPeay that Iran is expected to increase therange of its SSMs to make them capable ofreaching targets in Europe.


6/10/96The Second International Machine-tool,Construction Equipment, and Heavy Ma-chinery Fair began in Tehran. Iranian offi-cials described the exhibition as a triumphin the face of U.S. sanctions. During theopening ceremony, Iranian Commerce Min-ister Yahya Al-e Ishaq said that despite U.S.sanctions, Iranian firms were currently ex-porting industrial technology and equipment,and “were able to secure” overseas marketsin Africa and Central Asia. According toIshaq, Iran had earned millions of dollarsrecently by providing engineering servicesto other countries. A total of 80 Europeanand 250 Iranian firms participated in the ex-hibition.

Iran Brief, 7/1/96, p. 1 (6273).

6/25/96President Hashemi Rafsanjani chaired ameeting of the Supreme Economic Councilat which it was decided that Iran will pur-chase 7.3 billion rials worth of navigation-control units, equipment for ground-basedflight-control radar stations, and laboratoryequipment. The council also directed theCentral Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iranto provide the Nasr electronics research-and-development center with a loan to enable itto conclude its current projects.

IRIB Television First Program Network (Tehran), 6/25/96; in FBIS-NES-96-125, 6/25/96 (6239).



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6/30/96Naval forces from the Iranian Army and theIslamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC)initiated the Falaqh-5 missile maneuvers inthe Persian Gulf. The exercise involved “mis-sile sites of the Khatam ul-Anbia headquar-ters as well as missile units of the naval forcesof the army and IRGC.” The public relationsdepartment of the navy said the four-dayexercise was designed to improve the com-bat readiness of Iran’s naval forces. Iraniannaval forces tested their missile, communi-cation, defense, and transport equipmentduring the first phase of the exercise.

IRNA (Tehran), 7/3/96; in FBIS-NES-96-129, 7/3/96 (6287). IRNA (Tehran), 6/30/96; in FBIS-NES-96-129, 6/30/96 (6287).

IRAN WITH :China and North Korea, 153France and Qatar, 155

IRAN WITH JAPAN

6/20/96Tokyo’s District Court ordered a former ex-ecutive from Japan Avionics Electronics In-dustry Ltd. to pay damages of approximately1.25 billion yen for making illegal shipmentsof missile components to Iran in 1991. Thelawsuit was brought against the former ex-ecutive by shareholders wanting to protecttheir firm against financial losses stemmingfrom the management decision to allow theillegal exports. The shipments resulted in thefirm being fined by the U.S. The court’s de-cision, based on a 5 billion yen lawsuitbrought against the former president and twoformer executives by a shareholder fromFukuoka, ordered the three men to jointlypay 40 million yen of the total 1.25 billionyen in damages. Japan Avionics ElectronicsIndustry Ltd. manufactures “internal [iner-tial] navigation equipment” for aeronauticalapplications. NEC has 50.1 percent equityin the firm.

Kyodo (Tokyo), 6/20/96; in FBIS-EAS-96-121, 6/20/96 (6193).

IRAN WITH UKRAINE

2/27/96*In an interview conducted on an unspecifieddate at an undisclosed location, Yevhen

Mykytenko, chief of the Ukrainian ForeignMinistry’s Middle East Department, said thatUkraine does “not supply arms to Iran” andthat Kiev “has repeatedly stated so.”Mykytenko emphasized that Ukraine adheresto all nonproliferation agreements regardingmissile technology, nuclear technology, andoffensive arms.

Halia Pavlia, Intelnews (Kiev), 2/27/96; in FBIS-SOV-96-039, 2/27/96 (6095).

5/22/96Morteza Muhammad-Khan, Iran’s ministerof economic affairs and finance, and Ukrai-nian Deputy Prime Minister Anatoly Kinakhsigned an agreement pledging economic co-operation between the two countries.Muhammad-Khan and Kinakh are co-chairsof the Iranian-Ukrainian Trade and Eco-nomic Committee. Ukraine has supplied Iranwith assistance in the fields of electronics,satellite technology, rocket manufacture,transportation, metallurgy, and mineral ex-traction.

Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press, 6/19/96, p.26 (6278).

IRAQ


2/14/96UNSCOM Chief Rolf Ekeus answered ques-tions about Iraq’s potential development ofa long-range missile “during a closed-doorsession” with the U.N. Security Council.U.N. inspectors suspect that Iraq is attempt-ing to develop a longer range version of theAl-Hussein missile that would have a rangein excess of 2,000 miles. According to a se-nior U.N. official, such a missile could reachLondon, Paris, or Moscow. Although U.Sand U.N. officials are concerned that Iraq’smissile program may be more advanced thanpreviously thought, one U.S. intelligencesource said that any program involving mis-siles capable of reaching European capitalsis in its “rudimentary stages.”

Stewart Stogel, Washington Times, 2/16/96, pp. A1,A19 (6081).

3/10/96UNSCOM Deputy Chairman CharlesDuelfer said that Baghdad was still in pos-session of prohibited “documents and items,”and he doubted whether Iraq had accountedfor all the long-range missiles it was bannedfrom possessing under the terms of the 1990-91 Gulf War cease-fire.


3/11/96After a four-day visit to Iraq, UNSCOMDeputy Chairman Charles Duelfer said Iraqhad pledged to cooperate with U.N. weap-ons inspectors following an 18-hour stand-off outside the Irrigation Ministry in Baghdadon 3/9/96. According to Duelfer, no docu-ments were found at the ministry. UNSCOMwanted to search the building for documentsrelated to Iraq’s long-range missile programs.Since the 3/9/96 stand-off, Duelfer said Iraqhad presented final reports to the U.N. on itsballistic missile program, as well as its chemi-cal, biological, and nuclear weapons pro-grams. Although Iraq has said that thesedeclarations are “full, final and complete,”Duelfer believes UNSCOM needs to reviewand assess them before presenting its 4/96report to the U.N. Security Council. Accord-ing to Duelfer, a team of 43 ballistic missileexperts will remain in the country, andUNSCOM Chief Ekeus may travel toBaghdad in late 3/96.

Reuter, 3/11/96; in Executive News Service, 3/11/96 (6130). John M. Goshko, Washington Post, 3/12/96, p. A9 (6290). Leon Barkho, Reuter, 3/9/96;in Executive News Service, 3/11/96 (6290).

3/11/96UNSCOM was involved in another stand-off in Iraq outside an underground trainingfacility and barracks of the Republican Guardat Salabati, 30 miles southeast of Baghdad.According to a U.S. official, the facility wassuspected of concealing “banned launchersfor Scud medium-range missiles” of the typeused by Iraq during the Gulf War. U.N. offi-cials say that if Baghdad continues to defyUNSCOM inspection efforts, there is littlechance that sanctions on Iraq will be relaxed.

John M. Goshko, Washington Post, 3/12/96, p. A9(6290). AFP (Paris), 3/11/96; in FBIS-NES-96-048,3/11/96 (6290).

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3/18/96In a briefing to the Security Council,UNSCOM Chief Rolf Ekeus said UNSCOMhad been obstructed by Iraqi authorities onfive occasions since 3/8/96. He accused Iraqof implementing “a pattern” of violations ofthe cease-fire resolutions. Iraqi Deputy PrimeMinister Tariq Aziz responded by writing aletter to the Security Council in which hedescribed the accusations as “wrong andbaseless.”

Evelyn Leopold, Reuter, 3/18/96; in Executive NewsService, 3/18/96 (6290). AFP (Paris), 3/11/96; inFBIS-NES-96-048, 3/11/96 (6290).

3/20/96UNSCOM Chief Rolf Ekeus told a U.S. Sen-ate subcommittee that UNSCOM suspectedIraq was hiding between six and 16 ScudSSMs on trucks that move between militaryinstallations. According to U.N. sources, themissiles were 650 km-range al-HusseinSSMs which can carry 300 kg warheads.According to Ekeus, UNSCOM’s five con-frontations with Iraqi authorities over gain-ing access to certain facilities in 3/96 can beexplained by Baghdad’s desire to keep themissiles concealed. Ekeus said that althoughsenior Iraqi officials had informed him thatall of Iraq’s missiles and warheads had beendestroyed, no documents existed to provethis, and U.N. inspectors had not been al-lowed to verify the remains.

Christopher Bellamy, Independent, 3/23/96 (6266).Arms Control Today, 3/96, p. 28 (6266). R. JeffreySmith, Washington Post, 3/21/96, pp. A1, A28(6266). Washington Times, 3/21/96, p. A15 (6258).

4/1/96*According to senior U.N. sources, Baghdadhas denied UNSCOM the opportunity toquestion Lieutenant General Amir al-Sa’di,an official well-acquainted with Iraq’s weap-ons programs. The sources reported thatSa’di had been introduced previously as aspecialist in the Iraqi missile program.UNSCOM now believes Sa’di is the “mostimportant person concerned with the biologi-cal programs, as well as the chemical andmissile issues.” Iraqi authorities have toldUNSCOM that Sa’di will not be able to talkto the commission until 4/5/96.

Khalil Matar, Al-Sharq Al-Awsat (London), 4/1/96,p. 2; in FBIS-NES-96-064, 4/1/96 (6256).

4/11/96UNSCOM released a report which assertsthat Iraq continues to conceal illegal missilesand equipment. The report says that Iraq pre-sented the commission with incomplete in-formation and that Baghdad must “provideevidence to show that it no longer possessedforbidden weapons and related materials.”Iraq denied UNSCOM’s allegations, argu-ing that it had complied with the U.N.’s de-mands.

Leon Barkho, Reuter, 4/22/96; in Executive NewsService, 4/22/96 (6294).

4/22/96An UNSCOM team of 15 ballistic missilespecialists arrived in Baghdad to identify andtag Iraqi missiles which have ranges of lessthan 93 miles. According to John Larrabee,the American leader of the inspection team,the mission’s objective was to ensure thatIraq does not modify the ranges of these mis-siles “beyond what is permitted” under theterms of the 1991 Gulf War cease-fire. Ac-cording to U.N. sources, Larrabee’s team willremain in Baghdad for more than one week,and will perform spot checks in pursuit of“banned materials.”

Leon Barkho, Reuter, 4/22/96; in Executive NewsService, 4/22/96 (6294).

5/5/96*During an interview in Jordan, Wafiq al-Samarrai, former chief of Iraq’s SecurityServices, said that Iraq still possessed 40Scud missiles that could be fitted with chemi-cal, biological or conventional warheads. Al-Samarrai also said Iraq still had 15 biologicalwarheads and once stockpiled over 1,000missiles.

Valerio Pellizzari, Il Massaggero (Rome), 5/5/96, p.12; in FBIS-NES-96-089, 5/5/96 (6079).

6/11/96A group of 30 UNSCOM missile inspectorswere prevented from entering a RepublicanGuard base located west of Baghdad. Thesubsequent standoff between the U.N. in-spectors and Iraqi officials lasted eight hoursat the site, which was reported to be “near aprison in a Baghdad suburb.”

New York Times, 6/12/96, p. A8 (6337). ExecutiveNews Service, 6/10/96 (6337).

6/12/96UNSCOM missile inspectors were preventedfrom entering a Republican Guard installa-tion in the Al-Qadissiyah district of Baghdad.Team leader Nikita Smidovich, a Russianlong-range missile expert, said theUNSCOM inspectors would remain at thesite “as long as it takes.”

New York Times, 6/14/96 (6337).

6/12/96The U.N. Security Council passed a unani-mous resolution demanding that Iraq provide“unrestricted access” for UNSCOM to allsuspected weapon sites. UNSCOM ChiefRolf Ekeus said there was “a high probabil-ity” that Baghdad was concealing items thecommission is “convinced still exist” in Iraq.

Barbara Crossette, New York Times, 6/13/96, p. A8(6337).

6/13/96Iraq prevented UNSCOM inspectors fromentering two more sites near Baghdad. Al-though UNSCOM Chief Rolf Ekeus said oneof the sites belonged to the RepublicanGuard, he did not provide details about thesecond location. Ekeus said his inspectorswere seeking materials, documents, andequipment related to Iraq’s ballistic missiles.According to Ekeus, all the locations inspec-tors wanted to gain access to “belonged togovernment bodies guilty of concealingdocuments or weapons” from UNSCOM.

Financial Times, 6/14/96, p. 6 (6337).

6/14/96Iraq prevented UNSCOM from accessingtwo additional sites thought to house mate-rials relating to its proscribed weapons. Ac-cording to Iraqi eyewitnesses, “scores” ofUNSCOM inspectors guarded the entrancesto several Republican Guard facilities on 6/14/96. Iraqi Deputy Prime Minister TariqAziz said the inspectors were denied accessfor national security reasons, but added thatBaghdad would permit them to enter the sitesif he and UNSCOM Chief Rolf Ekeus wereallowed to accompany them.

New York Times, 6/15/96 (6337). Leon Barkho,Reuter, 6/14/96; in Executive News Service, 6/17/96 (6337).



164

6/19/96UNSCOM Chief Rolf Ekeus arrived inBaghdad to persuade Iraq to allow inspec-tors to enter Republican Guard sites sus-pected of concealing prohibited weaponsmaterials.

S.V. Venkatraman, AFP (Paris), 6/24/96; in FBIS-NES-96-123, 6/25/96 (6337).

6/20/96Wafiq al-Samarrai told the Al-Sharq Al-Awsat newspaper’s bureau in Amman, Jor-dan, that Baghdad still possessed “scores ofsurface-to-surface missiles in the prohibitedrange.” Samarrai cited “reliable information”that Iraq still possessed 40 Al-Hussein SSMs,25 of which were “in a disassembled form.”The former head of Iraqi military intelligencesaid that Iraq was hiding “very important”documents related to its weapons programsin the Republican Palace and in camps ofthe Special Guard and the Republican Guard.Samarrai said he had “reliable information”regarding houses in which documents werekept, and added that some documentationwas stored in armored personnel carriers andtanks.

‘Imad al-Furayh, Al-Sharq Al-Awsat (London), 6/21/96, p. 6; in FBIS-NES-96-122, 6/21/96 (6237).

6/22/96After four days of talks with Iraqi DeputyPrime Minister Tariq Aziz and other Iraqiofficials, UNSCOM Chief Rolf Ekeus toldreporters in Bahrain that a “major break-through” had been made in Baghdad; thisresulted in Iraq’s surrender of “new files onits illegal arms programs” and its pledge “togrant total access to military bases.” Accord-ing to Ekeus, Baghdad agreed to giveUNSCOM “immediate, complete and uncon-ditional access” to all of its suspected weaponsites, and provided what Iraq described as“final documents” on its missile, and chemi-cal and biological weapons programs. Ekeussaid that Iraq offered to submit a report tothe U.N. by the end of 6/96 with a “full, com-plete and final declaration on all its weap-ons programs.” Under the agreement, Ekeusand Aziz will also start reviewing develop-ments on a monthly basis.

S.V. Venkatraman, AFP (Paris), 6/24/96; in FBIS-NES-96-123, 6/25/96 (6337). Washington Times, 6/25/96, p. A 15 (6337).

6/24/96UNSCOM Chief Rolf Ekeus said that Iraqcontinues to hide weapons, components anddocumentation, but added that he was confi-dent the new agreement would work. Ac-cording to Ekeus, some of the Iraqiinstitutions charged with concealing weap-ons-related materials are also responsible forPresident Saddam Hussein’s security, andthis was why Baghdad was sometimes un-willing to give UNSCOM access to certainsites. Ekeus said that Baghdad was hidingitems by “static means” as well as on trucksthat could travel around Iraq.

Washington Times, 6/25/96, p. A 15 (6337).

IRAQ WITH RUSSIA AND UNITED STATES

6/96Robert Einhorn, U.S. deputy assistant sec-retary of state for politico-miliatry afffairs,told the House National Security Commit-tee there was “no indication” the Russiangovernment “sanctioned” the transfer to Iraqof Russian-made ICBM gyroscopes and ac-celerometers in 1995. A U.S. investigationof the transfer determined that the missilecomponents were smuggled out of Russia.According to Einhorn, the U.S. is waiting fora final report on the incident from the Rus-sian government, although it is not knownwhen this will be received.


IRAQ WITH UNITED KINGDOM

2/15/96The results of a three-year investigation intoBritain’s role in supplying Iraq with military-related equipment were made public. Thereport, written by high court judge Sir Rich-ard Scott, determined that cabinet ministers,including two men currently in the cabinet,had deliberately misled Parliament about thegovernment’s policy towards the sale ofequipment to Iraq. The report did not, how-ever, find the ministers’ actions to be “du-plicitous in the sense of a cover-up.” Theinvestigation also determined that formerMinistry of Defence and Department ofTrade and Industry representatives knew theywere allowing the transfer to Iraq of equip-ment that was being used to develop and pro-duce sophisticated weaponry. The report

concluded that Parliament and the publicwere “designedly led to believe that a stricterpolicy toward non-lethal defense exports” toBaghdad had remained in force, when in re-ality it had been changed. Prime MinisterJohn Major initiated the investigation in 1993following the trial of executives from Ma-trix Churchill, a U.K.-based industrial firm.The executives had been charged with vio-lating British regulations that prohibited thesale to Iraq of equipment that could be usedin the manufacture of sophisticated weaponsystems. The trial collapsed after the gov-ernment was forced to release documentsrevealing that it had actually encouraged thesale of sophisticated lathes to Iraq, in hopeof gaining intelligence about Baghdad’sweapons programs.

Stephanie Strom, New York Times, 2/27/96, p. A3(6021). Stephanie Strom, New York Times, 2/16/96,pp. A1, A4 (6021).

ISRAEL


4/96*The Malat division of Israel Aircraft Indus-tries (IAI) successfully tested a new designof its Eye View close-range unmanned aerialvehicle (UAV). The 50 km-range Eye Viewcan carry a payload of 15 kg for up to fourhours and is equipped with a Tamam plug-inoptronic payload (POP), which consists ofdaylight and infrared sensors. Malat is alsodeveloping the Eye View II UAV, a 130 kgversion designed to carry a heavier payload.

Defense News, 2/19/96, p. 16 (6251). InternationalDefense Review, 4/96, p. 22 (6251).

I SRAEL WITH :Australia and United States, 150China, 153France and United Kingdom, 155Hungary and Sweden, 157

ISRAEL WITH SINGAPORE

4/22/96Tony Tan, Singapore’s deputy prime minis-

165



ter and defense minister, announced at theTuas Naval Base that the Royal SingaporeNavy (RSN) has acquired Israeli-manufac-tured Barak anti-missile defense systems forsix of its missile corvettes. Tan did not dis-cuss the price. In early 1996, the RSS Valourwas Singapore’s first corvette to be equippedwith the new missile; Tan said the remainingfive corvettes will be fitted with fully opera-tional Barak missile systems within the next12 months. IAI is prime contractor for theBarak system. Each of Singapore’s missilecorvettes is already equipped with eight Har-poon ASMs, a 76 mm gun, and six White-head anti-submarine torpedoes.

Reuter, 4/22/96; in Executive News Service, 4/22/96 (6009). Straits Times (Singapore), 4/23/96, p. 1;in FBIS-EAS-96-083, 4/23/96 (6009).

ISRAEL WITH SWITZERLAND

2/21/96*Tadiran signed a $35 million contract withSwitzerland’s Oerlikon Contraves to provideground-control systems and digital datalinksfor the Israeli-developed Ranger UAVs or-dered by the Swiss Army. Tadiran will sup-ply “digital datalinks for control andguidance and video channels for image trans-mission and telemetry.” Oerlikon Contravesleads the consortium that will provide theSwiss Army with its Ranger UAVs. Tadiranwill deliver the system through 2000.

Bruce D. Nordwall, Aviation Week and Space Tech-nology, 3/18/96, p. 48 (6074). Flight International,2/21/96-2/27/96, p. 22 (6074).

I SRAEL WITH TURKEY

3/96Rafael concluded a $50 million contract toprovide the Turkish Air Force with televi-sion-guided Popeye air-to-surface missilesfor Ankara’s proposed $600 million F-4Phantom aircraft upgrade project. The up-grade is scheduled to begin in mid-1996 andwill be done by prime contractor Israel Air-craft Industries..


5/12/96*Turkey will finance over 80 percent of aproject to produce medium-to-long-rangemissiles with Israel, according to a report inthe Al-Kifah Al-‘Arabi weekly magazine.

The secret venture will provide Israel andTurkey with missiles, and allows for the ex-port of some missiles to NATO and othercountries. According to the report, Israelispecialists have complained that Israel’s lim-ited geographic size, in comparison to coun-tries like Turkey, limits its ability to conductaccurate missile tests.

Syrian Arab Republic Radio Network (Damascus),5/12/96; in FBIS-NES-96-093, 5/12/96 (6073).

I SRAEL WITH UNITED KINGDOM

4/1/96*Rafael offered its turbojet-powered PopeyeTurbo missile to fulfill the U.K.’s conven-tionally armed stand-off missile (CASOM)requirement. The 16 ft-long Popeye is aslightly larger version of the USAF AGM-142 Have Nap missile. Popeye, which hasthe same 20 inch diameter as the AGM-142,can carry an imaging infrared warhead. Po-litical concerns may thwart Rafael’s attemptto supply Popeye, because the U.K. intendsto export CASOM to its Tornado aircraftcustomers in the Middle East, such as SaudiArabia. Officials at Rafael contend that theexport issue is “solvable.”

John D. Morrocco, Aviation Week & Space Technol-ogy, 4/1/96, pp. 52-54 (6264).

4/10/96*Schlomo Milo, new president and chief ex-ecutive of Israel Military Industries (IMI),said that British Aerospace was consideringacquisition of a variant of IMI’s Delilah de-coy vehicle.

Arie Egozi, Flight International, 4/10/96-4/16/96,p. 23 (6259).

I SRAEL WITH UNITED STATES

2/96A U.S. Congressional report accused Israeliagents of stealing secret information about“missile chemistry” from the U.S. Uri Dromi,head of the Israeli government’s Jerusalempress office, refused to comment on the ac-cusations until the Israeli embassy in Wash-ington had reviewed the report. The reportfollows similar accusations made by an offi-cial from the U.S. Department of Defense(DOD) some months earlier and recom-mended that the DOD increase its monitor-

ing of foreign-controlled companies in theU.S.

Ross Dunn, Times, 2/24/96 (6072).

2/6/96The joint U.S.-Israeli Nautilus laser gun wassuccessfully test fired in New Mexico at theWhite Sands Missile Range. The laser wassituated at the High Energy Laser SystemsTest Facility (HELSTF). Nautilus destroyedan unarmed Russian 122 mm BM-21 rocket15 seconds after lock-on. Shi’ite guerrillasin southern Lebanon regularly launch rock-ets of this type into northern Israel fromsouthern Lebanon from truck-mounted, 40round BM-21 launchers. According to Israelidefense officials, Israel became involved inthe Nautilus project in 1995. Plans for theNautilus Tactical High-Energy Laser(THEL) include deploying the system in bat-teries of four-to-six vehicles capable of de-stroying a “high volume of incoming rockets”fired from multiple rocket launchers. Mul-tiple Nautilus units could be used to protecttroop concentrations and towns near frontlines, or individually in an anti-terrorist roleto defend military bases and cities againstsingle rockets launched from “primitivelaunchers.” By 1999, Israel and the U.S. planto deploy two prototypes of the NautilusTHEL air-defense system. Om 2/9/9/6, AviBenayahu, Israeli Ministry of Defense me-dia advisor, said the Nautilus project was stillin the “initial stages and a very long way fromcompletion.”

International Defense Review, 4/96, p. 13 (6292).David A. Fulgham, Aviation Week and Space Tech-nology, 3/5/96, pp. 58-59 (6292). Steve Rodan,Jerusalem Post (Jerusalem), 2/12/96, p. 2; in FBIS-NES-96-029, 2/12/96 (6292). Flight International,2/21/96-2/27/96, p. 14 (6292). Reuter, 2/9/96; inExecutive News Service, 2/9/96 (6292).

2/11/96According to David Ivri, director of Israel’sMinistry of Defense, Israel intends to deploythe Arrow-2 ATBM by 1998, by which timeit is expected to have attained a “minimumoperational capability.” According to JosephButler, acting director of the U.S. Army’sArrow program office, the U.S. will not fi-nance production or purchase the system.Pentagon officials have said the Arrow sys-tem is not portable enough to meet U.S. re-quirements. U.S. Secretary of Defense



166

William Perry recently committed $200 mil-lion for the Arrow deployment phase. Al-though the total cost of the Arrow programhas been estimated at $10 billion, Lt. Gen-eral Malcolm O’Neill, director of the U.S.Ballistic Missile Defense Organization(BMDO), has told Congress it will cost lessthan that.

UPI, 2/11/96; in Executive News Service, 2/11/96(6293). Rowan Scarborough, Washington Times, 3/9/96, pp. A1, A5 (6293). Alan Be n-’Ami, QolYisra’el (Jerusalem), 2/20/96; in FBIS-NES-96-035,2/20/96 (6293).

2/14/96*The U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) hasdecided to halt production of the Hunter JointTactical Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (JTUAV),which was developed by TRW and IAI. PaulKaminski, the DOD’s acquisition chief, saidthat Hunter “failed to meet U.S. military re-quirements.”


2/20/96Israel conducted the second test flight of itstwo-stage Arrow-2 ATBM at the Palmahimlaunch site near Tel Aviv. The test wasdeemed to have been a complete success byIAI head Moshe Qeret. Although the Arrow-2 deviated slightly during the initial stagesof the launch, this was within test limits, andthe missile stabilized during the latter por-tion of its flight. According to IAI represen-tatives, the launch tested several of themissile’s systems. The Arrow-2 was notaimed at a target, but the test provided “tac-tical focal plane array data.” This was thefirst test of its type for the Arrow’s fire-con-trol radar. Future tests will involve the inter-ception of targets. Three additional launchesare scheduled for 1996.

Sharon Sade, Ha’Aretz (Tel Aviv), 2/22/96, p. A1;in FBIS-NES-96-037, 2/22/96 (6293). Jane’s De-fence Weekly, 2/28/96, p. 17 (6293). F Alan Be n-’Ami, Qol Yisra’el (Jerusalem), 2/20/96; in FBIS-NES-96-035, 2/20/96 (6293).

3/96U.S. Army Chief of Staff General DennisReimer requested $20 million a year fromCongress to fund the Nautilus project be-tween 1997 and 2001.

Jeff Erlich, Defense News, 4/29/96-5/5/96, pp. 4, 36(6314).

4/10/96*The U.S. corporation McDonnell Douglas(MDD) opened a project office to assess a“special version” of Israel Military Indus-tries’ (IMI) Delilah decoy missile. IMI be-lieves the missile could be utilized to developstand-off weapon systems. Although the U.S.Air Force is the most likely customer for theDelilah variant known as the “Light De-fender,” MDD would probably seek foreignmarkets for the missile.

Arie Egozi, Flight International, 4/10/96-4/16/96,p. 23 (6259).

4/24/96An unnamed Pentagon official said it was“not a foregone conclusion that the Nautiluswill be funded.” The U.S. is scheduled tocontribute $50 million of the $70 millionprogram costs through 1998, starting with$25 million in 1997. Israel will pay $20 mil-lion in 1997. Gerald Wilson, manager of theNautilus program, said the U.S. Army Spaceand Strategic Defense Command would re-quire approximately 15 months to produce aworkable prototype.

Jeff Erlich, Defense News, 4/29/96-5/5/96, pp. 4, 36(6314). Washington Times, 4/29/96, pp. A1, A10(6314).Government Press Release (Jerusalem), 5/1/96; in FBIS-NES-96-086, 5/1/96 (6314).

4/28/96Prime Minister Shimon Peres and U.S. Sec-retary of Defense William Perry signed ajoint declaration on theater missile defense(TMD). The agreement focuses on provid-ing Israel with better warning of ballisticmissile attacks through satellite data from theU.S. Defense Support Program. The U.S.will provide $25 million in the first year ofthe Nautilus program and Israel will invest$20 million. The U.S. could end up paying$50 million of an estimated total of $70 mil-lion during the initial three years of the pro-gram. In FY 1996, the U.S. provided $5million to the Nautilus program, while Is-rael contributed $800,000. Pentagon officialssaid the U.S. will probably provide Israelwith the Mk 15 Phalanx close-in weaponsystem as an interim anti-rocket capabilityuntil Nautilus is ready for deployment. Sup-porters of Nautilus want to promote the sys-tem as a complement to the more expensiveTHAAD system which is designed to pro-vide missile defense over a wider range.

David A. Fulghum and Bruce D. Nordwall, AviationWeek & Space Technology, 5/6/96, p. 23 (6262). JohnMintz, Washington Post, 4/25/96, p. A12 (6262).Jane’s Defence Weekly, 5/8/96, p. 19 (6262). JeffErlich, Defense News, 4/29/96-5/5/96, pp. 4, 36(6314). Government Press Release (Jerusalem), 5/1/96; in FBIS-NES-96-086, 5/1/96 (6314).

4/30/96Prime Minister Shimon Peres said he wouldkeep pushing for the U.S. to install a groundstation in Israel to receive early warning in-formation of ballistic missile attacks directlyfrom American satellites.

Jeff Erlich, Defense News, 5/6/96-5/12/96, p. 24(6314).

5/14/96Uzi Rubin, director of the Israeli MissileDefense Organization, said the completedevelopment and production of the ArrowATBM system will cost $1.59 billion. Ac-cording to Rubin, $700 million has alreadybeen spent on “the Arrow-2 missile andlauncher, launcher control center, search andfire-control radar, fire-control center andcosts to integrate the system into the IsraelAir Force.” Rubin said that Arrow develop-ment was fully funded until 2005, and he didnot foresee the need for further U.S. supportbeyond the $200 million earmarked byWashington over the next five years. TheU.S. will eventually have contributed a totalof $565 million toward the Arrow project.Israeli defense and industry officials haveestimated that the Arrow system will be readyfor “initial deployment” by 1998 and will befully operational by 2000.

Carmella Menashe, Defense News, 5/20/96-5/26/96,p. 33 (6250). Arieh O’Sullivan, Jerusalem Post(Jerusalem), 5/15/96, p. 12; in FBIS-NES-96-095,5/15/96 (6289).

ITALY

I TALY WITH :France and United Kingdom, 155France, Germany, and UnitedStates, 146

167



JAPAN

JAPAN WITH :Iran, 162

JAPAN WITH UNITED STATES

2/23/96The U.S. and Japan signed a memorandumof understanding to study the potential of ananti-ballistic missile system, known as The-ater Missile Defense (TMD). According toofficials, the U.S. agreed to provide Tokyowith TMD information; Japanese defensecontractors are obliged to keep this informa-tion secret. The Japanese Defense Agency(JDA) plans to make a final decision onwhether Japan should participate in the TMDproject in FY 1997. The JDA allocated 440million yen for TMD research and develop-ment in the FY 1996 state budget.

Kyodo (Tokyo), 2/23/96; in FBIS-EAS-96-037, 2/23/96 (6092).

3/26/96The U.S. and Japan met at the bilateral work-ing group level to discuss possible collabo-ration on TMD issues for the fifth time since12/93. During the meeting, the U.S. repre-sentatives briefed their Japanese counterpartson America’s “ballistic missile-related bud-get, progress in a review of its ballistic mis-sile project and its cooperation with thirdcountries over this type of missile.”

Kyodo (Tokyo), 3/26/96; in FBIS-EAS-96-059, 3/26/96 (6092). Kyodo (Tokyo), 2/23/96; in FBIS-EAS-96-037, 2/23/96 (6092).

5/21/96JDA Director General Hideo Usui told the“House of Councilors’ Committee on theCabinet” that a decision on whether Japanwill participate in the TMD project will betaken “as early as the summer of 1997.” Usuisaid he told the relevant officials to completetheir research and to make a decision onJapan’s participation in the TMD project assoon as possible.

Yomiuri Shimbun (Tokyo), 5/22/96, p. 3; in FBIS-EAS-96-103, 5/22/96 (6176).

KUWAIT

KUWAIT WITH :France, 155France and United Kingdom, 156

KUWAIT WITH RUSSIA

4/29/96*A total of $228 million worth of offsets areincluded in the Russian sale of Smerch mul-tiple launch rocket systems and other de-fense-related equipment to Kuwait. Offsetsare sometimes requested by a country as aform of compensation in return for purchas-ing defense-related items. Kuwait’s offsetprogram was initiated in 1992 to “encour-age diversification and private enterprise inthe Kuwaiti economy.”


K UWAIT WITH UNITED STATES

4/29/96*Four U.S. contractors committed themselvesto $438 million worth of offsets for sellingdefense items such as Patriot ATBMs toKuwait.


LIBYA

L IBYA WITH NETHERLANDS

6/7/96*The Dutch Domestic Security Service’s(BVD) annual report said Libya has covertlyattempted to buy expertise and equipment inthe Netherlands for its indigenous missiledevelopment program. The report did not sayspecifically whether Libya had successfullypurchased such items in the Netherlands.

Algemeen Dagblad (Rotterdam), 6/7/96, p. 7; inFBIS-TOT-96-018-L, 6/7/96 (6315).

LIBYA WITH UKRAINE

6/13/96*Ukraine and Libya established a joint com-mittee on technological cooperation, accord-ing to U.S. intelligence sources. Thecommittee is reported to include 13 seniorofficials and has arranged for several Libyandelegations to visit Kharkov to become ac-quainted with Ukrainian technological devel-opment. Libyan specialists have visitedseveral research centers and industrial en-terprises in Kharkov, where they met scien-tists and representatives from Ukraine’smilitary industrial complex. Yuri Shcherbak,Ukraine’s ambassador to the U.S., claimedthat accusations of a “strategic alliance” be-tween Ukraine and Libya are “absolutelygroundless.” According to Shcherbak,Ukraine has acted in accordance with U.N.sanctions against Libya, despite the loss ofcommercial opportunities. Shcherbak citedUkraine’s export control system, foundedwith considerable help from the U.S., asproof of Kiev’s commitment to internationalnonproliferation and technology transfer re-gimes. According to Shcherbak, this systemintercepted a “sensitive solid rocket fuelcomponent” before it could be smuggledthrough Ukraine to Libya several years ago.Shcherbak asserted that Ukraine is just asinterested as the U.S. in maintaining a strongexport control system. The ambassador de-scribed allegations that Ukraine has suppliedLibya with weapons of mass destructiontechnology under the guise of constructing arailroad in Libya as “groundless and illogi-cal.” He also pointed out that the U.S. hasnever “cited or officially warned” Ukraineregarding its adherence to the sanctionsagainst Libya. Some U.S. officials expressedconcern over this cooperation because of thepossible transfer of ballistic missile technol-ogy and assistance from Ukraine to Libya,which could be used to improve Tripoli’smedium-range missiles.

Nikolai Zimin, Segodnya, 6/13/96, p. 8 (6373). YuriShcherbak, Ukrainian Weekly, 6/23/96, pp. 2, 19(6277).



168

LIBYA WITH UNITED STATES

5/19/96Libyan leader Muammar Qaddafi announcedthat his country is exploring ways to developan anti-missile system in response to U.S.threats to attack what Washington suspectsto be a chemical weapons plant located 60km south east of Tripoli, in the Tarhunahmountain range. The U.S. announced in 4/96 that it had not ruled out using conven-tional weapons to stop Libya from complet-ing the plant.

Reuter, 5/20/96; in Executive News Service, 5/20/96 (6169). James Bruce, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 6/26/96, p. 18 (6285).

MALAYSIA


4/23/96The biennial Defense Services Asia exhibi-tion opened in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, with626 companies displaying “a lethal array ofmissiles, guns, and armor-piercing shells.”Malaysian Defense Minister Syed HamidAlbar opened the exhibition by announcingthat Malaysia, while considering new defensepurchases, wanted to establish itself as a“major arms exporter.”

Ian Stewart, Washington Times, 4/26/96, p. A14(6090).

MALAYSIA WITH :Indonesia, Philippines, Singapore,South Africa, Taiwan, andVietnam, 160

MOLDOVA

MOLDOVA WITH :Austria, Hungary, India, Romania, andSwitzerland, 150

NETHERLANDS

NETHERLANDS WITH :Libya, 167

NORTH KOREA


4/17/96*The current status of the No-dong interme-diate-range ballistic missile program is un-clear, with some reports indicating that it isdelayed by financial and technical problems,and others stating that production is underway and some 60 operational missiles havebeen manufactured. North Korea continuesto develop its Taepo-dong-1 and -2 missiles,with the first test flight of the Taepo-dong-1(also known as the No-dong-3) expected in1997. If it chooses to test to the Taepo-dong’sfull 2,000 km range, North Korea would berequired to launch the missile over Japan oroff the coast of China and Taiwan.

Duncan Lennox, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 4/17/96, pp.40, 43-44 (5996).

NORTH KOREA WITH :China and Iran, 153Egypt, 154

NORTH KOREA WITH PAKISTAN AND

TAIWAN

3/7/96Taiwanese authorities at the port ofKaohsiung discovered a 15 MT shipment ofammonium perchlorate, which is used inmissile rocket motors, on the Chongsung-ho, a ship that originated in Nampo, NorthKorea, and was destined for “an institute forspace and atmospheric research” in Karachi,Pakistan. The Chongsung-ho was to deliverthe ammonium perchlorate to Hong Kong,where the Maersk Shipping Company (coun-

try of origin unknown) was to complete de-livery to Pakistan. The ammonium perchlo-rate, which was mislabeled as “resin,” wasnot supposed to be offloaded in Taiwan, butthe Taiwanese authorities had received a tipas to the nature of the chemicals. However,because the cargo was largely Taiwanese,they were able to offload the entire shipment.However, since Taiwan was not the finaldestination of the ammonium perchlorate,port authorities could not confiscate thecargo. Instead, they fined the vessel’s agentfor making a false declaration, and thenalerted Taiwanese police, who seized theammonium perchlorate on the grounds thatbomb-making chemicals were beingsmuggled.

DPA-Yonhap (Taipei); in FBIS-EAS-96-062-A, 3/13/96 (5991).

NORTH KOREA WITH UNITED STATES

4/21/96U.S. and North Korean negotiators met inBerlin for talks on missile proliferation is-sues, focusing specifically on North Koreandevelopment and sales of its long-range mis-sile. Leading the delegations were RobertEinhorn, U.S. assistant secretary of state forpolitico-military affairs, and Yi Hyong-choe,of the North Korean Foreign Ministry. Thiswas the first talk in a series; the next roundhas not yet been scheduled.


PAKISTAN


Early 1996Saleem Mahmood, chief scientist atPakistan’s Defense Science and TechnologyOrganisation (DESTO), said Pakistan haddeveloped an “interceptor” missile capableof countering India’s Prithvi SSM. The mis-sile will use “highly sensitive radar” to de-tect SSM launches before neutralizing themin the air. Mahmood also said Pakistan was“fully capable of retaliating against any [mis-sile] attack.” Mahmood was formerly head

169



of Pakistan’s Space and Upper AtmosphereResearch Commission (SUPARCO).

Jang (Rawalpindi), 2/8/96, pp. 1, 5; in FBIS-TAC-95-005, 2/8/96 (6112).

PAKISTAN WITH :France, 156India and Russia, 159India and United States, 159North Korea and Taiwan, 168

PAKISTAN WITH SOUTH AFRICA

2/96South Africa’s Kentron was expected to wina 600 million rand ($164 million) contractto supply Pakistan with missiles. Accordingto news reports, a representative fromKentron’s parent company, Denel, said dis-cussions with Pakistan had reached “a fairlyadvanced stage.” Kentron manufactures sur-face-to-air missiles, air-to-air missiles, pilot-less drones, and other advanced defenseequipment. Kentron and Denel officials werenot available to comment on the proposedsale.


PAKISTAN WITH UKRAINE

4/16/96*Ukraine reportedly offered Tochka tacticalmissiles to Pakistan.

Aleksandr Sychev, Izvestiya, 4/16/96, p. 3 (6187).

PAKISTAN WITH UNITED STATES

4/18/96Pakistani Foreign Secretary NajmuddinSheikh said that the U.S. intends to beginshipping $368 million worth of militaryequipment to Pakistan within the next six toeight weeks. The shipment includes 28 Har-poon ASMs, P3-C Orion aircraft, SidewinderAAMs, rockets, and rocket launchers. Theequipment has been embargoed in the U.S.since 10/90 under the Pressler Amendment.

Flight International, 5/1/96-5/7/96, p. 18 (6113).Muslim (Islamabad), 4/19/96, pp. 1, 5; in FBIS-NES-96-079, 4/19/96 (6113).

PHILIPPINES


5/21/96Commodore Luis Ordonio, chief of the Phil-ippines naval staff, said his country plans toacquire six corvettes equipped with SSMs,SAMs, and anti-submarine weapons. Theacquisition will be part of a 15-year navalmodernization program, and will include 12new patrol vessels, 52 patrol craft, and threefrigates. The Philippines Navy does not cur-rently possess any missile systems.

Executive News Service, 5/22/96 (6175).

PHILIPPINES WITH :Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, SouthAfrica, Taiwan, and Vietnam, 160

POLAND

POLAND WITH :Belarus, Czech Republic, and Russia, 151

QATAR

QATAR WITH :France and Iran, 155

QATAR WITH UNITED KINGDOM

5/8/96Qatar received the Barzan, a fast strike craft,from the U.K.’s Vosper Thornycroft, follow-ing contractor’s sea and weapon trials. Al-though this ship is designed on the hullformof the Province-class fast attack craft, whichVosper Thornycroft built for Oman in the1980s, the new design features a fully dis-tributed sensor, weapon, and command suite.

Qatar’s new craft is equipped with eightAerospatiale Exocet AShMs, a Matra De-fense Sadral SAM system, an OTOBreda 76mm Super Rapid Gun, and a Signaal Goal-keeper close-in weapon system.

Richard Scott, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 6/26/96, p.28 (6286).

ROMANIA

ROMANIA WITH :Austria, Hungary, India, Moldova, andSwitzerland, 169

RUSSIA


Early 1996Russia conducted a series of test firings ofits new OTR short-to-medium-range tacti-cal ballistic missile. The mobile, solid-fuelmissile has a range of 400 km.


2/96Russian President Boris Yeltsin approved theuse of Svobodny-18—a former military gar-rison near the Chinese-Russian border—asRussia’s newest operational space launchcenter. The new site is officially the “StateSecond Experimental Cosmodrome,” and itwill be built in Amur Oblast near the city ofSvobodny. The site’s “low geographical lati-tude” should make rockets launched fromSvobodny between 20 and 25 percent morepowerful than similar rockets launched fromPlesetsk. The Russian Strategic RocketForces (SRT) division that was previouslystationed at Svobodny left behind infrastruc-ture valued at 1.5 trillion rubles. Accordingto Aleksandr Vinidiktov, head of theSvobodny Cosmodrome, 70 percent of “whatis needed to launch a satellite is already inplace.” Decommissioned SS-11 ICBM silosmay be used to launch Rokot SLVs by the



170

end of 1996.Flight International, 2/14/96-2/20/96, p. 33 (6216).Russian Public Television First Channel Network(Moscow), 4/7/96; in FBIS-SOV-96-071, 4/7/96(6216). Tim Furniss, Flight International, 3/13/96-3/19/96, p. 19 (6216).

2/7/96President Boris Yeltsin chaired a meeting ofthe Russian Federation Security Council todiscuss methods to guarantee technologicalsecurity. Among others, the meeting was at-tended by Prime Minister ViktorChernomyrdin, Defense Minister PavelGrachev, and Security Council SecretaryOleg Lobov. According to Lobov, the Secu-rity Council was concerned that Russianaviation, missile, space, and shipbuildingindustries were overly dependent on com-panies based in other CIS countries, such asUkraine.

Grigoriy Nekhoroshev and Nikolay Ulyanov,Nezavisimaya Gazeta (Moscow), 2/8/96, p. 1; inFBIS-SOV-9-076-S, 2/8/96 (6117).

2/22/96Two intruders were apprehended at a mili-tary base in the Primorsky region of Russiawhere ballistic missiles are stored. The twoindividuals had tools which could have beenused to extract precious metals from the mis-siles.

Interfax (Moscow), 2/23/96; in FBIS-SOV-96-038,2/23/96 (6105). Larisa Sayenko, Moscow News, 2/22/96-2/28/96, p. 13 (6105). Segodnya, 2/24/96, p.5 (6357).

3/14/96News agency Itar-Tass reported that sevenprivatized Russian arms manufacturers havebeen given the authority to export weapons,a privilege previously enjoyed only byMAPO-MiG, which produces Russia’s MiGfamily of aircraft. The seven companies in-clude: Izhmash; Metrovagonmash;Gidromash; Rosvertol; the Antei Concern;the Ufa Engine Building Amalgamation; andthe Tula Instrument Building Bureau. Ac-cording to Valery Pogrebenkov, spokesper-son for Russia’s official state arms-exportorganization Rosvoorouzhenie, shipmentsmust still be approved by the defense minis-try, foreign ministry, and intelligence ser-vices. President Boris Yeltsin, First DeputyPrime Minister Oleg Soskovets, and theChief Commission for Military Technical

Policies, must also give their approval.Ron Laurenzo, UPI, 3/14/96; in Executive NewsService, 3/14/96 (6115).

4/96Fifteen directors representing the Russiandefense industry presented a letter to Presi-dent Yeltsin in which they generally sup-ported his policy towards the Russian defensesector. Among the signatories were IgorVelichko, general designer at the Miass StateMissile and Rocket Center, and BorisKatorgin, general director of the GlushkovMachinery Production company. Glushkovis the principal manufacturer of engines forRussia’s strategic missiles and space rock-ets. The directors supported the creation offinancial and industrial groups within theRussian defense industry, such as the Anteyindustrial group, the Aviation Consortium,and Kompomash. They also issued certaindemands, including: increasing state protec-tion of Russia’s defense producers in bothdomestic and international markets; federalfunding for the most competitive defenseprojects; focused state financial support;guaranteed international contracts and finan-cial credits for developing high technologyand weapon systems; and the government’scompliance with the terms of state contractsconcluded with the principal Russian defensemanufacturers.

Viktor Litovkin, Izvestiya, 4/16/96, p. 1 (6356).

4/96Andrey Kokoshin, first deputy to the Rus-sian defense minister, Yakov Urinson, firstdeputy minister of economics, and YuriyStarodub of the State Committee on the De-fense Industry, met in Dubna to discuss thedevelopment of highly accurate, long-rangeweapons. Along with military representa-tives, they discussed the work of the Radugadesign and engineering center and the jointstock company “DubnenskyMashinostroitelniy Zavod.” They also dis-cussed the possible merger of the two com-panies. Both companies are famousproducers of missiles, missile equipment, andother highly accurate long-range weapons.The participants discussed a final draft of thedevelopment program for highly accurate,long-range weapons as part of Russia’s de-fense modernization plans.

Aleksandr Yegorov, Krasnaya Zvezda, 4/9/96, p. 1(6360).

4/17/96Russia conducted the first “1996 combatlaunching” of the RS-12M Topol (SS-25‘Sickle’) ICBM at the Plesetsk state testrange. According to SRT spokesman IlshatBaychurin, the ICBM successfully hit a train-ing target in the Kamchatka area. Althoughthe Topol ICBM has been deployed for thepast 12 years, this most recent launch willenable Russia to extend the lifetime of theserockets. Russia’s strategic nuclear forcesdevelopment program foresees the use ofTopol ICBMs as a base unit of the SRTthrough 2005.

Boris Kipkeyev, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 4/17/96; inFBIS-SOV-96-076, 4/17/96 (6118).

5/8/96Konstantin Morev, spokesman for Russia’sKrasnoyarsk security department, announcedthat a scientist arrested for producing andexporting over one kilogram of radioactivematerial was not selling “plutonium or anyother fissionable material,” but rather a dual-use substance that could be applied “as acoating for ballistic missiles.” The “verysolid and highly heat-proof” dual-use sub-stance was developed and patented by theKrasnoyarsk Technical University. Accord-ing to Morev, those responsible for devel-oping the material were not involved in itsillicit sale. Although Morev would not di-vulge which nations purchased the substance,he noted that between one and ten kilos ofthe substance could have been exported. In4/96, the Krasnoyarsk Prosecutor’s Officecharged a local resident with illegally export-ing dual-use goods.

Itar-Tass (Moscow), 5/8/96; in FBIS-SOV-96-091,5/8/96 (6094).

5/20/96*Russia’s Makeyev State Rocket Center isscheduled to conduct the world’s first orbitallaunch of a satellite using a converted bal-listic missile from a submarine. Accordingto Vyacheslav Danilkin, deputy head of for-eign economic relations at Makeyev, a sub-marine in the Barents Sea will use a Shtil-2rocket to launch a 100 kg Earth observationsatellite for Russia’s Institute of the Physicsof Earth Magnetism. Makeyev launched a

171



105 kg re-entry capsule in 6/95 using a con-verted SS-N-23 missile (Volna) from a sub-marine in the Barents Sea. Makeyev has alsobeen working on the Rikshaw-1, a rocketdesigned specifically for orbital missions andfree of the technical problems involved inconverting missiles. The two-stage Rikshaw-1 is designed to launch small commercialsatellites from land or sea.

Peter B. de Selding, Space News, 5/20/96-5/26/96,p. 6 (6165).

6/6/96A combat crew from the SRT’s “experimen-tal directorate” conducted a successful testlaunch of an RS-18 SS-19 ICBM from “thevicinity” of the Baikonur Cosmodrome inKazakstan. The ICBM’s six warheads hittheir targets in Kamchatka with great preci-sion, according to the Russian strategicrocket forces’s press center. The launch wasdesigned to validate “the storage and per-formance characteristics” of SS-19 ICBMs,with an eye to extending their operationallifetime. Colonel General Viktor Yesin, chiefof the main staff of Russia’s SRT, said 25similar launches have been conducted suc-cessfully since the SRT was established in1992.

Anatoliy Yurkin, Itar-Tass, 6/6/96; in FBIS-SOV-96-111, 6/6/96 (6174).

6/24/96*Valery Pogrebenkov, spokesman for Russia’sofficial arms export agencyRosvoorouzhenie, said Russia is promotingits Smerch advanced multiple launch rocketsystem in the Persian Gulf as part of an ex-tensive marketing campaign intended tomake it “as well-known on the world marketas the Russian-made MiG and Sukhoi com-bat aircraft and the T-72 tank.” Pogrebenkovsaid a number of unspecified Persian Gulfcountries are engaged in negotiations to buythe Smerch system from Russia, andRosvoorouzhenie intends to make the sys-tem one of its most profitable weapons in itsfuture arms exports. According toPogrebenkov, sales of the Smerch system willaccount for the greatest portion of Russia’s1996 arms export profits. Pogrebenkov alsosaid the Splav factory in Tula plans to mod-ernize the second-generation Grad rocketlauncher. The modernized Grad has had its

range doubled to 30 km.Pytor Yudin, Defense News, 6/24/96-6/30/96, p. 72(6268).

RUSSIA WITH :Australia, Brazil, and United States, 149Belarus, 151Belarus, Czech Republic, andHungary, 151Belarus, Czech Republic, andPoland, 151Bulgaria, 152China, 153Egypt, 154Finland, 155France, 156India, 159India and Pakistan, 159India and United States, 160Indonesia, 160Iraq and United States, 164Kuwait, 167

RUSSIA WITH SOUTH AFRICA

4/23/96-4/27/96South Africa hosted the Africa Aviation ’96exhibition. Russia’s “Aviation Technologi-cal Complex imini Tupolev” displayed tar-get drones at the exhibition, while the FakelDesign Bureau displayed missiles designedfor the S-300PMU-1 air-defense system.

Nikolay Novichkov and Lyubov Milovanova,Finansovyye Izvestiya (Moscow), 4/23/96, p. 2; inFBIS-SOV-96-093-S, 4/23/96 (6084).

RUSSIA WITH UKRAINE

3/29/96Russian Defense Minister Pavel Grachevannounced plans for the transfer of 25 stra-tegic bombers from Ukraine to Russia. Ac-cording to Petr Deynekin,commander-in-chief of the Russian AirForce, the transfer will include 10 Tu-160and 15 Tu-95 MS aircraft currently stationedin Uzin and Priluki, Ukraine. Approximately300 air-to-ground guided missiles will beincluded in the transfer, which was negoti-ated during talks between Grachev andUkrainian Defense Minister Valeriy Shmarovin Tysovets, Ukraine. Agreement was alsoreached on Ukraine’s exchange of 32 SS-19

missiles in return for Russian supplies ofmilitary-technical equipment.

Ilya Bulavinov, Kommersant-Daily (Moscow), 3/28/96, pp. 1, 3; in FBIS-SOV-96-063, 3/28/96 (6114).Galina Nekrasova, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 3/21/96; inFBIS-SOV-96-057, 3/21/96 (6141). Interfax (Mos-cow), 2/29/96; in FBIS-SOV-96-042, 2/29/96(6141). Interfax (Moscow), 3/29/96; in FBIS-SOV-96-063, 3/29/96 (6114).

4/1/96Ten SS-19 ICBMs from a combined missileunit near Khmelnytskyy were scheduled tobe taken off alert status, but Russian andUkrainian missile specialists did not havesufficient funds to complete the job.

Viktor Litovkin, Finansovyye Izvestiya (Moscow),5/14/96, p. 2; in FBIS-TAC-96-006, 5/14/96 (6279).

4/12/96Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin signedRussian Federation Government Decree No.419 “On the Conclusion of the Agreementbetween the Russian Federation Governmentand the Ukrainian Government on the Trans-fer to the Russian Federation for Further Useof the Arms and Military Hardware of theStrategic Missile Complexes Stored in theUkraine’s Arsenals.”

Rossiyskaya Gazeta (Moscow), 5/13/96, p. 9; inFBIS-TAC-96-006, 5/13/96 (6269). Viktor Litovkin,Finansovyye Izvestiya (Moscow), 5/14/96, p. 2; inFBIS-TAC-96-006, 5/14/96 (6279).

6/1/96Ukrainian President Leonid Kuchma said thewithdrawal of all nuclear warheads fromUkraine to Russia had been completed.Ukrainian observers will be present to con-firm the destruction of these warheads inRussia.

Ustina Markus, OMRI Daily Digest, 6/3/96 (6210).Interfax (Moscow), 6/1/96; in FBIS-TAC-96-007, 6/1/96 (6210).

6/24/96*Leaders of the Russian and Ukrainian spaceagencies were expected to sign a space co-operation agreement to iron out differencesbetween the two nations. The agreement wasto ensure Ukrainian access to both of Russia’slaunch sites, but not to permit Ukraine’s Zenitrocket to be used for the international spacestation project.

Space News, 6/24/96-6/30/96, p. 2 (6321).



172

RUSSIA WITH UKRAINE AND

UNITED STATES

3/15/96Two U.S. employees of Electrodine Systemsof New Jersey were arrested and chargedwith the unauthorized transfer of secret plansfor radar systems, missile guidance systems,and flight monitoring systems to defense in-dustry plants in Russia and Ukraine. Sincethe late 1980s, the Pentagon has awardedElectrodine Systems approximately 100 con-tracts on the condition that all productionwould take place in the U.S. However,Electrodine secretly subcontracted some ofthe work to unspecified plants in Russia andUkraine and illegally brought the productsinto the U.S. The two employees, DennisLatan, of Iranian origin, and Viktor Lander,originally from the former Soviet Union,have not been charged officially with espio-nage or intent to harm U.S. interests.

Vseukrainskiye Vedomosti (Kiev), 3/14/96, p. 1; inFBIS-SOV-96-054, 3/14/96 (6104). Intelnews(Kiev), 3/16/96; in FBIS-SOV-96-053, 3/16/96(6104).

RUSSIA WITH UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

6/24/96*The UAE expressed an interest in purchas-ing Grad rocket launchers from Russia to“cool the ardor” of Iraq and other potentialfoes, according to an unnamed senior diplo-mat from the Persian Gulf,.

Pytor Yudin, Defense News, 6/24/96-6/30/96, p. 72(6268).

RUSSIA WITH UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

AND UNITED STATES

2/15/96U.S. Army officials met with Raytheon Co.executives in an effort to foil Russia’s at-tempts to sell the SA-12 air-defense systemto the UAE at approximately half the priceof the Raytheon-produced Patriot air-defensesystem. U.S. Army and Raytheon represen-tatives have been discussing the possible saleof Patriot systems with UAE officials for thepast two years. U.S. Army officials are con-cerned the SA-12 does not complement theU.S. systems maintained by other membersof the coalition to which both the U.S. and

the UAE belong.Philip Finnegan and Frank Olivieri, Defense News,2/19/96-2/25/96, pp. 1, 29 (6228).

RUSSIA WITH UNITED NATIONS

2/96On a trip to Moscow, UNSCOM Chief RolfEkeus met Russian First Deputy MinisterIgor Ivanov, Deputy Minister ViktorPosuvalyuk, and Vladimir Lukin, chairmanof the State Duma Committee for Interna-tional Affairs, to discuss issues related toIraq. Ekeus said that despite increased Iraqicooperation with the U.N., it was not clearwhether Baghdad was being totally forthrightin exposing its WMD development pro-grams.

Elmar Guseynov, Izvestiya (Moscow), 2/7/96, p. 3;in FBIS-SOV-96-026, 2/7/96 (6080).

RUSSIA WITH UNITED STATES

3/21/96Valentin Smirnov, chief designer at theNovator Experimental Design Bureau andformer general designer at the Kalinin Plant(ZIK), which manufactures the S-300 airdefense system, was assassinated at the en-trance of his apartment block inYekaterinburg. According to experts, themurder was well-prepared and profession-ally carried out. Smirnov was well-knownin Russian military-industrial circles and hadaccess to state secrets as one of the principaldesigners of the 9M82 Giant and 9M83Gladiator missiles for the S-300 system.Smirnov was also involved in designing theGalosh missile used in Moscow’s anti-mis-sile system, and the Krug anti-aircraft mis-sile system. Smirnov was also responsiblefor developing ship-launched land-attackmissiles, the Vodopad and Alfa ASMs, andother classified missile systems.

Sergey Avdeyev, Komsomolskaya Pravda, 3/22/96/-3/29/96, p. 2; in FBIS-SOV-96-058, 3/25/96 (6353).Aleksandr Pashkov and Viktor Litovkin, Izvestiya,3/22/96, p. 1 (6353).

4/5/96*The U.S. firm Pratt & Whitney received of-ficial approval from the Russian governmentto import the RD-180 rocket engine for usein Lockheed-Martin’s upgraded Atlas-IISLV. The RD-180 is based on the RD-170

engine, and was developed jointly by Pratt& Whitney and Russia’s NPO-Energomash.The Russian military originally consideredthe RD-180 too sensitive to export (for na-tional security reasons). Lockheed-Martinchose the RD-180 over Russia’s NK-33 en-gine in 1/96 for its upgraded Atlas-II booster.Russia reportedly did not want to export theNK-33 engine because the price was con-sidered too low.

Post-Soviet Nuclear & Defense Monitor, 4/5/96, p.15 (6297).

5/3/96The U.S. State Department announced in theFederal Register that it was no longer U.S.policy to automatically deny license requeststo export defense-related goods and servicesto Russia. All license requests submitted byU.S. firms to export defense-related goodsand services to Russia will in the future beexamined on a “case-by-case basis with apresumption of approval.” Russia will alsobe taken off the list of proscribed export des-tinations in section 126.1 of the InternationalTraffic in Arms Regulations.

Export Practitioner, 6/96, p. 21 (6226).

6/4/96Itar-Tass reported that the U.S. and Russiahad initiated their first joint tactical anti-mis-sile defense exercises at the Falcon militarybase in Colorado. During the exercises, 20U.S. experts and 18 Russian anti-missile spe-cialists practiced “coordinated anti-missiledefense operations that could be used dur-ing future joint peacekeeping missions.” TheRussian group of experts was led by Gen-eral Viktor Niruk.

Constantine Dmitriev, OMRI Daily Digest, 6/5/96(6179).

RUSSIA AND YUGOSLAVIA

2/96Russian Defense Minister Pavel Grachevsigned a protocol on military cooperationbetween Russia and the Federal Republic ofYugoslavia. Under the protocol, Russia willsettle its Serbian wheat debt by providingYugoslavia with an unspecified number ofballistic missiles, a squadron of Mi-24 heli-copters, and a squadron of MiG-29 jets. S-300 missiles are also believed to be part of

173



the Russian transfer, as well as “surface-to-surface ballistic missiles, whose range canbe increased by making modifications andusing different rocket fuels.” The warheadsfor these missiles can reportedly be “filledwith military poisons.” Although Serbia hasthe technological capability to modify Rus-sian-supplied missiles, particularly at theKrusik factory in Valjevo and the Merimafactory in Krusevac, military experts fromRussia could be brought in to assist “exist-ing teams” at the Zarkov Aircraft-TechnicalInstitute.

Vladimir Jovanovic, Monitor (Podgorica), 3/15/96,pp. 15-16; in FBIS-EEU-96-061, 3/15/96 (6101).

SAUDI ARABIA

SAUDI ARABIA WITH :France, 156

SINGAPORE

SINGAPORE WITH :Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines,South Africa, Taiwan, andVietnam, 160Israel, 164

SOUTH AFRICA


3/96*The South African Army (SAA) is develop-ing long-range air defense radars and the AS-2000 artillery target engagement system,while the South African Air Force (SAAF)is developing the modular precision stand-off weapon (MUPSOW), in addition to up-grading the Cactus SAM system. The SAAis also developing the SAHV-3 SAM as a

replacement for the Cactus SAM in conjunc-tion with the South African Navy (SAN) andthe SAAF. South Africa’s technology dem-onstrator programs include a ramjet-poweredmissile.

Helmoed Roemer-Heitman, International DefenseReview, 3/96, pp. 23-26 (6013).

SOUTH AFRICA WITH :Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines,Singapore, Taiwan, and Vietnam, 160Pakistan, 169Russia, 171

SOUTH KOREA


6/29/96*South Korea will increase defense spendingbeyond the 4.1-7.4 percent limit imposedsince 1989. Purchases will include, 27 mul-tiple launch rocket systems, the U.S. Army’s165-km surface-to-surface ATACMS mis-siles (including 950 bomblets in each canis-ter), AIM-9 Sidewinder air-to-air missiles,and unmanned reconnaissance aircraft.

Digital Chosun Ilbo WWW (Internet); in FBIS-EAS-96-131, 6/29/96 (6401).

SOUTH KOREA WITH :France, 157

SOUTH KOREA WITH UNITED STATES

2/5/96*The South Korean firm Samsung is hiringscientists and engineers from the U.S. whohave knowledge about stealth technologies.Samsung is telling prospective employeesthat South Korea seeks to expand its defenseexports, including aircraft and missiles.

James R. Asker, Aviation Week & Space Technol-ogy, 2/5/96, p. 25 (5989).

2/15/96Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Gen-eral John Shalikashvili turned down a 12/11/95 request by the Commander of U.S. Forcesin South Korea, General Gary Luck, to ex-

pedite delivery of two Theater High AltitudeArea Defense (THAAD) systems to SouthKorea. Shalikashvili explained that, thoughLuck was correct to be concerned about ob-taining the best possible protection againstNorth Korean missiles, current budget con-straints required him to channel funding to-wards the acquisition of aircraft, tanks,trucks, and tents. While expressing regret thatlack of funding is slowing down the THAADprogram, Shalikashvili defended his decisionon the grounds that the U.S. responsematches the present threat from North Ko-rea. Until THAAD is ready, the U.S. willdeploy the Patriot Advanced Capability(PAC-3) missile-defense system and the navylower-tier system.

Bill Gertz, Washington Times, 2/16/96, p. A8 (5986).

6/10/96Officials from South Korea and the U.S. metin Seoul for a two-day series of talks con-cerning nonproliferation of weapons of massdestruction, particularly missile technology.ROK Foreign Ministry Director-General forAmerican Affairs Yu Myung-hwan headedthe South Korean delegation, while U.S.Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Po-litico-Military Affairs Robert Einhorn led theU.S. delegation. On 6/11/96, the two delega-tions agreed that South Korea should enterinto the Missile Technology Control Regime(MTCR). Although the sides have not agreedon all of the terms of the ROK’s entry intothe MTCR, the U.S. has agreed to extendSouth Korea’s allowable maximum missilerange to 300 km, if South Korea joins theMTCR. Currently, under a U.S.-ROK memo-randum of understanding, South Korea islimited to developing missiles with a maxi-mum range of 180 km, and South Korea isinterested in developing longer-range mis-siles. In 1995, the ROK announced that, inresponse to North Korea’s deployment of theNo-dong-1 and the Taepo-dong-2, it intendedto abrogate the MoU. The two sides are ex-pected to meet again in 9/96.

Seoul Sinmun, p. 2; in FBIS-EAS-96-048, 3/8/96(5993). Korea Herald (Internet), 6/12/96 (6402).



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SWEDEN

SWEDEN WITH :Hungary and Israel, 157

SWITZERLAND

SWITZERLAND WITH :Austria, Hungary, India, Moldova, andRomania, 150Israel, 165

TAIWAN


4/22/96*Over the next five years, Taiwan will allo-cate $144 million toward the developmentof the Sky Bow anti-missile system. TheTaiwanese defense ministry would like tocomplete Sky Bow missile testing by 2000.According to the China Times Express, theministry’s General Staff Department (GSD)recently canceled plans to develop the SkyBow II air defense missile into a short-rangesurface-to-surface missile (SSM). The GSD’sreasons for cancellation were financial limi-tations and technological problems with themissile, including a “limited destructivepower” due to the lack of a precision guid-ance system. In addition, Lien-Ho Pao re-ported that the military “has no intention ofresuming research and development” of itsmedium-range SSM program. (No furtherexplanation was reported)

Reuter; in Executive News Service, 4/22/96. Lien-Ho Pao (Taipei) p. 1; in FBIS-TAC-96-007, 4/22/96. (6344.)

5/6/96Taiwan has allocated $94.5 million to theChungshan Institute of Science and Technol-ogy toward the development of an early-warning radar system. The planned systemwould grant Taiwan a warning time of fiveminutes against the 600 km-range DongFeng-15 (M-9). The proposed radar systemwould have higher operating frequencies, ahigh degree of analytical capability, and asmall mass. If deployed at a high altitudeoverlooking the sea, it will also be capableof detecting low-flying cruise missiles.

Lien-Ho Pao (Taipei) p. 3; in FBIS-CHI-96-095, 5/6/96 (6423).

TAIWAN WITH :Australia, 150China, 153Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines,Singapore, South Africa, Taiwan, andVietnam, 160

THAILAND


3/31/96*The Defense Ministry released a white pa-per detailing the functions, duties, and mis-sions of the country’s Defense Forces of theFuture. According to the paper, the RoyalThai Army will consider employing “multi-barrel rocket launchers” and developing andimproving battlefield surveillance equipmentfor night operations. The army will also de-velop “artillery range and fire-control sys-tems” and its anti-aircraft weapons will beupgraded to include missiles. The white pa-per stated that Thailand’s naval forces willbe enhanced by the development of “surveil-lance, electronic warfare, command and con-trol, and intelligence gathering equipment,”as well as “modern long-range all-weatherweapons.” The Royal Thai Air Force willdevelop and improve early warning systems,anti-aircraft weapons, and fighter/intercep-tor aircraft.

Sunday Post (Bangkok), 3/31/96, p. 17; in FBIS-EAS-96-064, 3/31/96 (6008).

THAILAND WITH :Australia, 150

TURKEY


2/96*Turkey’s Ministry of National Defense re-quested “proposals from potential suppliers”of Russian-made Antey 9K33 Osa ‘Gecko’(SA-8) SAMs.

International Defense Review, 2/96, p. 9 (6016).

TURKEY WITH :Israel, 165

UKRAINE

UKRAINE WITH :China, 153Germany and United States, 157India, 160Iran, 162Libya, 167Pakistan, 169Russia, 171Russia and United States, 172

UKRAINE WITH UNITED STATES

2/96Ukrainian President Leonid Kuchma andU.S. Vice President Al Gore signed an inter-governmental agreement on “internationaltrade in the area of commercial services con-cerning space launches.” According toVolodymyr Gorbulin, secretary of the Ukrai-nian National Security Council and formerhead of the Ukrainian National SpaceAgency, the agreement provided Ukrainewith access to the commercial space launchmarket. The agreement permits Ukraine tooffer the commercial launch services of itsZenit and Tsyklon rockets.

175



Ukrainian Weekly, 5/26/96, pp. 3, 13 (6227). DmytroLykhoviy, Ukrayina Moloda (Kiev), 2/27/96, pp. 1,3; in FBIS-SOV-96-042, 2/27/96 (6093).

2/96U.S. officials said Ukraine will probably beaccepted into the MTCR in 1996 if Kievimproves its export control regime. Talksbetween the U.S. and Ukraine are currentlyunderway regarding the latter’s membershipin the regime.

Richard C. Barnard, Defense News, 2/19/96-2/25/96, p. 2 (6173).

6/4/96U.S. Defense Secretary William Perry andUkrainian Minister of Defense ValeriyShmarov visited a former missile silo inPervomaysk, which was destroyed earlier in1996 and is now being converted for civil-ian uses. Perry and Shmarov signed an agree-ment to provide Ukraine with an additional$29.7 million to finance the clean-up offormer silos and the dismantlement of mis-siles, among other items. The base atPervomaysk was once home to over 80 un-derground missile silos that contained SS-19 ICBMs targeted against the U.S.

Unian (Kiev), 6/4/96; in FBIS-SOV-96-108, 6/4/96(6210). Jane Perlez, New York Times, 6/5/96, p. A6(6210). Interfax (Moscow), 6/1/96; in FBIS-TAC-96-007, 6/1/96 (6210).

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES WITH :France and United Kingdom, 157Russia, 172Russia and United States, 172

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES WITH

UNITED KINGDOM

4/1/96*The U.K.’s GEC-Marconi offered its Cen-taur stand-off missile to the UAE. GEC-Marconi believes that if it wins thecompetition to fulfill the U.K.’s convention-ally armed stand-off missile (CASOM) re-quirement with its the Pegasus missile, theUAE will select Centaur because of its simi-

larity to that missile. Both the Centaur andthe Pegasus are members of GEC-Marconi’sprecision guided munitions family.

Douglas Barrie, Flight International, 2/21/96-2/27/96, p. 17 (6264). John D. Morrocco, Aviation Week& Space Technology, 3/4/96, pp. 42-43 (6264). Fi-nancial Times, 4/3/96, p. 9 (6264). John D.Morrocco, Aviation Week & Space Technology, 4/1/96, pp. 52-54 (6264).

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES WITH

UNITED STATES

2/13/6-2/14/96During a conference of the Association ofthe U.S. Army, Frank Besson, director ofsecurity assistance in the office of the U.S.Army’s deputy chief of staff for logistics, saidthat UAE officials would like to purchasethe Patriot Advanced Capability-3 (PAC-3)system from the U.S. PAC-3 is designed tohave an anti-tactical ballistic missile (ATBM)capability and is still under development.Besson said the PAC-2 might be offered in-stead, because the U.S. may not be preparedto export the more advanced PAC-3 technol-ogy.

Philip Finnegan and Frank Olivieri, Defense News,2/19/96-2/25/96, pp. 1, 29 (6228).

2/14/96Ernest Jackson, Raytheon’s director of in-ternational programs, said his company andthe U.S. Army are assessing what PatriotATBM technology can be exported to theUAE and at what price.

Philip Finnegan and Frank Olivieri, Defense News,2/19/96-2/25/96, pp. 1, 29 (6228).

UNITED KINGDOM

UNITED KINGDOM WITH :Brazil and France, 151France and Israel, 155France and Italy, 155France and Kuwait, 156France and United Arab Emirates, 157Indonesia, 160Iraq, 164Israel, 165

Qatar, 169United Arab Emirates, 175

UNITED NATIONS

UNITED NATIONS WITH :Russia, 172

UNITED STATES

INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS ,

2/28/96Republican Representative Floyd D. Spenceasked the General Accounting Office (GAO)to review National Intelligence Estimate 95-19 (NIE 95-19), titled Emerging MissileThreats to North America During the Next15 Years. In 11/95, NIE 95-19 concluded thatno new long-range missile systems willthreaten the continental U.S. for at least an-other 15 years. Although Spence’s requestdid not refer to any “politicization” of theissue, critics of the NIE, such as RepublicanRepresentative Curt Weldon from Pennsyl-vania, have claimed that it was “politicized”by the Clinton administration in support ofits opposition to the deployment of a nationalmissile defense, a concept supported bymany Republicans.

Bill Gertz, Washington Times, 3/26/96, p. A4 (6122).Arms Control Today, 3/96, pp. 29-30 (6122). Jenni-fer Heronema, Space News, 2/5/96-2/11/96, p. 6(6122). Bill Gertz, Washington Times, 5/3/96, p. A10(6122).

3/96CIA Director John Deutch suggested the cre-ation of a “B-team” of experts—led byformer CIA Director R. James Woolsey—toreview the conclusions of NIE 95-19, oncondition that the GAO review be canceled.Spence subsequently rejected the “B-team”idea in favor of an amendment to the defensebill.

Bill Gertz, Washington Times, 3/26/96, p. A4 (6122).Arms Control Today, 3/96, pp. 29-30 (6122). Jenni-



176

fer Heronema, Space News, 2/5/96-2/11/96, p. 6(6122). Bill Gertz, Washington Times, 5/3/96, p. A10(6122).

5/1/96The U.S. House of Representatives’ NationalSecurity Committee approved an amendmentto the FY 1997 defense bill, which, if en-acted, would force CIA Director John M.Deutch to establish a private group of ex-perts to review National Intelligence Esti-mate (NIE) 95-19. The group ofnon-governmental specialists would be re-quired to deliver its findings within threemonths.

Bill Gertz, Washington Times, 3/26/96, p. A4 (6122).Arms Control Today, 3/96, pp. 29-30 (6122). Jenni-fer Heronema, Space News, 2/5/96-2/11/96, p. 6(6122). Bill Gertz, Washington Times, 5/3/96, p. A10(6122).

5/31/96Lt. General Malcolm O’Neill, retiring direc-tor of the Pentagon’s Ballistic Missile De-fense Organization said that he was skepticalof the prediction that “no rogue nation willhave the capability to threaten the U.S. withmissiles before 2010.” The U.S. intelligencecommunity is conducting a “worst case sce-nario” assessment at O’Neill’s request, inorder to give a “date plus or minus some-thing” in which a “rogue nation” might beable to attack the U.S. O’Neill wants the as-sessment to demonstrate that the intelligencecommunity is thinking the issue through andthey understand “something could cause itto be earlier and something could cause it tobe later.” According to O’Neill, NIE-95-19did not account for “wildcards,” such assmuggling or gaps in U.S. technology, includ-ing the surveillance of underground facili-ties.

Jane’s Defence Weekly, 6/5/96, p. 4 (6200). JosephAnselmo, Aviation Week & Space Technology, 6/3/96, p. 32 (6275).

UNITED STATES WITH :Argentina, 149Australia, Brazil, and Russia, 149Australia and Israel, 150Bahrain, 150Brazil, 151Brunei, 152China, 154France, Germany, and Italy, 155

Germany and Ukraine, 157India and Pakistan, 159India and Russia, 160Israel, 165Japan, 167Kuwait, 167North Korea, 168Pakistan, 169Russia, 172South Korea, 173Ukraine, 174United Arab Emirates, 175

VENEZUALA

VENEZUALA WITH :Colombia, 154

VIETNAM

VIETNAM WITH :Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines,Singapore, South Africa, andTaiwan, 160

YUGOSLAVIA

YUGOSLAVIA WITH :Russia, 172

NPR 4.1: BALLISTIC, CRUISE MISSILE, AND MISSILE DEFENSE ... · Czech Republic, Hungary, and Russia, 151 Czech Republic, Poland, and Russia, 151 Russia, 151 ... 16 Scud missiles on

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