NPR 3.2: BALLISTIC, CRUISE MISSILE, AND MISSILE DEFENSE ... · Missile Developments 156 BALLISTIC, CRUISE MISSILE, AND MISSILE DEFENSE SYSTEMS: TRADE AND SIGNIFICANT DEVELOPMENTS,

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996

Missile Developments

156

BALLISTIC, CRUISE MISSILE, ANDMISSILE DEFENSE SYSTEMS: TRADEAND SIGNIFICANT DEVELOPMENTS,

JULY-OCTOBER 1995

CONTENTS

OVERVIEW, 158

AFGHANISTANInternal Developments, 160

withPakistan, 160

ARGENTINAwithBrazil, 160

AUSTRALIAInternal Developments, 160

withGermany and U.S., 160Russia, 160Russia and Sweden, 161

AZORESwithEcuador and Slovakia, 161

BAHRAINInternal Developments, 161

BELARUSwithCzech Republic, NATO,Russia, and Ukraine, 161Iran, 161Russia, 161United States, 162

BOSNIAwithRussia and Serbia, 162Iran and Russia, 162

Saudi Arabia, 167Taiwan, 167

GERMANYInternal Developments, 167

withAustralia and U.S., 160Brazil, 163, 164Canada, Netherlands, Spain,and U.S., 164France, Italy, and UnitedKingdom, 166France, Italy, and U.S., 166India, 167Iraq, 168Japan and U.S., 168MTCR, 181Netherlands and NATO, 168Netherlands, NATO, andU.S., 168Netherlands and U.S., 168Russia, 168Syria, 168United States, 168

HUNGARYwithRomania, 168

INDIAInternal Developments, 169

withBrazil, Israel, and PRC, 164Germany, 167Israel, 171MTCR, 181Pakistan and U.S., 172

BRAZILInternal Developments, 162

withArgentina, 160France, Germany, Italy,Russia, and U.S., 163Germany, 164India, Israel, and PRC, 164MTCR, 181Russia, 164Ukraine, 164United States, 164

BRUNEIInternal Developments, 164

CANADAwithGermany, Netherlands, Spain,and U.S., 164

CHILEwithMauritius, 164United Kingdom, 165

COMMONWEALTH OFINDEPENDENT STATES(CIS)withFrance, South Africa, andU.S., 165

COLOMBIAInternal Developments, 165

withRussia, 165

CROATIAInternal Developments, 165

withRussia, 165United States, 165

CZECH REPUBLICwithBelarus, NATO, Russia, andUkraine, 161

ECUADORwithAzores and Slovakia, 161

EGYPTwithKuwait, 166PRC, 166Spain, 166United States, 166

EUROPEAN UNIONInternal Developments, 166

FRANCEwithBrazil, 163CIS, South Africa, andU.S., 165Iraq, 166Germany, Italy, and UnitedKingdom, 166Germany, Italy, andU.S., 166Italy, 167Kuwait, 167

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PRC, 172Russia, 172United Kingdom, 172United States, 172

IRANInternal Developments, 173

withBelarus, 161Bosnia and Russia, 162Iraq and Sudan, 173Libya, 173North Korea, 173North Korea and SouthKorea, 173PRC, 173United States, 173

IRAQInternal Developments, 174

withFrance, 166Germany, 168Iran and Sudan, 173Libya, 175Russia, 175Ukraine, 175

ISRAELInternal Developments, 175

withBrazil, India, and PRC, 164India, 171PRC, 176South Korea, 176Syria, 176Thailand, 177United States, 177

ITALYwithBrazil, 163France, 167France, Germany, andUnited Kingdom, 166France, Germany, andU.S., 166Malaysia, 178

JAPANInternal Developments, 178

withGermany and U.S., 168South Korea, 179United States, 179

Germany, Netherlands, andU.S., 168

NORTH KOREAInternal Developments, 182

withIran, 173Iran and South Korea, 173PRC, 183Russia, 184South Korea, 184United States, 184

NORWAYwithRussia, Ukraine, andU.S., 184

OMANInternal Developments, 184

PAKISTANInternal Developments, 184

withAfghanistan, 160India and U.S., 172MTCR, 181PRC, 185PRC and U.S., 185South Africa, 185United States, 185

PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OFCHINA (PRC)

Internal Developments, 186withBrazil, India, and Israel, 164Egypt, 166India, 172Iran, 173Israel, 176North Korea, 183Pakistan, 185Pakistan and U.S., 185Russia, 188Taiwan, 188United States, 188

QATARInternal Developments, 189

ROMANIAwithHungary, 168

RUSSIAInternal Developments, 189

withAustralia, 160Australia and Sweden, 161Belarus, 161Belarus, Czech Republic,NATO, and Ukraine, 161Bosnia and Iran, 162Bosnia and Serbia, 162Brazil, 163, 164Colombia, 165Croatia, 165Germany, 168India, 172Iraq, 175Kazakhstan and Ukraine, 180Kuwait, 180Lithuania, 180MTCR, 181North Korea, 184Norway, Ukraine, andU.S., 184PRC, 188South Korea, 192Syria, 192Ukraine, 192Ukraine and U.S., 193United States, 193

SAUDI ARABIAwithFrance, 167

SERBIAwithBosnia and Russia, 162

SLOVAKIAwithAzores and Ecuador, 161

SOUTH AFRICAInternal Developments, 194

withCIS, France, and U.S., 165MTCR, 181Pakistan, 185

SOUTH KOREAInternal Developments, 194

withIran and North Korea, 173Israel, 176Japan, 179MTCR, 181

KAZAKHSTANwithRussia and Ukraine, 180

KUWAITwithEgypt, 166France, 167Russia, 180United States, 180

LIBYAInternal Developments, 180

withIran, 173Iraq, 175

LITHUANIAwithRussia, 180

MALAYSIAInternal Developments, 180

withItaly, 178United Kingdom, 180

MAURITIUSwithChile, 164

MISSILE TECHNOLOGYCONTROL REGIME(MTCR)

MTCR Developments, 181

NETHERLANDSwithCanada, Germany, Spain,and U.S., 164Germany and NATO, 168Germany, NATO, andU.S., 168Germany and U.S., 168

NEW FORUMInternal Developments, 182

withSouth Korea, 182

NORTH ATLANTICTREATY ORGANIZATION(NATO)withBelarus, Czech Republic,Russia, and Ukraine, 161Germany and Netherlands,168



158

New Forum, 182North Korea, 184Russia, 192United States, 194

SPAINwithCanada, Germany, Nether-lands, and U.S., 164Egypt, 166

SUDANwithIran and Iraq, 173

SWEDENwithAustralia and Russia, 161

SYRIAInternal Developments, 195

withGermany, 168Israel, 176Russia, 192

TAIWANInternal Developments, 195

withFrance, 167PRC, 188United States, 196

THAILANDwithIsrael, 177United States, 196

TURKEYInternal Developments, 196

withUnited States, 197

UKRAINEInternal Developments, 197

withBelarus, Czech Republic,NATO, and Russia, 161Brazil, 164Iraq, 175Kazakhstan and Russia, 180Norway, Russia, andU.S., 184Russia, 192Russia and U.S., 193

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES(UAE)withUnited States, 197

UNITED KINGDOMwithChile, 165France, Germany, andItaly, 166India, 172Malaysia, 180United States, 198

UNITED STATESInternal Developments, 198

withAustralia and Germany, 160Belarus, 162Brazil, 163, 164Canada, Germany, Nether-lands, and Spain, 164CIS, France, and SouthAfrica, 165Croatia, 165Egypt, 166France, Germany, andItaly, 166Germany, 168Germany and Japan, 168Germany and Netherlands,168Germany, Netherlands, andNATO, 168India, 172India and Pakistan, 172Iran, 173Israel, 177Japan, 179Kuwait, 180MTCR, 181North Korea, 184Norway, Russia, andUkraine, 184Pakistan, 185Pakistan and PRC, 185PRC, 188Russia, 193Russia and Ukraine, 193South Korea, 194Taiwan, 196Thailand, 196Turkey, 197UAE, 197United Kingdom, 198

OVERVIEW

International endeavors to limit the spread of missiletechnology appeared to move from strength to strength inOctober when Russia and South Africa attended the 10thPlenary Meeting of the Missile Technology ControlRegime (MTCR) for the first time as full members .Brazil’s membership was also approved at the meeting.These new memberships are supported by each state’sadoption of regulations designed to control the trade intechnology that could contribute to the spread of missilescapable of delivering weapons of mass destruction. Be-yond the regime’s expansion to 28 states, the MTCR’stechnical annex has also been updated to take into ac-count new technical developments. Dialogue with statesoutside the MTCR has also been accorded priority, withan eye to promoting voluntary adherence to the regime’sguidelines. Ukraine and South Korea have already sig-naled their intention to join the regime and are engagedin formulating the appropriate legislation.

Paradoxically, such developments may not be entirelydesirable. For example, South Korea has indicated thatit may use MTCR membership as a basis to withdrawfrom an agreement with the United States that preventsSeoul from developing missile systems with ranges inexcess of 180 kilometers. Seoul believes this is a neces-sary hedge against the North Korean missile threat.Elsewhere, events have highlighted the challenge posedto arms control by determined proliferators and commer-cial interests.

UNSCOM (the United Nations Special Commissionin Iraq) uncovered startling new evidence regardingBaghdad’s pre- and post-Gulf War initiatives to acquire along-range missile capability. Indeed, in an attempt topreempt the revelations of two senior-level Iraqi defec-tors, Baghdad informed UNSCOM that it had manufac-tured Scud missile rocket motors, through reverse engi-neering and had flight-tested chemical warheads. Moreominously, U.N. and U.S. officials have accused Iraq ofattempting to sustain its long-range missile program bycovertly acquiring the necessary technology via a net-work of European and Russian arms dealers and frontcompanies. The Iraqi shopping list is said to have in-cluded accelerometers, gyroscopes, specialized metals,machine tools, and a French-made furnace capable ofmanufacturing engine parts for missiles. The U.N. hasaccused French, German, and Ukrainian commercial

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interests of encouraging Iraq in its efforts to bypass U.N.Security Council Resolution 687.

Developments in several regions indicate that some stateslack confidence in arms control and are now exploring tech-nical responses to missile proliferation. For example, fearover India’s potential deployment of Privthi missiles alongits western border has prompted Pakistan to commencedevelopment of an ATBM system capable of interceptingthese short-range missiles. China’s conduct of two missileexercises off the Taiwan coast (and doubts about the abilityof modified Patriot systems to fend off a real missile at-tack,) have led Taiwan to explore the possibility of partici-pation in the U.S. (Theater High Altitude Area Defense)program. While Washington hesitates over working withTaiwan on advanced theater missile defense (TMD), it hasenhanced cooperation with Japan and South Korea, eachhaving expressed concern over North Korea’s No-dongmissile program. China has responded by making it clearthat any deployment of advanced ballistic missile defensesystems in the region, particularly those with a space-baseddimension, will have negative repercussions on the armscontrol front.

Israel, already well-versed in technical remedies to ad-dress its security dilemma in the Middle East, has testedthe partly U.S.-sponsored Arrow-2 ATBM for the first time.In Europe, North Atlantic Treaty Organization has con-tinued to adapt to the post-Cold War security environmentby increasing TMD collaboration between member states.

Advanced ballistic missile defense systems will be expen-sive and technically difficult to develop. Success is by nomeans assured. The United States continues to discuss thereinterpretation of the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty withRussia, seeking a means to make the difficult distinctionbetween systems capable of bringing down strategic-rangemissiles versus those that can only offer protection againstshorter-range and tactical missiles. As these discussionsmay lead to exports of advanced theater missile defense tech-nology, their outcome is bound to be far-reaching for armscontrol.

Wyn Bowen and Holly Porteous

NOTE:A date marked with an “*” indicates that an event was re-ported on that date; a date without an “*” is the date whenan event actually occurred.

The numbers listed in parentheses following the biblio-graphic references refer to the identification number of thedocument in the CNS Missile Database from which the newssummaries are abstracted. Because of the rapidly changingnature of the subject matter, The Nonproliferation Reviewis unable to guarantee that the information reported hereinis complete or accurate, and disclaims liability to any partyfor any loss or damage caused by errors or omissions.



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AFGHANISTAN

INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS

10/95Responding to the Taleban militia’s threat toattack Kabul, Afghan President BorhanoddinRabbani’s government deploys Luna missilesin the Safi mountains. The “130 km-range”missiles could be launched against targetsin Maydan Shahr, in the Vardak Province,and Mohammad Agha, in the Lugar Prov-ince.

IRNA (Tehran), 10/11/95; in FBIS-NES-95-197, 10/11/95 (5444).

AFGHANISTAN WITH PAKISTAN

10/27/95*

The Rabbani government’s threat to fireScuds against Islamabad and Peshawar is abluff because Kabul neither has such mis-siles nor the personnel to operate them. TheRabbani government’s threat is reportedlyin response to Pakistan’s alleged interferencein Afghanistan’s affairs. According to formerAfghan military officers, in the past Kabulasked the Soviet Union for Scuds approxi-mately two or three days prior to using them.The missiles were subsequently deliveredfive to 10 hours before they were needed,passing through seven stages prior to launch;each stage involved different groups of Rus-sian engineers. The Afghan Mojahedin re-portedly acquired Scud missile launchersfollowing the collapse of the Najibollah gov-ernment.

Jang (Rawalpindi), 10/27/95, pp. 1, 7; in FBIS-NES-95-209, 10/27/95 (5437).

ARGENTINA

ARGENTINA WITH BRAZIL

10/15/95Brazilian President Fernando HenriqueCardoso announces that he will “thank Ar-

gentina for sponsoring Brazil’s joining theMTCR” when he meets Argentine PresidentCarlos Menem on 10/17/95.

Telam (Buenos Aires), 10/15/95; in FBIS-LAT-95-199, 10/15/95 (5583).

Late 10/95Brazil and Argentina agree to set up a co-operative arrangement to allow for theirpursuit of “common projects involving theMTCR.”

Ovidio Bellando, La Nacion (Buenos Aires), 10/30/95, p. 6; in FBIS-LAT-95-211, 10/30/95 (5584).

AUSTRALIA


10/95Senator Chris Schacht, Australian ministerfor Small Businesses, Customs, and Con-struction, says Australia is ideal for launch-ing SLVs because of its excellent recordwithin the MTCR and its proximity to theequator.

Radio Australia (Melbourne), 10/17/95; in FBIS-EAS-95-200, 10/17/95 (5391).

10/23/95*

The Australian Royal Navy orders AWADefence Industries’ (AWADI) PRISM mis-sile defense system for its 16 Fremantle-class patrol boats, and for six Huon-classcoastal minehunters under construction.The Australian Navy is also considering thePRISM system for its future “offshore pa-trol combatants program.” The PRISM sys-tem is designed to provide early warning ofmissile attacks and to deploy chaff and de-coy countermeasures in response.

Gregor Ferguson, Defense News, 10/23/95, p. 10(5559).

10/23/95*

Australia’s AWADI and M.L. Aviation planto sell a joint PRISM-Superbarricade mis-sile defense system to countries with smallnaval vessels. According to industry anddiplomatic sources, Asia-Pacific nationshave purchased (but have not yet received)28 patrol, attack, and minehunter ships and

intend to purchase 179 more of these ves-sels; all of these ships weigh less than 1,500tons. Market researchers attribute the de-mand for such countermeasure systems tothe worldwide proliferation of ASM suchas the U.S.’s Harpoon, France’s Exocet,Israel’s Gabriel, the U.K.’s Sea Eagle, andChina’s Silkworm.


AUSTRALIA WITH GERMANY AND

UNITED STATES

10/23/95*

Australia is seeking to acquire the U.S.-German developed Rolling Airframe Mis-sile defense system as part of its “frigate up-grade program.”

Robert Holzer, Defense News, 10/23/95-10/29/95,p. 10 (5565).

AUSTRALIA WITH RUSSIA

10/18/95*

Russian Space Agency (RSA) andKhrunichev representatives will travel toAustralia, in 11/95, to discuss use of Rus-sian Cosmos SLVs to launch small satel-lites into low-earth orbit from the Woomerarocket range. Woomera is located in north-ern Australia. The visit will includediscussions regarding the Lockheed-Khrunichev-Energia International LaunchServices (ILS) proposal to construct “a com-mercial spaceport in northern Australia.”

Flight International, 10/18/95-10/24/95, p. 32(5391).

10/23/95*

Russia’s Cosmos Group and the AustralianSpace Office are negotiating a joint ventureto involve the assembly and launch in Aus-tralia of a small, Russian-designed, liquid-fueled SLV. Under the proposal, the Rus-sian State Research Center will develop theunofficially named ‘Seagull’ launcher overthe next three to five years. Seagull will beequipped with an engine built by NPOEnergomash. Australia will start usingRussian Start boosters in 1997, before pro-duction of the Seagull rocket begins.

Warren Ferster, Space News, 10/23/95-10/29/95,p. 16 (5635).

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AUSTRALIA WITH RUSSIA AND SWEDEN

Early 1995Representatives from Russia’s rocket pro-duction consortium Cosmos, Sweden’s Tech-nology Trade International, and severalAustralian companies discuss forming a jointRussian-Australian venture to “develop andmarket” a new SLV.

Radio Australia (Melbourne), 10/17/95; in FBIS-EAS-95-200, 10/17/95 (5391).

AZORES

AZORES (PORTUGAL) WITH ECUADOR

AND SLOVAKIA

3/95A shipment of “surplus Slovak ground-to-ground missiles,” reportedly destined forEcuador, is intercepted on a plane in theAzores (an autonomous region of Portugal).The aircraft’s manifest lists the missiles asmedical supplies.

Brendan McNally and Jan Stojaspal, Prague Post(Prague), 6/13/95, p. 4; in FBIS-EEU-95-126, 6/13/95 (5263). Brendan McNally, Defense News, 8/7/95-8/13/95, p. 25 (5508).

BAHRAIN


9/30/95*

Bahrain is looking to obtain new ordnanceto enhance the lethality of its nine U.S.-manufactured Loral Vought Multiple LaunchRocket Systems (MLRS).

Jacques de Lestapis, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 9/30/95, pp. 32-33 (5624).

BELARUS

BELARUS WITH CZECH REPUBLIC,NATO, RUSSIA, AND UKRAINE

7/17/95-7/19/95Scientific and defense experts meet in Kievto discuss the dismantling of Ukraine’s ex-cess military capabilities, including theissues of how to decommission rocketmotors and to dispose of their fuels. Theseminar is organized by NATO’s ScientificCommittee, Ukraine’s National Academy ofSciences, and the Ukrainian branch of theWorld Laboratory. Representatives fromBelarus, the Czech Republic, Russia, andfour NATO members attend the three dayseminar.

Defense News, 9/18/95-9/24/95, p. 2 (5454).Intelnews (Kiev), 9/18/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-181,9/18/95 (5262).

BELARUS WITH IRAN

7/95An Iranian delegation visiting Belarus—whichincludes Vice President Hasan Habibi—dis-plays a “special interest” in acquiring a“wheeled prime movers plant.” Experts pre-dict that Tehran wants the vehicles to trans-port missile equipment.

Anna Baneva, Kommersant-Daily (Moscow) 7/18/95, pp. 1, 4; in FBIS-SOV-95-137, 7/18/95 (5622).

BELARUS WITH RUSSIA

7/95Belarusian President Aleksandr Lukashenkasays the agreement reached by his predeces-sor on the withdrawal of Russian ICBMsfrom Belarus has been a “big political mis-take,” and that the missiles should remainin their current positions. Lukashenka’s re-marks follow decisions by the BelarusianDefense Ministry to stop issuing passes nec-essary for the removal of missiles to Rus-sia, and to refuse entry into Belarus of Rus-sian trains scheduled to remove the remain-ing 18 SS-25s.

Viktor Litovkin, Izvestiya (Moscow), 7/6/95, pp.1-2; in FBIS-SOV-95-129, 7/6/95 (5599).

8/95The Chief of Russia’s Strategic RocketForces (SRF) Colonel General Igor Sergeyevconfirms that passes have not been issuedfor the removal of missiles from Belarussince 7/95, because Minsk has complainedthat the Russian military is leaving its formerfacilities in an “inappropriate condition.”Thus far, seven of the nine original SS-25regiments have returned to Russia.Belarusian Deputy Foreign Minister AndreySannikov says Belarus has until 2001 to re-move all its ICBMs to Russia under theLisbon Protocol. However, a bilateral agree-ment between the two states reportedly en-visages an end-of-1996 deadline. Sannikovadds that a joint Belarus-Russian commis-sion has been formed to address technicalissues related to the withdrawal. Accord-ing to an anonymous Russian diplomat inMinsk, the suspension of missile withdraw-als was a joint decision made by RussianPresident Yeltsin and President Lukashenka,and was based on lack of funds and accom-modation for redeployed missile troops.

Yuriy Drakakhrust, Belarusskaya Delovaya Gazeta(Minsk), 8/3/95, p. 3; in FBIS-SOV-95-152, 8/3/95 (5599). Viktor Litovkin, Izvestiya (Moscow),7/6/95, pp. 1-2; in FBIS-SOV-95-129, 7/6/95(5599).

8/5/95*

A senior official from the Belarusian For-eign Ministry denies that Belarusian Presi-dent Aleksandr Lukashenka has halted thetransfer of missiles to Russia. According tothe official, Lukashenka supports a “slowertransfer of the Russian strategic forces” be-cause Moscow has failed to meet its with-drawal obligations regarding the “elimina-tion of environmental hazards” at formermissiles sites.

Interfax (Moscow), 8/5/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-11, 8/5/95 (5599).

9/28/95Major General Vladimir Verkhovtsev, of theMain Operational Department of the Gen-eral Staff of the Russian Armed Forces, saysthe withdrawal of SS-25s from Belarus hasbeen suspended, pending a “political deci-sion.” Experts believe Ukrainian PresidentAleksandr Lukashenka initiated the suspen-sion and predict that a complete missile



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withdrawal will not begin until 1997.Anatoliy Yurkin, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 9/28/95; inFBIS-SOV-95-189, 9/28/95 (5599).

BELARUS WITH UNITED STATES

8/95The U.S. and Belarus discuss problems re-garding the latter’s dismantlement of SS-25missiles following a 6/95 agreement betweenthe two countries on the “liquidation of stra-tegic offensive arms.” Under the agreement,the U.S. is required to provide Belarus withequipment for dismantling the missiles. TheU.S. will teach Belarusian experts how toutilize the equipment, which will remain inthe former Soviet republic after the programends. The U.S. plans to begin implement-ing the program in mid-1996.

Belapan (Minsk), 8/17/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-159,8/17/95 (5619).

BOSNIA

BOSNIA WITH RUSSIA AND SERBIA

7/31/95*

Senior Bosnian Serb military officials claimto have acquired Russian-made SA-10B air-defense systems. According to the BosnianSerbs, their 32 SA-10B launchers and 128missiles will be used against attackingNATO aircraft. The SA-10B missiles arereportedly armed with fragmented, 220-lb,high-explosive warheads and are capable ofintercepting targets at altitudes of between75 and 90,000 feet. One SA-10B batterycan engage six targets simultaneously. U.S.intelligence disputes the Serb claim to pos-sess SA-10B systems because of the lack ofphysical and electronic evidence of theirpresence in Bosnia. The SA-10B systemsmay have been smuggled to Bosnia throughSerbia from Eastern Europe.

David A. Fulghum, Aviation Week & Space Tech-nology, 7/31/95, pp. 20-21 (5609).

BOSNIA WITH IRAN AND RUSSIA

10/9/95Russian Ministry of Defense (MOD) offi-

cials evade questions regarding the possibletransfer to Iran of an unexploded U.S. Toma-hawk cruise missile which failed to deto-nate on Bosnian Serb positions. Accordingto media reports, military hardware is be-ing transhipped from Bosnia to Iran viaRussia. The MOD also fails to confirm ordeny reports that U.S.-manufactured StingerSAMs and Tow-2 Hellfire ATMs are beingtransferred from Bosnia to Iran.

Anatoliy Yurkin, Itar-Tass World Service (Moscow),10/9/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-195, 10/9/95 (5432).

BRAZIL


3/12/95*

Brazil is scheduled to establish guidelines,in mid-3/95, regarding the future availabil-ity of its Alcantara Launch Center (CLA)for other countries involved in the aerospacefield.

Joaquim Monteiro, Correio Braziliense (Brasilia),3/12/95, p. 20; in FBIS-TAC-95-003, 3/12/95(5317).

4/26/95Colonel Tiago da Silva Ribeiro, director ofBrazil’s SLV program, oversees a success-ful “engine separation test” at the Aeronau-tics and Space Institute in Sao Jose dos Cam-pos. Ribeiro says that Brazil’s first indig-enous SLV will launch a meteorologicalsatellite, made at the Space Research Insti-tute (INPE), from the Alcantara launch siteby 6/96. The Brazilian Air Force programinvolves development of a 20 m long, four-stage, solid-fuel rocket designed to place a200 kg satellite into low orbit. Accordingto retired Colonel Gerald Cavagnari, direc-tor of the Campinas University StrategicStudies Group, the Brazilian Air Force couldconvert the SLV into an IRBM.

Jose Casado, O Estado De Sao Paulo (Sao Paulo),4/30/95, p. A4; in FBIS-TAC-95-003, 4/30/95(5591).

7/95*

Brazilian defense manufacturer Avibras re-leases information regarding its new 80 km-

range SS-80 rocket, which forms part of acoastal defense system based on the Astros-2 rocket system. The SS-80 is nearly iden-tical to the 60 km-range SS-60 rocket buthas a longer range because it incorporatesan improved motor. A battery in Avibras’scoastal defense system comprises eight in-dividually-sited operational vehicles. Sixof these vehicles are AV-LMU launcherswhich can fire four different caliber rockettypes fitted with submunitions. The num-ber of rockets that can be fired from eachlauncher depends on the caliber type in use.

IDR Despatches, 7/95, p. 3 (5318).

7/3/95Brazilian President Cardoso’s governmentsubmits a bill to Congress designed to regu-late the export of sensitive items, includinggoods and services applicable to missiledevelopment. According to Strategic Af-fairs Secretary Ronaldo Sardenberg, the bill’senactment will be the culmination of a se-ries of Brazilian commitments to nonpro-liferation. Other commitments include thecreation of the Brazilian Space Agency(AEB) under civilian jurisdiction; the AEBis responsible directly to the President.

Ronaldo Mota Sardenberg, O Globo (Rio deJaneiro), 7/12/95, p. 6; in FBIS-TAC-95-004, 7/12/95 (5315). Agencia Estado (Sao Paulo), 7/4/95; in FBIS-TAC-95-014-L, 7/4/95 (5315).

7/23/95Brazilian Foreign Minister Luiz FelipeLampreia reaffirms Brazil’s commitment tothe nonproliferation of missiles and weap-ons of mass destruction (WMD). Lampreiadescribes his government’s export controlbill as “an essential step forward.”

Luiz Felipe Lampreia, Folha De Sao Paulo (SaoPaulo), 7/23/95, p. 3; in FBIS-LAT-95-145, 7/23/95 (5313).

7/24/95*

Brazilian President Cardoso seeks supportamong party leaders for his government’sdraft export control bill. The proposed lawwill regulate exports of sensitive militaryand dual-use items, including materials thatcan be used in the development of missilesand WMD. The law will also enable thegovernment to punish persons that violateBrazilian export regulations. The bill’s pas-

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sage is necessary for Brazil to become amember of the MTCR, which it expects tojoin in 10/95. According to Rodrigo deAzeredo, head of the Research TechnologyDepartment of the Brazilian embassy inRussia, Brazil began adhering to MTCRguidelines in principle in 2/94, and “unilat-erally adopted” missile technology controlsin 12/94.

Gazeta Mercantil (Sao Paulo), 7/24/95, p. A5; inFBIS-LAT-95-149, 7/24/95 (5506). AleksandrKorzun, Igor Porshnev, Yevgeniy Terekhov, Interfax(Moscow), 6/19/95; in FBIS-TAC-95-014-L, 6/19/95 (5506).

7/25/95General Sergio Xavier Ferolla, director ofthe Research and Development Departmentof Brazil’s Ministry of Air, says that theAerospace Technical Center (CTA) is re-sponsible for developing special steels forBrazil’s Sonda series of rockets. The Bra-zilian firm Eletrometal, in conjunction withthe National Bank for Economic and SocialDevelopment (BNDES), produces the steels.Ferolla adds that CTA has also developedtitanium technology, which it has given tothe Rio Doce Valley Company, and ammo-nium perchlorate, which is produced by theAndrade Gutierrez Chemical company.According to Ferolla, CTA is experiencingdifficulties in attracting skilled manpower.

Cosme Degenar, Technologia & Defesa (Sao Paulo),pp. 8-12; in FBIS-LAT-95-213, 11/3/95 (5585).

7/25/95General Ferolla, director of the Research andDevelopment Department of Brazil’s Min-istry of Air, says that AEB is responsiblefor setting Brazil’s space policy while theMinistry of Air is in charge of launch op-erations. The AEB’s 1995 budget alloca-tion is 50 million reals. According toFerolla, European and U.S. firms have madenumerous requests to utilize the Alcantaraspace launch facility. Ferolla says Brazil isinvesting heavily to improve Alcantara andplans exist to create a firm to manage thecenter; the Ministry of Air, however, willremain responsible for security. Brazil’sNatal facility, situated in “the middle of theAtlantic Ocean,” is already used by Euro-pean firms to monitor the flights of theirspace launchers. Brazil hopes the removalof international embargoes will enable it to

obtain space launch components and sys-tems through cooperative agreements withoverseas firms.

Cosme Degenar, Technologia & Defesa (Sao Paulo),pp. 8-12; in FBIS-LAT-95-213, 11/3/95 (5585).

8/18/95Brazilian President Cardoso says that “Bra-zil does not possess, nor does it produce orintend to produce, to import or to exportlong-range military missiles capable of car-rying weapons of mass destruction.”

Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Defense News, 9/18/95-9/24/95, p. 32 (5605). Luciana Marinho, VozDo Brasil Network (Brasilia), 8/18/95; in FBIS-LAT-95-161, 8/18/95 (5506).

8/29/95Presidential spokesman Sergio Amaral saysthe Brazilian government will solve fund-ing problems threatening to delay the SLV’s7/20/96 scheduled launch. According toproject engineers, CTA has not received its1995 budget allocation of $19 million tofinance the program’s final phase; ColonelRibeiro, director of the Aeronautics andSpace Institute, says the money will pay formanufacture of the Electrical Network In-tegration Mock-Up (MIR), which will beused to integrate and test key rocket sys-tems. Reportedly, development of controlsystem software is the SLV program’s ma-jor difficulty. The SLV’s propulsion sys-tem—capable of propelling the rocket to 7,477meters per second—incorporates a “specialtype of steel,” allowing temperature resis-tance of up to 3,000 degrees celsius. Thesteel, jointly developed by CTA and Acesita(Itabira Special Steel Company), is exportedby Brazil. Stage separation is accomplishedby a “pyrotechnical” system consisting ofexplosive charges in lead alloy connectionhoops. Brazil has already completed 80percent of the four-stage, 19 m-long SLV,spending $257 million in the process. Af-ter the prototype has been tested, it is esti-mated that each rocket will cost $10 mil-lion. One hundred national companies and600 CTA associated researchers are involvedin building Brazil’s SLV.

Daniel Hessel Teich, O Globo (Rio de Janeiro), 8/30/95, p. 20; in FBIS-LAT-95-174, 8/30/95 (5314).

9/10/95Strategic Affairs Secretary Sardenberg says

Brazil’s Strategic Affairs Secretariat (SAE)is responsible for the coordination of ex-port controls on dual-use items, includinggoods and services related to missiles. TheSAE also deals with export controls for bio-logical, chemical, and nuclear-related prod-ucts. The Secretariat’s principal function isto assist the President on issues of nationalstrategy.

Ronaldo Sardenberg, O Globo (Rio de Janeiro), 9/10/95, p. 6; in FBIS-LAT-95-178, 9/10/95 (5316).

10/5/95The Brazilian Senate enacts the government’sbill which gives SAE the responsibility forcontrolling exports of missile technologyand other sensitive materials. According toBrazilian Senator Hugo Napoleao, the newlegislation will facilitate Brazil’s acquisitionof sensitive technology.

Jornal Do Brasil (Rio de Janeiro), 10/6/95, p. 4; inFBIS-LAT-95-196, 10/6/95 (5582).

BRAZIL WITH:Argentina, 160

BRAZIL WITH FRANCE, GERMANY,ITALY, RUSSIA, AND UNITED STATES

Late 4/95-Early 5/95Brazil has reportedly smuggled microelec-tronics items and components from Russiafor its SLV program. According to Brazil-ian technicians, Russia has offered micro-electronic components at half the interna-tional market rate. A favored location forBrazil and Russia to conduct their negotia-tions was reportedly the Brazilian Aeronau-tics Commission’s London office. ColonelRibeiro, director of Brazil’s SLV program,claims Brazil has also obtained rocket guid-ance components from France, Germany,Italy, and the U.S. via the black market.Brazil has failed to purchase a complete in-ertial guidance system from abroad becauseof MTCR restrictions, but has resolved thisdeficiency by acquiring the associated soft-ware and individual components instead.The Aeronautics Ministry claims on 5/4/95, however, that the Brazilian governmenthas acquired microelectronic components forthe SLV “through legal purchasing mecha-nisms.”

Jose Casado, O Estado De Sao Paulo (Sao Paulo),



164

4/30/95, p. A4; in FBIS-TAC-95-003, 4/30/95(5591). EFE (Madrid), 5/5/95; in FBIS-TAC-95-003, 5/5/95 (5591).

BRAZIL WITH GERMANY

9/18/95-9/21/95During a state visit to Germany, BrazilianPresident Cardoso will meet with GermanPresident Roman Herzog and Prime Minis-ter Helmut Kohl in an effort to forge greatercooperation between the two countries inthe areas of space and nuclear technology.According to Brazilian Strategic AffairsSecretary Sardenberg, German cooperationin Brazil’s SLV program will be “facilitated”after Brazil becomes a member of theMTCR.

Odail Figueiredo, O Estado De Sao Paulo (SaoPaulo), 9/19/95, p. A4; in FBIS-TAC-95-005, 9/19/95 (5590).

BRAZIL WITH INDIA, ISRAEL AND PRC

3/95Israel, China, Brazil, and India are report-edly cooperating on the development of theArrow anti-missile system.

Viktor Mizin, Yadernyy Kontrol (Moscow), 3/95,pp. 12-17; in FBIS-UST-044, 11/1/95 (5641).

BRAZIL WITH:MTCR, 181

BRAZIL WITH RUSSIA

9/4/95*

General Roberto Jugurta de Camara Senna,third deputy chief of the Brazilian ArmyStaff, says Brazil has acquired Russian Iglamissiles for its anti-aircraft batteries. Sennacites the purchase of these accurate missilesas an example of how Brazil intends to mod-ernize its forces as part of the “Ground Force2000 (FT 2000)” program.

Cesar Felicio, Gazeta Mercantil (Sao Paulo), 9/4/95, p. A6; in FBIS-LAT-95-179, 9/4/95 (5588).

BRAZIL WITH UKRAINE

10/95The head of the Ukrainian Space AgencyAlexander Negoda expresses an interest inusing Brazil’s Alcantara Launch Center(CLA) and in launching a Brazilian satel-

lite in 1996. Ukraine has reportedly of-fered to assist Brazil’s SLV program.

Space News, 10/30/95-11/5/95, pp. 1, 20 (5580).

10/25/95Ukrainian President Leonid Kuchma de-clares that his country and Brazil are dis-cussing potential cooperative efforts involv-ing space technology. Kuchma says thatBrazil offers an inexpensive space launchsite, while Ukraine could supply Brazil with“advanced missile technology.” Ukraine isinterested in using Brazil’s CLA in order toconduct test launches.

Reuter, 10/25/95; in Executive News Service, 10/26/95 (5587).

BRAZIL WITH UNITED STATES

3/12/95*

According to General Jose Elisande BayoBarros, director of the Department of Re-search and Development in Brazil’s Minis-try of Aeronautics, NASA launched 30 rock-ets from the Alcantara Launch Center CLAin 1994 as part of an agreement with AEB.Seventy-five NASA technicians and scien-tists, along with 280 technicians and re-searchers from CLA and INPE, participatedin Operation Guara, the name given to thelaunches collectively. General Elisandeviews the operation as an important indica-tor of CLA’s technical expertise in launch-ing small and medium-sized rockets.

Joaquim Monteiro, Correio Braziliense (Brasilia),3/12/95, p. 20; in FBIS-TAC-95-003, 3/12/95(5317).

7/24/95*

AEB is preparing to conclude an agreementwith NASA to increase cooperation betweenthe two organizations. The planned agree-ment will include space research projectsand work involving the space shuttle.

O Estado De Sao Paulo (Sao Paulo), 7/24/95, p.A3; in FBIS-LAT-95-150, 7/24/95 (5506).

10/30/95*

Manuel Montenegro, the head of the sci-ence and technology section at Brazil’s em-bassy in Washington, says that U.S. compa-nies such as Lockheed Martin and RockwellInternational have shown an interest in us-ing the Alcantara launch site.

Space News, 10/30/95-11/5/95, pp. 1, 20 (5580).

BRUNEI


9/23/95*

Brunei is interested in acquiring an offshorepatrol vessel fitted with a “vertical launchmissile system.” Brunei’s requirement forthree 1,000 ton patrol vessels originated in1989. Brunei is now reportedly consider-ing ships with a larger displacement than1,000 tons, in order to fit extra equipment,including the vertical launch missile system.Bruneian officials are scheduled to visit sev-eral shipyards in 10/95.

Jane’s Defence Weekly, 9/23/95, p. 15 (5386).

CANADA

CANADA WITH GERMANY, NETHER-LANDS, SPAIN, AND UNITED STATES

10/23/95*

Canada, Germany, the Netherlands, and theU.S. are working together to develop theLocal Area Missile System to defend againstASCMs. The system will be based onNATO’s Sea Sparrow missile and fitted on-board a new class of anti-air frigate whichwill be developed with Spain. The newmissile will employ an infrared search andscan system and a “new ship’s combat sys-tem.”


CHILE

CHILE WITH MAURITIUS

9/25/95Mauritius orders a 75 m patrol boat “de-signed to carry missiles” from Chile’s Na-

165



val Docks and Yards (Asmar) in Talcahuano.The boat is scheduled to be ready on 5/10/96 and will cost between $20 to $22 mil-lion. According to Captain Hernan Barria,Asmar-Talcahuano’s manager, Mauritiuswill use the boat to defend its “exclusive eco-nomic zone” and to “police” the region.

Patricio Gomes, El Mercurio (Santiago), 9/25/95,p. C6; in FBIS-LAT-95-198, 9/25/95 (5441).

CHILE WITH UNITED KINGDOM

9/6/95Chile’s Fabricaciones Militares (FAMAE)signs an agreement with British Aerospace’sRoyal Ordnance Division to produce theRayo artillery rocket system through theirco-owned FAMAE Ordnance Ltda. Thecooperative agreement covers production ofapproximately 200 rockets, one launcher,and a fire control system. The initial sys-tems will consist of two packs of 12 rocketswith a maximum range of 40 km. Rayowill be produced and assembled in Chile,but the “strip laminated rocket casing” andthe high explosive rocket warheads will beimported from the U.K. The 160 mm, 24-round Rayo system is fitted on-board a 3 X6 Mercedes-Benz truck, but it can also bemounted on other types of chassis. TheChilean Army is expected to issue a pro-duction order for the Rayo system beforethe contract expires in 36 months.

Michael Sperling, Defense News, 9/18/95, p. 44(5586). Jane’s Defence Weekly, 9/16/95, p. 5(5586).

COMMONWEALTH OFINDEPENDENT STATES

(CIS)

CIS WITH FRANCE, SOUTH AFRICA,AND UNITED STATES

7/3/95*

Officials from South Africa’s OverbergToersbaan (OTB) test range are currentlyexamining the possible establishment ofcooperative space ventures with the U.S.,France, and the CIS, so that OTB space

launch facilities can be utilized fully.Aviation Week and Space Technology, 7/3/95, pp.62-65 (5479).

COLUMBIA


9/95*

Colombia allocates U.S. $108 million tomodernize its navy; included in the programare upgrades to four Almirante Padilla classcorvettes equipped with eight MM-40Exocet missiles. Columbia also plans toacquire two new corvettes to operate on itsCaribbean coast, and expresses an interestin former Soviet Osa II class missile attackships.

Adrian English, Jane’s Intelligence Review, 9/95,pp. 424-426 (5589).

COLOMBIA WITH RUSSIA

9/95*

Colombia is reportedly interested in acquir-ing SA-9, SA-11, and SA-13 missiles fromRussia.

Adrian English, Jane’s Intelligence Review, 9/95,pp. 424-426 (5589).

CROATIA


Early 8/95Before their launch sites are overrun by theCroatian Army, Croatian Serbs fire a FROG-7 (Luna-M) rocket at Zagreb from Knin.


8/95Croatian forces capture large quantities ofSerbian military equipment, includingOrkan multiple rocket launchers, during“Operation Storm” in northern Krajina.Croatian forces also capture 60 km-rangeSA-N-2 ‘Styx’ sea-to-sea missiles from the

Serbs outside Knin.Igor Alborghetti, Globus (Zagreb), 8/18/95, p.2;in FBIS-EEU-95-165, 8/18/95 (5564).

CROATIA WITH RUSSIA

Late 5/95Croatia displays four Russian-made SA-10‘Grumble’ (S-300) missile tubes in Zagreb;Croatia acquired SA-10 air-defense systemsdespite the U.N. embargo on arms sales tothe former Yugoslav republic. Accordingto some sources, Croatia has a self-propelledSA-10B system, although NATO’s electronicwarfare forces have not detected any signsof the radar emissions associated with thissystem.

International Defense Review, 7/95, pp. 6, 9 (5563).David A. Fulghum, Aviation Week & Space Tech-nology, 7/31/95, pp. 20-21 (5609).

CROATIA WITH UNITED STATES

7/95*

U.N. military observers report Croatia’s useof U.S.-manufactured Gnat 750 RPVs in theKarlovac area and over Bihac in Bosnia.Croatia uses the RPVs to detect weak spotsin Serb defenses in Western Slavonia. Con-troversy surrounds Croatia’s acquisition ofthe Gnat 750 RPV because the CIA report-edly deployed them on the islands of Brac,before they were taken over by Croatia.

International Defense Review, 7/95, pp. 6, 9 (5563).

CZECH REPUBLIC

CZECH REPUBLIC WITH:Belarus, NATO, Russia, andUkraine, 161

ECUADOR

ECUADOR WITH:Azores and Slovakia, 161



166

EGYPT

EGYPT WITH KUWAIT

7/29/95*

Kuwait is reportedly considering the pur-chase of Sakr-36 rocket launchers fromEgypt’s Arab Organization for Industrial-ization.

Jacques de Lestapis, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 7/29/95, pp.26-32 (5427).

EGYPT WITH PRC

9/2/95*

Egypt maintains two Chinese-built Jianqhufrigates in their naval inventory; both shipsare armed with HY-2 Silkworm ASMs.

James Bruce, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 9/2/95, pp.51-54 (5395).

EGYPT WITH SPAIN

9/2/95*

Egypt has two Spanish-built Descubiertaclass frigates armed with Harpoon ASMs.


EGYPT WITH UNITED STATES

8/21/95*

The U.S. approves the transfer of Harpoonmissiles and surplus Knox and Perry-classwarships to the Egyptian Navy.

Sharone Parnes, Defense News, 8/21/95, pp.4, 28(5308).

9/2/95*

The U.S. is upgrading the Egyptian Navy’sfour Chinese-manufactured Romeo classsubmarines by fitting them with HarpoonASMs, Mk 37 torpedoes, advanced fire-con-trol systems, passive and active sonars, anddata links. One of the submarines has al-ready been upgraded and returned to ser-vice with the Egyptian Navy. Egypt is alsoleasing two Knox class frigates armed withHarpoon ASMs from the U.S.


FRANCE WITH GERMANY, ITALY, AND

UNITED KINGDOM

10/23/95*

France, Germany and the U.K. are sched-uled to sign an agreement in 11/95 to ini-tiate joint development of the Principal Anti-Air Missile System (PAAMS). PAAMS willbe fitted on-board their jointly developedHorizon frigate. PAAMS is based on theFuture Surface-to-Air Family of missiles—which France and Italy have been develop-ing since 1988—and will include the medium-range Sol-Air Moyenne Portee modifiedversion of the Standard Missile. AlthoughPAAMS and the Future Surface-to-Air Fam-ily of missiles do not have theater missiledefense capabilities, France’s Eurosam anda consortium of companies from the U.K.,under the leadership of British Aerospace,are “conducting studies in this field.”


FRANCE WITH GERMANY, ITALY, AND

UNITED STATES

2/95France, Germany, Italy, and the U.S. agreeto develop the Medium-Range Extended AirDefense System (MEADS). Under theagreement, France’s Aerospatiale andThomson-CSF have a 20 percent stake inthe missile project. Germany’s DASA Si-emens also has a 20 percent share, whileItaly’s Alenia has a 10 percent stake.MEADS is designed to defend against cruisemissiles, UAVs, battlefield ballistic missiles,and aircraft.

O.P., La Tribune Desfosses (Paris), 8/11/95, p. 8;in FBIS-TAC-95-016-L, 9/1/95 (5266). Flight In-ternational, 10/25/95-10/31/95, p. 14 (5352).David A. Fulghum, Aviation Week and Space Tech-nology, 10/30/95, p. 53 (5438). Mark Hewish,International Defense Review, 8/95, pp. 28-34(5632).

8/95France’s General Delegate for WeaponsHenri Conze expresses concern that the jointU.S.-European development of an anti-mis-sile system is under threat due to a lack ofU.S. Congressional support for the project.

O.P., La Tribune Desfosses (Paris), 8/11/95, p. 8;in FBIS-TAC-95-016-L, 9/1/95 (5266).

EUROPEAN UNION


7/1/95Under new E.U. legislation, all export li-censes for dual-use technology issued by anE.U. state will be valid in the 14 other mem-ber states. The new legislation will attemptto harmonize lists of exportable goods withinthe E.U. Although licenses will not beneeded for most of the equipment on thislist to move between member states, the stateof origin may still need to be notified.


FRANCE

FRANCE WITH:Brazil, 163CIS, South Africa, and UnitedStates, 165

FRANCE WITH IRAQ

10/13/95U.N. and U.S. officials accuse Iraq of co-vertly purchasing missile-related compo-nents and technology, including a French-supplied $1 million furnace capable ofmanufacturing missile engine parts.UNSCOM head Rolf Ekeus asserts thatBaghdad has also placed orders for othermissile-related “technologies, supplies, andmaterial” from abroad. U.N. officials as-sert that Iraq does not appear to have as-sembled any new Scud missiles, but hasstockpiled and concealed materials, possi-bly to manufacture them in the future.

R. Jeffrey Smith, Washington Post, 10/14/95, pp.A1, A20 (5423).

167



10/95The U.S. Army chooses Lockheed MartinIntegrated Systems Inc. and H & R Com-pany (a joint venture involving Raytheon andHughes Aircraft) to be the principal Ameri-can contractors for the international MEADSproject. Both U.S. concerns are expectedto receive contracts in 1/96, after France,Germany, Italy, and the U.S. conclude aMEADS project MoU. After the MoU hasbeen signed, each U.S. participant will joinone of two European teams, both staffedwith personnel from the French companiesAerospatiale and Thomson-CSF, the Ger-man firms Daimler-Benz and Siemens, andItaly’s Alenia. The resultant two U.S.-Eu-ropean teams will compete during theMEADS project’s “definition and valida-tion phase,” with one team progressing tothe full-scale “design and development”stage in 1999.

Jane’s Defence Weekly, 10/21/95, p.6 (5352). Avia-tion Week & Space Technology, 10/23/95, p. 21(5352).

10/30/95*

According to critics, the MEADS system’sground-based radar has only a limitedcapability to detect low-flying missiles oraircraft because it is hindered by the Earth’scurvature. In order to rectify this problem,researchers are considering mounting radarsystems on unmanned helicopters and teth-ered balloons.

David A. Fulghum, Aviation Week and Space Tech-nology, 10/30/95, p. 53 (5438).

FRANCE WITH ITALY

6/95France and Italy sign an MoU to manufac-ture the land-based SAMP/T air-defensesystem within the Future Surface-To-AirFamily (FSAF) program. The SAMP/T isscheduled for deployment with the Italianand French Armies, and the French AirForce, in 1999. France’s Aerospatiale andThomson-CSF along with Italy’s Alenia,have joined to form the Eurosam consor-tium which will develop, test and produceessential elements of the SAMP/T.

Mark Hewish, International Defense Review, 8/95,pp. 28-34 (5632).

FRANCE WITH KUWAIT

7/29/95*

The Kuwaiti Navy considers the acquisitionof Aerospatiale’s 75 km-range Exocet MM-40 Block 2 (A) ASM to fulfil its OffshoreMissile Vessel (OMV) SSM/ASM require-ment. Kuwait currently deploys the ExocetMM-38/40 Block 1 aboard two Lurssenships.

Jane’s Defence Weekly, 7/29/95, pp. 34-36 (5427).E.R. Hooton, International Defense Review, 7/95,pp. 73-79 (5427).

FRANCE WITH SAUDI ARABIA

Mid-10/95French Defense Minister Charles Millondiscusses the possible sale of missiles andother military equipment with Saudi Ara-bian officials in Jeddah. Millon says KingFahd assured him that Saudi Arabia willapproach France to fulfill some of its futuremilitary requirements.

Reuter, 10/15/95; Executive News Service, 10/16/95 (5392).

FRANCE WITH TAIWAN

7/5/95Taiwanese naval officials say six Lafayette-class missile frigates purchased from Francemay form part of a new anti-submarine flo-tilla, “Fleet 168,” to be based at ChungchengNaval Base in the northeastern city of Suao,Ilan County. Delivery of the frigates is ex-pected to begin in late 1996.

Sofia Wu, CNA (Taipei), 7/5/95; in FBIS-CHI-95-151, 7/5/95 (5550).

GERMANY


4/95*

Germany plans to publish a list of develop-ing world companies associated with thespread of missiles and weapons of mass de-struction (WMD); however, due to intelli-gence and other considerations, the list willnot include all companies believed to be

involved in such activities. While Iranian,Iraqi, Libyan, and North Korean entities willbe included, Bonn is reportedly hesitant toname companies in profitable market areassuch as China, India, and Israel. Officialssay German firms will need Federal ExportOffice permission to ship items to compa-nies appearing on the list, which still awaitsapproval by the Foreign and Economic Min-istries. In addition, the list will be pub-lished to help German companies complywith the E.U.’s new “catch-all” clause—scheduled to take effect in 7/95—that requiresa firm to inform the government if it sus-pects its products will be used in WMD andmissile production.

Risk Report, 4/95, pp. 1, 10 (5611).

10/95Daimler-Benz Aerospace (DASA) warns theGerman government that the future of sev-eral key military programs under develop-ment, including the international MediumRange Extended Air Defense System(MEADS), could be placed in jeopardy ifBonn fails to commit firmly to the procure-ment of these systems.

Pierre Sparaco, Aviation Week and Space Technol-ogy, 10/30/95, pp. 26-27 (5481).

GERMANY WITH:Australia and United States, 160Brazil, 163, 164Canada, Netherlands, Spain, andUnited States, 164France, Italy, and UnitedKingdom, 166France, Italy, and United States,166

GERMANY WITH INDIA

6/30/95*

India’s Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre(LPSC) is paying 50 crore rupees to theGerman firm Linde for assistance in mak-ing liquid hydrogen at its liquid hydrogenproduction complex in Mahendragiri, nearTirunelveli in Tamil Nadu.

Raj Chengappa, India Today, 6/30/95, pp. 128-129;in FBIS-TAC-95-014-L, 6/30/95 (5407).



168

GERMANY WITH IRAQ

10/13/95A U.N. official asserts that firms in Europe,including Germany, are among the suppli-ers of missile-related technologies and ma-terials to Iraq. Iraq admits to obtaining someof the materials to support its Ibn al-Haytham missile research laboratory nearBaghdad and two similar sites, but assertsthe materials were intended for the manu-facture of short-range missiles only, whichis permitted under the U.N. embargo. Ac-cording to U.N. officials, these materialscould be utilized in the production of bothshort- and medium-range missiles.


GERMANY WITH JAPAN AND

UNITED STATES

10/23/95*

Japan includes the U.S.-German RollingAirframe Missile system in its five-yeardefense plan.


GERMANY WITH:MTCR, 182

GERMANY WITH NETHERLANDS AND

NATO

8/95*

Germany and the Netherlands draw up aMoU to establish a joint “Patriot/Hawk clus-ter” to be deployed with NATO’s Rapid Re-action Forces. The cluster will be deployedeither on NATO’s southern border or “out-of-area.”

International Defense Review, 8/95, p. 9 (5436).

GERMANY WITH NETHERLANDS, NATO,AND UNITED STATES

10/95NATO forces from Germany, the U.S., andthe Netherlands conduct a TMD exerciseover Denmark, Germany, the Benelux states,parts of France, and the North Sea, duringthe organization’s annual “Cold Fire” exer-

cise. The scenario involves Patriot SAMunits from the Royal Netherlands Air Force,the German Luftwaffe, and the U.S. Armypractising their local area defense rolesagainst a simulated TBM attack. AlliedForces Central Command and the U.S. Eu-ropean Command’s TMD cell collaborateto organize the scenario, which is similar tothe U.S. Central Command’s “Roving Sands”exercise of 5/95.


GERMANY WITH NETHERLANDS AND

UNITED STATES

Late 4/95-early 5/95Ground-based air-defense units from Ger-many and the Netherlands participate forthe first time in the “Roving Sands 95” air-defense exercise. The exercise takes placein New Mexico and western Texas, and in-volves live and simulated TBM operationsto provide a forum for testing TMD capa-bilities of U.S. and allied forces within theCentral Command.

Joris Janssen Lok, International Defense Review, 8/95 (5474).

GERMANY WITH RUSSIA

9/25/95*

The joint venture Eurorocket, formed byDaimler-Benz of Germany and Russia’sKhrunichev State Research and ProductionSpace Center, hopes to launch a satellitefrom a missile silo at the Baikonurcosmodrome in 10/96. In 1997, Eurorocketalso plans to begin launching commercialpayloads with Rockot SLVs from thePlesetsk cosmodrome in northern Russia.Rocket is a converted SS-19 missile.

Space News, 9/25/95-10/1/95, p. 18 (5349).

GERMANY WITH SYRIA

4/95*

Syria’s Centre d’Etudes de RecherchesScientifiques (CERS) and its Higher Insti-tute of Applied Science and Technology(HIAST) appear on Germany’s export con-trol watch lists. According to an officialwho monitors Germany’s trade with sensi-tive countries, CERS and HIAST cooperateclosely with one another. CERS is identi-

fied as an organization of concern in para-graph 5e of Germany’s national trade law;all products destined to the center require aGerman export license. According to oneGerman official, paragraph 5e only includesSyrian projects, but these may be removedif Syrian-Israeli relations improve.

Risk Report, 4/95, p. 11 (5499).

GERMANY WITH UNITED STATES

9/95The German Ministry of Defense (MOD)requests $15.3 million (DM23 million) tofinance the upgrade of 96 Patriot PAC-2SAMs to Guidance Enhanced Missile(GEM) standard. The MOD plans to con-clude a deal with the U.S. companiesRaytheon and Allied Signal to perform theupgrade. According to the MOD, the GEMswill be capable of engaging TBMs at longerranges and with greater success. The MODintends to keep the GEMs in operation withPatriot PAC-3s, which it plans to acquireafter 2001.


HUNGARY

HUNGARY WITH ROMANIA

10/4/95After a meeting with Hungarian DefenseMinister Gyorgy Keleti, Romanian DefenseMinister Gheorghe Tinca says that Bucharestwants to “get rid of its medium-range mis-siles.” However, Tinca adds that it wouldcost more than $10 million to do so andthat, in any event, Romania’s weapons donot threaten Hungary. Tinca also meetsdeputies from the Hungarian Parliament’sDefense and Foreign Affairs Committee whohave been campaigning to have neighbor-ing countries (such as Romania) copy Hun-gary by dismantling their “offensive me-dium-range missiles.”

MTI (Budapest), 10/4/95; in FBIS-EEU-95-194-A, 10/4/95 (5351).

169



INDIA


1/95India’s Nishant battlefield surveillance andreconnaissance UAV flies for the first time.The Nishant was previously known as theFalcon.

Flight International, 7/12/95-7/18/95, p. 16 (5414).

1/95*

According to the CIA, India is developinga lightweight nuclear warhead which it candeliver to Beijing on its Agni ballistic mis-sile. India can also produce an ICBM if itmodified its new space rocket into a SSMmode and developed a reliable long-rangeguidance system.

Risk Report, 1/95-2/95, pp. 3-9 (5488)

1/95*

A U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) studyasserts that India remains deficient in sev-eral key technological areas in the missilefield: guidance, navigation, computers, sen-sors, electronics, composites, and propul-sion. New Delhi is looking to acquire light-weight, heat-resistant composite materialsto manufacture rocket nozzles and motorcases. According to a U.S. State Depart-ment official, although India currently pro-duces its own gyroscopes, it is seekinghigher quality products to enhance the sta-bilization and accuracy of its missile sys-tems. India also wants superior accelerom-eters to measure missile speeds more pre-cisely, laser radars to enhance guidance ca-pabilities, and integrated circuits for mis-sile and rocket guidance systems. In termsof dual-use items, India seeks to import:oscilloscopes; torque motors; the aluminumalloy 2024-T3, together with protective coat-ings; ceramic chip capacitors; an FM sig-nal generator; function generators; a videoimaging module; software and equipmentfor designing optical systems; gas field ef-fect transistors and bare semiconductorchips; and gear head DC motors withslewing ring bearings.

Risk Report, 1/95-2/95, pp. 3-9 (5488)

6/24/95*

Pakistani President Farooq Ahmad KhanLeghari says India’s Prithvi, Agni, and in-tercontinental ballistic missile developmentprograms may lead to an arms race on thesubcontinent. Leghari says India’s missilesare also causing problems for other coun-tries because they can reach as far as China,Iran, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia.

PTV Television Network (Islamabad), 6/24/95; inFBIS-TAC-95-014-L, 6/24/95 (5335).

6/30/95*

G. Madhaven Nair replaces A.E.Muthunayagam as director of the IndianSpace Research Organization’s (ISRO) Liq-uid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC). TheLPSC is currently developing a 7.5 ton-thrust cryogenic engine for the final stageof the Geosynchronous Satellite LaunchVehicle (GSLV). This cryogenic engine willuse super-cooled liquid oxygen and hydro-gen; accordingly, India must acquire the ca-pability to handle temperatures ranging from-250 degrees celsius (during fuel storage)to 2,000 degrees celsius (in the engine’sthrust chambers). India currently lacks thepowdered metallurgy and special alloys re-quired to allow the engine’s thrust cham-bers, turbines, and tanks to withstand suchextreme temperature variations. The cryo-genic engine also requires 43,000 RPMturbo pumps that can tolerate extreme pres-sure and temperature changes. At present,India is only capable of developing a 15,000RPM turbo pump for liquid fuels. LPSCscientists will also need to acquire the ex-pertise necessary to fabricate the engine’sinjector unit, which features complex doublevalve systems, and to machine the tiny heli-cal grooves required during the “regenera-tive cooling process” in the inner thrustchamber. The GSLV’s first launch is sched-uled for mid-1997.

Raj Chengappa, India Today, 6/30/95, pp. 128-129;in FBIS-TAC-95-014-L, 6/30/95 (5407).

7/95*

India’s Pilotless Target Aircraft (PTA) has a3 m wingspan, a 5.93 m fuselage, and amaximum speed of 0.8 Mach. The droneweighs 630 kg with two towed bodies and

has an operational ceiling of 9,000 m. Theaircraft is launched by a rocket booster fit-ted under its tail and is propelled when air-borne by a 3,000 kg static thrust gas-tur-bine engine. The PTA is used for trainingpilots in air-to-air combat and for towingtargets to train surface-to-air missile troops.


7/12/95Pakistani Foreign Minister Sardar Asif Aliannounces that his country has sufficientproof to indicate that India has deployed itsPrithvi ballistic missiles against Pakistan.

Xinhua (Beijing), 7/12/95; in FBIS-CHI-95-134,7/12/95 (5404).

7/12/95*

India’s Aeronautical Development Establish-ment anticipates that its domestically-pro-duced Nishant UAV will be in use by theIndian Army in late 1996.


7/16/95Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, scientific advisorto the Indian Defense Minister, tells BharatDynamics Limited (BDL) that India shouldcontinue to pursue self-reliance in missiletechnology, despite international pressure tothe contrary. Kalam commends BDL forproducing the Prithvi missile.

Deccan Chronicle (Hyderabad), 7/17/95, p. 7; inFBIS-NES-95-144, 7/17/95 (5412).

7/18/95Following a U.S. government report thatChina had delivered M-11 missiles toIslamabad, an Indian government officialsays India will match Pakistan’s new mis-sile capability. Indian External AffairsMinister Pranab Mukherjee says New Delhiwill be forced to increase its own missilestockpile to maintain the region’s securitybalance.

UPI, 7/18/95; in Executive News Service, 7/19/95(5490).

7/24/95ISRO conducts a successful 200-second test-fire of an indigenously produced liquid fuelengine—developed by LPSC for the GSLV—at Mahendragiri in Tamil Nadu. The testevaluates the performance of the “ silica-phe-nolic throat of the engine nozzle” that is



170

designed to withstand temperatures of 1,300degrees centigrade during launch. Accord-ing to LPSC Director Dr. G. MadhavenNair, it is the first time the 60-ton enginehas been subjected to a 200 second test-fire.Indian Prime Minister Narasimha Rao com-mends the chairman of the Indian SpaceCommission Dr. K. Kasturirangan for thesuccessful indigenous development of liq-uid propulsion systems. Meanwhile, India’sPSLV-D3 is reportedly being prepared forits next flight and is almost ready for launch.

Space News, 8/7/95-8/13/95, p. 16 (5416). S.K.Seshachandrika, All India Radio Network (Delhi),7/26/95; in FBIS-NES-95-144, 7/26/95 (5416). AllIndia Radio Network (Delhi), 7/25/95; in FBIS-NES-95-144, 7/25/95 (5416). Doordarshan Tele-vision Network (Delhi), 8/3/95; in FBIS-NES-95-153, 8/3/95 (5416).

7/25/95*

India initiates full-scale Prithvi productionand the Army asks the Ministry of Defencefor 100 of the missiles.

Jang (Rawalpindi), 7/25/95, p. 10; in FBIS-NES-95-145, 7/25/95 (5324).

7/28/95*

According to an editorial in Pakistan’s Jang,India is in the final stages of manufacturingand testing the Surya ICBM, which is re-ported to have a range of between 12,000and 20,000 km.

Jang (Rawalpindi), 7/28/95, p. 3; in FBIS-TAC-95-004, 7/28/95 (5403).

8/95*

India’s Defence Research and DevelopmentOrganization (DRDO) modifies a road-mo-bile BMP-2 infantry combat vehicle to trans-port and launch three Akash SAMs. TheBMP-2 has a rotatable launcher with theAkash SAM mounted in the ready-to-launchposition. The Akash’s “multi-function 3Dphased array radar” and its missile commandpost vehicle are also fitted on the modifiedBMP-2 chassis.

Jane’s Intelligence Review Pointer, 8/95, p. 5 (5415).

Early 8/95Indian Defence Minister Achutan Nambiarannounces that, depending on strategic cir-cumstances, the Agni IRBM may be de-ployed with the Indian military. Accordingto DRDO sources, the Agni test programhas cost $11.6 million to date. The next

phase, which will involve the manufactureof five missiles, will cost an additional $16.6million.

Farhan Bokhari and Vivek Raghuvanshi, DefenseNews, 8/28/95, pp. 1, 20 (5405).

8/3/95*

India’s 150 km- and 250 km-range Prithvimissiles will be deployed with the IndianArmy. Both versions are liquid-fueled andare capable of delivering 1,000 kg and 500kg warheads respectively.

The Asian Age (Delhi), 8/3/95, p. 13; in FBIS-TAC-95-016-L, 8/3/95 (5327).

8/22/95Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir Bhuttoasks Western nations to pressure India tostop Prithvi and Agni development; Bhuttobelieves the missiles constitute a nuclearthreat to the region.

Farhan Bokhari and Vivek Raghuvanshi, DefenseNews, 8/28/95, pp. 1, 20 (5405).

8/24/95A report from India’s Parliamentary Stand-ing Committee on Defence asserts that In-dia must continue its missile program dueto China’s indigenous missile improvementsand to Beijing’s assistance to Pakistan in themissile area. The report says the Prithvimissile has been developed and is ready tobe incorporated into the military. India’sdevelopment of the Trishul, Akash, andAgni missiles should reportedly be finishedby 1995-96. The committee also hopes thatIndia’s Integrated Guided Missile Develop-ment Progam will develop “high-caliber”missile technology in the near future. Ac-cording to the report, MTCR restrictionshave promoted India’s self-reliance in mis-sile production, and therefore New Delhino longer depends on other countries for itsmissile technology.

Dainik Jagran (Delhi), 9/4/95, p. 11; in FBIS-NES-95-176, 9/4/95 (5420). Farhan Bokhari and VivekRaghuvanshi, Defense News, 8/28/95, pp. 1, 20(5405).

8/24/95The Indian Parliament’s Standing Commit-tee on Defence states that the $45.3 millionIntegrated Electronic Warfare Program(IEWP) and the Samyukta electronic war-fare program will be united and managedby the DRDO. According to a government

source, the project includes indigenous pro-duction of carbon-carbon materials withprimary dependence on technology transferand “concurrent engineering of foreign-de-veloped parts.” The DRDO project will fo-cus on electronic warfare capabilities anddefensive arms designed to “deflect and de-stroy incoming missiles.”

Vivek Raghuvanshi, Space News, 9/4/95, p. 9(5410).

8/21/95*

India’s four-stage, solid-fuel, AugmentedSLV (ASLV), and its solid/liquid-fuel, four-stage Polar SLV PSLV, enter the commer-cial space launch market.

Aviation Week and Space Technology, 8/21/95, p.S6 (5426).

8/27/95Pakistani President Farooq Ahmad KhanLeghari tells U.S. Senators Hank Brown andArlen Specter that India’s Prithvi missile is“Pakistan specific.” Leghari adds that India’sPrithvi production and its Agni missile de-velopment program have precipitated a re-gional arms race.

The Muslim (Islamabad), 8/28/95, p. 1; in FBIS-NES-95-167, 8/28/95 (5413).

8/29/95The DRDO will cut 618 “small and mediumprojects” in order to focus on more impor-tant weapons-related projects, including itsmissile program. An Indian Defense Min-istry official says the DRDO will remainresponsible for the integrated missile pro-gram and the integrated electronic warfareproject. DRDO seeks a 191 Rs crore in-crease from its 1994-1995 budget of Rs 1185crore to finance, among other items, “theinduction” of Prithvi and Trishul missiles.

Business Standard (Delhi), 8/29/95, p. 2; in FBIS-TAC-95-005, 8/29/95 (5388).

8/29/95Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir Bhuttosays that India’s missile production programmust be restricted because it threatens Pa-kistan and the region as a whole. Bhuttostates that although India’s missile programis “Pakistan-specific,” it also poses a nuclearthreat to Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia,and Yemen.


171



Early 9/95The Indian Cabinet approves a Ministry ofDefence sponsored plan creating a DefenceExports Board to boost international salesof indigenously manufactured weapons.Administration of the new board will bemodeled on the Antrix Corporation of Ban-galore, the commercial division of ISRO.According to government sources, a direc-tor for the new board will be appointed bythe end of 1995. The Indian Cabinet is stillconsidering the scope of the board’s author-ity. Brigadier Jasjit Singh, an “Indian Armyacquisition official,” says the Defence Ex-port Board will sell weapons and technol-ogy produced by the DRDO, state-owneddefense manufacturers, and ordnance facto-ries.

Vivek Raghuvanshi, Defense News, 10/16/95, p. 42(5489).

Early 9/95According to the Indian Defence Ministry,Delhi’s continuation of the Agni missileproject is essential in view of Beijing’s mis-sile program and China’s missile-relatedassistance to Pakistan. The Indian govern-ment is reportedly evaluating its futuredefense requirement for the Agni missile,following the successful test of the Agni-03re-entry vehicle.

Dainik Jagran (Delhi), 9/4/95, p. 11; in FBIS-NES-95-176, 9/4/95 (5420).

9/11/95*

India’s long-term defense export plans arereported to include the future sale of itsmedium-range Akash and Trishul missiles,and the Rajendra radar.

Vivek Raghuvanshi, Defense News, 9/11/95-9/17/95, p. 6 (5337).

9/27/95Pakistani Foreign Minister Sardar AseffAhmad Ali tells the U.N. General Assem-bly that India’s missile stockpile and navalstrength are a source of great anxiety forPakistan.


10/7/95*

According to a DRDO official, Hyderabad’sBharat Dynamics Limited is again produc-ing the Prithvi missile; the program was

halted earlier in 1995 under U.S. pressureto do so. Military sources in New Delhisay that, to date, the Indian Army has takendelivery of 18 to 20 Prithvis. The DRDOhas developed a simulator advanced enoughto train Prithvi operators in the 333rd mis-sile regiment to manage “in-flight emergen-cies.” According to a DRDO official, thePrithvi will not be deployed with the In-dian Air Force until its deployment withthe army is complete.

Rahul Bedi, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 10/7/95, p. 17(5399).

10/11/95*

India plans to launch the indigenously pro-duced IRS-P3 satellite using the PSLV in1995. The 930 kg satellite will be launchedfrom the Shriharikota launch site on thePSLV’s third development flight.


10/15/95*

According to defense sources, the assimila-tion of the Prithvi SRBM into the IndianArmy is proceeding well. The DRDO isalso developing a longer-range Prithvi mis-sile that can be fitted on-board ships andother moving platforms. The modifiedPrithvi might be deployed with India’s AirForce and Navy.

All India Radio Network (Delhi), 10/15/95; in FBIS-NES-95-199, 10/15/95 (5328).

10/23/95*

According to defense and industry sources,a “radar-absorbent coating” developed forIndia’s fighter aircraft will also be used inits missile and launch vehicle programs. Thecoating was developed by the DRDO’s Com-posite Material Research Laboratory inHyderabad and has already been applied tooperational aircraft.

Vivek Raghuvanshi, Defense News, 10/23/95-10/29/95, pp. 1, 44 (5331).

INDIA WITH:Brazil, Israel, and PRC, 164Germany, 167

INDIA WITH ISRAEL

8/94An Indian Army team tests the Hunter andSeeker RPVs in Israel; the team is report-edly satisifed with the vehicle’s performance.

Pravin Sawhney, The Asian Age (Delhi), 7/4/95, p.1; in FBIS-NES-95-135, 7/4/95 (5494).

3/95Israeli Aircraft Industries (IAI) signs a $50million contract with the Indian Air Forceto supply the Harpy anti-radiation drone.


Early 7/95A high-level Indian delegation, includingDefence Secretary Achutan Nambiar, visitsIsrael to discuss the final details of a tech-nology transfer package. The package in-cludes IAI’s “reconnaissance and anti-radia-tion” UAVs, including the Searcher UAV thatincorporates an “advanced day/night optronicpayload.”

Vivek Raghuvanshi and Michael J. Witt, DefenseNews, 7/10/95, pp. 3, 28 (5494). Flight Interna-tional, 7/19/95-7/25/95, p. 14 (5270).

7/3/95A DRDO official states that the Indian De-fence Ministry will buy approximately 32Searcher UAVs and two related ground con-trol systems from Israel. India is report-edly seeking to acquire the Searcher UAVsbecause they are designed to conduct real-time surveillance over enemy territory andcould be used to ensure the optimum per-formance of Prithvi missiles. The equip-ment—estimated to be worth approximately$30 million—could be transferred to India by1998 if an agreement is reached soon. Theofficial says the technology transfer will al-low India to indigenously produce a ver-sion of the UAV. India is also reportely seek-ing Israeli help for DRDO’s Falcon remotelypiloted vehicle (RPV), re-named theNishant, which has failed to meet the In-dian Army’s technical requirements. TheUAV package under negotiation was pre-ceded by an Indian contract to purchase theHarpy anti-radiation drone from IAI. Ac-cording to Indian sources, the approximately$50 million Harpy contract includes 16 ofthe 2.5 meter-long, delta-wing shaped



172

drones. The Harpy has a 100 kg takeoffweight and is fitted on-board a mobilelauncher.

Vivek Raghuvanshi and Michael J. Witt, DefenseNews, 7/10/95, pp. 3, 28 (5494). Pravin Sawhney,The Asian Age (Delhi), 7/4/95, p. 1; in FBIS-NES-95-135, 7/4/95 (5494). Jane’s Defence Weekly, 9/30/95, p. 17 (5494).

INDIA WITH:MTCR, 181

INDIA WITH PAKISTAN AND

UNITED STATES

7/31/95India’s Minister for External Affairs PranabMukherjee voices concern over the U.S.proposal to transfer 28 Harpoon SSMs andthree P-3C anti-submarine aircraft to Paki-stan.

Vivek Raghuvanshi, Defense News, 8/7/95-8/13/95,p. 12 (5329).

9/95*

A U.S. Arms Control and DisarmamentAgency (ACDA) report criticizes the “un-guarded” ballistic missile and nuclear pro-grams of both India and Pakistan. The re-port warns that the programs contribute tothe chances of nuclear weapons being usedin any future conflict on the Subcontinentand asserts that the U.S. is resolved to stopthe transfer of missiles and nuclear weapon-related technology to India and Pakistan.

Asian Defence Journal, 9/9/5 (5455).

INDIA WITH PRC

Mid-8/95During talks between China and India con-cerning maintenance of peace on the Indo-Chinese border, India raises the issue ofChinese sales of M-11 SSMs to Pakistan.China responds that its arms transfers toPakistan have been small in number.

A.J. Philip, All India Radio Network (Delhi), 8/21/95; in FBIS-NES-95-162, 8/21/95 (5293).

INDIA WITH RUSSIA

7/95*

India and Russia plan to jointly develop a“multi-purpose spacecraft” that will incor-porate a gamma-ray telescope. The system

is scheduled for launch in 1997.Flight International , 7/26/95-8/1/95, p. 20 (5636).

8/2/95Aleksandr Belikov, deputy head of the Rus-sian Foreign Economic Relations Ministry’sAsia Department, announces that Russia willnot sell missile technologies to India butwill instead supply ISRO with several cryo-genic boosters for its SLVs. Belikov saysthe majority of India’s imports from Russiawill be military-related in 1995-1996.

Aleksandr Korzun, Igor Porshnev, and YevgeniyTerekhov, Interfax (Moscow), 8/2/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-149, 8/2/95 (5636).

8/3/95Indian Foreign Minister Pranab Mukherjeearrives in Russia for a three-day visit. Ac-cording to Yuriy Kotov, director of the Rus-sian Foreign Ministry’s Third Asian Depart-ment, the trip is designed only to “comparenotes on the whole range of bilateral andinternational problems.”

Vladimir Abarinov, Segodnya (Moscow), 8/4/95,p. 9; in FBIS-SOV-95-152, 8/4/95 (5636).

Early 9/95Indian Defence Secretary Achutan Nambiaris reportedly unable to secure acquisitionof S-300 antiaircraft systems, and other de-fense equipment, from Russia.

Jason Glashow and Vivek Raghuvanshi, DefenseNews, 9/18/95-9/24/95, p. 6 (5397).

INDIA WITH UNITED KINGDOM

9/7/95Kishore Banerjee, vice president for liaisonof India’s Nippon Denro Ispat Ltd. (NDIL),says that NDIL and the U.K.’s GEC-Marconi are considering the establishmentof a “defense electronic equipment facility”in India. GEC-Marconi reportedly wantsto cooperate with NDIL in the joint devel-opment of avionics, radar, guided weapons,fire control systems, electronic warfare sys-tems, display technology, and systems inte-gration.

Michael Sperling, Defense News, 9/11/95-9/17/95,p. 44 (5326).

INDIA WITH UNITED STATES

1/95*

A State Department official says the U.S.recently sold ring laser gyroscopes to Indiafor use on its fighter aircraft but adds thatthe instruments cannot easily be adapted foruse in missile programs.

Risk Report, 1/95-2/95, pp. 3-9, (5488).

Spring 1995A U.S. federal court convicts Fiber Materi-als Inc.’s Chief Executive Officer WalterLachman and President Maurice H. Subiliafor transfer of a hot isostatic press controlpanel to India’s DRDO; the press is used inthe production of the Agni missile. To cir-cumvent U.S. export laws, Lachman andSubilia arranged to manufacture the isos-tatic press in Europe and to have it subse-quently shipped to India, along with the U.S.personnel to assemble it. Both Lachmanand Subilia are found guilty of violating theExport Administration Act and are sched-uled to be sentenced on 10/17/95. Accord-ing to Michael Schneider, an associate de-fending the executives, the DRDO pledgedto use the press to produce biomedical pros-thetics and brake-linings for commericalaircraft. According to a senior U.S. offi-cial, the isostatic press was designed spe-cifically for manufacturing weapons, and itsexport was restricted for reasons of nationalsecurity. The MTCR restricts the transferof isostatic presses that can function at tem-peratures of at least 600 degrees centigradeand that have an internal diameter of 10inches or greater. Presses of this type aredeemed suitable for producing missile bod-ies, nozzles, and nose cones.

Risk Report, 10/95, pp. 10-11 (5487). The ExportPractitioner, 7/31/95, p. 14 (5322).

8/3/95*

Under U.S. pressure, India scraps plans todevelop a 1,000 km-range, solid-fuel Prithvimissile capable of delivering a 500 kg war-head. The Indian Air Force requested the1,000 km-range Prithvi in 1991 to obtain aconventional missile capable of hitting tar-gets in China.

The Asian Age (Delhi), 8/3/95, p. 13; in FBIS-TAC-95-016-L, 8/3/95 (5327).

173



11/1/95*

India’s Bangalore-based National AerospaceLaboratories (NAL) is given a $130,000contract by the U.S.’s Boeing to study “air-craft damage tolerance.” NAL has an ISRO-built aerospace establishment and a “sci-entific computing division” that focuses on“computational fluid dynamics, computer-ized flight-control systems, and structuralanalysis.” The contract is the first of its kindawarded to an Indian firm.


IRAN


10/95According to the International Institute ofStrategic Studies (IISS), Iran’s 300-km rangeSSMs can target the cities of Al Jubayl inSaudi Arabia and San’a in Yemen. The IISSreports that these missiles can also targetsites in Bahrain, Qatar, Abu Dhabi, Dubai,and Muscat.

The Military Balance 1995-1996, 10/95, pp. 281-285 (5569).

10/16/95Ayatollah Ali Khamenei says Iran is manu-facturing “advanced electronic warfare equip-ment.” This claim was prompted either byU.S. military activity in the Middle East orby problems which the U.S. ban on dual-use technology trade with Iran might becausing Tehran.


IRAN WITH:Belarus, 161Bosnia and Russia, 162

IRAN WITH IRAQ AND SUDAN

10/95Muhammed al-Mu’tasim, the SudaneseDemocratic Opposition Party’s official incharge of information, claims that Iranianand Iraqi engineers, including some missileexperts, are helping to upgrade an old air-

field in East Sudan. Al-Mu’tasim says thisindicates Sudan’s intention to target all coun-tries around the Red Sea with its naval andair forces.

MENA (Cairo), 10/23/95; FBIS-NES-95-205, 10/23/95 (5475).

IRAN WITH LIBYA

5/2/95According to Israeli sources, Libya assistedIran in acquiring conventional warhead tech-nology to upgrade its No-dong-1 missilesto four times the explosive power of Scud-Bs.

Adel Darwish, Independent (London), 5/2/95, p.10; FBIS-TAC-95-003, 5/2/95 (5271).

IRAN WITH NORTH KOREA

5/2/95According to an Israeli intelligence report,North Korea has sent a dozen or more No-dong-1 missiles to Iran. Also referred to asthe Scud-D, the No-dong-1 is said to have arange of 1,500 km (900 miles) and couldtarget almost all of Israel from Iran. In ad-dition, North Korea has sold over 200 Scud-B missiles to Iran.

Adel Darwish, Independent (London), 5/2/95, p.10; FBIS-TAC-95-003, 5/2/95 (5271).

5/29/95-6/2/95During a visit to Iran by North Korean For-eign Minister Kim Young-nam, Iran report-edly proposes to pay in oil for $300 millionworth of Scud missiles previously purchasedfrom the DPRK.

Iran Brief, 8/1/95, p. 6 (5531).

8/95According to Israeli sources, before it re-cently halted its development efforts, NorthKorea intended to export the 1,000+ km-range (540 nm) No-dong to Iran and mayhave already shipped some No-dong tech-nology. North Korea is now helping Iranbuild a production facility for Scud-B andScud-C missiles.


IRAN WITH NORTH KOREA AND

SOUTH KOREA

6/24/95The Korea Trade Promotion Corporation(KOTRA) says it mistakenly reported Iran’shaving received missiles from North Koreain exchange for oil. The story was reportedin the Korea Times a week earlier. KOTRAspokesman Cho Tae-hyong expresses thehope that this error would not adverselyaffect the longstanding good relations be-tween Iran and South Korea.

Korea Times (Seoul), 7/25/95, p. 8; in FBIS-EAS-95-142, 7/25/95 (5284).

IRAN WITH PRC

7/3/95*

According to U.S. intelligence reports,China has exported sophisticated missileguidance systems and other equipment toIran. The equipment could enable Iran toimprove the accuracy of its Scud missilesand to produce other missiles.

Evan S. Medeiros, Arms Control Today, 7/95-8/95,p. 24 (5282).

7/7/95*

China plans to supply Iran with nuclear re-actors, scientific and technical training, ex-pertise, and components for missile produc-tion.

Aluf Ben, Ha’aretz (Tel Aviv), 7/7/95, p. B1; inFBIS-NES-95-133, 7/7/95 (5277).

IRAN WITH UNITED STATES

1/95*

The U.S. Bureau of Export Administrationreceives reports regarding several Iraniancompanies seeking to purchase sensitivetechnology from U.S. firms.

Risk Report, 1/95-2/95 (5625).



174

IRAQ


6/18/95*

The Iraqi News Agency (INA) claims thatUNSCOM has destroyed 140 Scud and Al-Hussein missiles, 18 mobile launchers, 40fixed launchers, 15 buildings, and 150 piecesof equipment. INA also says that UNSCOMhas destroyed 75 ballistic missiles armedwith chemical warheads.

Leon Barkho, Reuter, 6/18/95; in Executive NewsService, 6/18/95 (5577).

Early 7/95UNSCOM head Rolf Ekeus informs theSecurity Council that Iraq has procuredmachinery for manufacturing U.N.-prohib-ited missile systems.

Barbara Crossette, New York Times, 7/9/95, p. 7(5309).

7/7/95Nizar Hamdoon, Iraq’s representative to theU.N., requests that the Security Councildelay the destruction of five pieces of ma-chinery that could be used to manufactureballistic missiles. The letter indicates thatBaghdad wants to postpone the destructionuntil the issue of Iraq’s biological weaponsis resolved. The machinery has already beendisabled and disassembled, but has yet tobe destroyed.

Barbara Crossette, New York Times, 7/9/95, p. 7(5309).

7/19/95The Security Council reports that Iraq hasagreed to destroy five pieces of machineryused to manufacture banned missile engines.

New York Times, 7/20/95, p. A4 (5659).

7/20/95According to U.N. officials, Iraq beginsdestroying the five machine tools at an un-disclosed location.

James Bruce, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 7/29/95, p.13 (5431).

7/24/95U.N. spokesman Tim Trevan says Iraq hasdestroyed five pieces of equipment which itonce employed in the manufacture of bannedmissiles engines.


7/29/95*

The U.S. has satellite photographs indicat-ing that Iraq has rebuilt its al-Kindi missileresearch and development facility since theGulf War of 1991.

James Bruce, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 7/29/95, p.13 (5431).

Mid-8/95Two senior Iraqi defectors allege thatBaghdad intentionally misled U.N. inspec-tors regarding the number of SS-1 ‘Scud’SRBMs which Iraq retained after the GulfWar of 1991. The two defectors, Iraqi mili-tary-industries minister General HusseinKamel Hassan and his brother LieutenantColonel Saddam Kamel Hassan, were bothinvolved in Baghdad’s efforts to acquire along-range ballistic missile capability priorto their departure from Iraq on 8/8/95.Recent estimates say Iraq may be hidingbetween five and 13 mobile Scud launch-ers, and a number of missiles, underground.


8/18/95On Israel Television’s Channel 1, an un-named leader of the Iraqi opposition exiledin London claims that Baghdad retains 37operational Scud missiles. The unnamedindividual predicts that, if his regime col-lapses, Saddam Hussein will launch thesemissiles against Israel in a “farewell barage.”

Ma’ariv (Tel Aviv), 8/20/95, pp. 1, 2; in FBIS-NES-95-162, 8/20/95 (5660).

8/19/95Iraq provides UNSCOM with fresh infor-mation on its ballistic missile program.According to Ambassador Rolf Ekeus, theSpecial Commission is evaluating the newdata.

Leon Barkho, Washington Times, 8/20/95, p. A8(5568).

8/23/95Ambassador Ekeus says that all of Iraq’slong-range missiles have been accounted forand that Baghdad no longer poses a threatto its neighbors in this respect.

Jordan Times (Amman), 8/24/95, pp. 1, 7; in FBIS-NES-95-164, 8/24/95 (5663).

8/25/95Ambassador Ekeus tells the Security Coun-cil that Iraq put three types of biologicalagent into approximately 200 missile war-heads and bombs prior to the Gulf War of1991. In 12/90, these weapons were de-ployed to air bases and a missile site. Iraqalso claims to have put botulinum toxin andanthrax bacteria into 25 warheads, whichwere capable of being deployed aboard itsmedium-range Al-Hussein missiles. Accord-ing to Liberation of Paris, Iraq’s 12/90 ar-senal of biological weapons included 50bombs and 12 warheads filled with anthraxculture media, along with 100 bombs and50 warheads loaded with botulism culturemedia. Ekeus also reports that Iraq hasadmitted to developing drones/unmannedaircraft to deliver biological agents.

R. Jeffrey Smith, Washington Post, 8/26/95; in Ex-ecutive News Service, 8/26/95 (5428). LucLampriere, Liberation (Paris), 8/29/95, p. 7; inFBIS-NES-95-168, 8/29/95 (5428).

8/26/95*

According to Harvard University’s MatthewMeselson, Iraq approached two Europeanfirms in the late 1980s to design a warheadwith a restraining parachute for its Al-Hussein missile. Meselson says that for theeffective delivery of anthrax particles ca-pable of killing people and animals over anarea of a few miles, a slow moving deliveryvehicle is required.

Barbara Crossette, New York Times, 8/23/95, pp.A1, A6 (5665).

9/95Iraq tells UNSCOM that it had previouslyproduced its own Scud missile enginesthrough reverse-engineering. Before therevelation, it was widely believed that theonly Scud engines available to Iraq had beenSoviet-supplied. Prior to the 1990-1991Gulf crisis, Iraq was known to be capableof manufacturing its own Scud airframes.During the Gulf War, these poorly built air-

175



frames frequently broke apart upon descent.Allan George, Flight International, 9/20/95-9/26/95, p. 19 (5430).

9/95Charles Duelfer, deputy executive chairmanof UNSCOM, says that Baghdad recentlysurrendered documents revealing that Iraqpreviously manufactured Scud rocket mo-tors and flight-tested chemical warheads.Duelfer says Iraq employed a live chemicalagent in one of the flight tests, but he didnot reveal the location of the test-site. Ac-cording to Duelfer, the new data will influ-ence UNSCOM’s accounting for Iraq’s Scudmissile warheads.


10/11/95Ambassador Ekeus submits his semi-annualreport to the Security Council. Ekeus ac-cuses Baghdad of deceiving his inspectorsregarding the actual progress which Iraq hadmade on its ballistic missiles and chemicaland biological weapons. According to thereport, Iraq had conducted “chemical mis-sile warhead flight tests,” had indigenouslymanufactured Scud missile engines, and hadattempted to deploy a nuclear device in1990. According to Ekeus, Iraq said in 1992that it had destroyed 89 Scud/Al Husseinmissiles, although in fact only 83 were de-stroyed. According to Ekeus, Iraq revisesits earlier claim to have destroyed 100 bac-teriological and chemical warheads for theAl-Hussein missile to 75. UNSCOM alsoreports that Iraq has again begun to manu-facture components for missile engines.According to the Special Commission,Baghdad had deployed 191 bacteriologicaland chemical weapons to two air bases inIraq: 25 warheads for the Al-Hussein mis-sile and 166 bombs for aircraft delivery. TheU.N. says 113 of these weapons containedbotulin, 60 were armed with anthrax, and18 carried aflatoxin.

New York Times, 10/14/95, p. 5 (5433). LyndsayGriffiths, Reuter, 10/11/95; in Executive News Ser-vice, 10/13/95 (5433). Evelyn Leopold, Washing-ton Post, 10/12/95; in Executive News Service, 10/12/95 (5433). Evelyn Leopold, Washington Times,10/12/95, p. A17 (5566). UPI, 10/13/95; in Ex-ecutive News Service, 10/13/95 (5578). Mario R.Dedreichs, Stern (Hamburg), 10/12/95, pp. 230-232; in FBIS-NES-95-198, 10/12/95 (5435).

IRAQ WITH:France, 166Germany, 168Iran and Sudan, 173

IRAQ WITH LIBYA

1/95Saddam Hussein and Muammar Qadhdhafiagree on a technical exchange to develop along-range missile at a secret Libyan loca-tion. Libya is responsible for acquiringWestern technology, for paying wages, andfor providing “whatever” it has alreadyachieved with Iran in the missile develop-ment field. Libya’s missile production plansapparently include the development of a 500km-range missile (with Iranian assistance)and a 1,000 km-range missile. Progress onthese systems has been hampered by theU.N. embargo and by technical problems.Thus, Tripoli has turned to Baghdad forassistance; Iraq has now provided Libya withinformation on its Al-Hussein and Badrballistic missiles.

Guido Olimpio, La Repubblica (Rome), 5/5/95, p.13; in FBIS-TAC-95-003, 5/5/95 (5307).

IRAQ WITH RUSSIA

9/95*

Russia has previously exported the 150-kmrange Tupolev Reys (Voyager) UAV to Iraq.


10/13/95U.N. and U.S. officials accuse Iraq of co-vertly purchasing missile components fromRussia, via a sophisticated network of pur-chasing agents and dummy companies.Senior U.S. officials express concern overRussia’s sale of missile-related items to Iraq,in an apparent bid by Moscow to re-initiateits arms provider relationship with Baghdad.Iraq is accused of obtaining accelerometers,gyroscopes, and special metals. UNSCOMhead Rolf Ekeus asserts that Baghdad hasalso placed orders for other missile-relatedtechnologies, supplies, and material. U.N.officials assert that Iraq does not appear tohave assembled any new Scud missiles, buthas stockpiled and concealed materials, pos-sibly to manufacture them in the future. Iraqadmits to obtaining some of the materials

to support its Ibn al-Haytham missile re-search laboratory near Baghdad and twosimilar sites, but asserts the materials wereintended for the manufacture of short-rangemissiles only, which is permitted under theU.N. embargo. According to U.N. officials,these materials could be utilized in the pro-duction of both short- and medium-rangemissiles. According to the head of the Stra-tegic Investigations Office of the U.S. Cus-toms Service Connie Fenchel, Iraq isperservering in, and possibly intensifying,its efforts to acquire missile-related technol-ogy which is embargoed by the U.N.


IRAQ WITH UKRAINE

10/13/95A U.N. official accuses Iraq of covertlypurchasing missile-related technology fromUkraine.


ISRAEL


1/95Uzi Rubin, the chief of the Israeli MissileDefense Office, says that the Arrow-2 ATBMwill be tested six times during the next 18months.

James Bruce, Jane’s Intelligence Review, 8/95, pp.352-354 (5615).

4/5/95Israel uses its Shavit SLV to launch the Ofeq-3 imaging satellite. According to Israelipress reports, the Shavit incorporates a new,small 674 lb thrust rocket engine, whichwas produced by Israeli Aircraft Industries(IAI). The Shavit is based on Israel’s Jeri-cho ballistic missile. TAAS (formerly Is-rael Military Industries) manufactures theShavit’s first two solid rocket motors, whileRafael manufactures the titanium-skinned,two-ton, third-stage motor.

Gerald M. Steinberg, International Defense Review,



176

10/95, pp. 20-23 (5575). James Bruce, Jane’s In-telligence Review, 8/95, pp. 352-354 (5615).

6/95*

Israel is reportedly interested in obtainingtechnology to improve the accuracy of itsJericho ballistic missile. According to theU.S. Department of Defense’s MilitarilyCritical Technology List (MCTL) of 1992,Israel lacks several unique devices for fab-ricating and inspecting components for gy-roscopes and integrated sensor systems andlacks the means to produce high-precisionbearings.

Risk Report, 6/95, p. 9 (5422).

6/95Israel’s Silver Arrow unveils its Darter andColibri UAVs at the Paris Air Show. TheDarter UAV is 3.97 m long, has a wingspanof 4 m, a takeoff weight of 100 kg, a topspeed of 100 kt, and a maximum operationalradius of 50 m. The 2.63 m long ColibriUAV is intended primarily as a pilot train-ing vehicle. The Colibri has a wingspan ofeither 2.98 m or 3.85 m, and has a takeoffweight of 36 kg. Silver Arrow also exhibitstwo of its Hermes UAVs. The Hermes 450is 10 m in length, weighs 450 kg, and usesa 76 hp engine. The improved Hermes 750uses a 104 hp engine, has a 750 kg takeoffweight, and can remain airborne for over30 hours at 200 km from base.


6/25/95*

Israel’s Defense Ministry is financing thedevelopment of a UAV-launched anti-mis-sile interceptor to engage Scud-type TBMsin the boost phase. Firms developing UAVsin Israel include Elbit Ltd. of Haifa, BTAAutomatic Piloting Systems Ltd of HodHasharon, and Malat Division of Israel Air-craft Industries (IAI), Lod. IAI’s HeronUAV holds the world endurance record of51 hours and 21 minutes. IAI’s Washing-ton director Marvin Klemow says his com-pany has displayed the ability to fly UAVsto an altitude of 30,000 ft.

Sharone Parnes, Defense News, 7/3/95-7/9/95, p. 8(5269).

6/25/95Major General Herzle Bodinger, commanderof the Israeli Air Force, says Israel will not

procure or deploy the Arrow anti-missileinterceptor in large quantities. The IsraeliMinistry of Defense has allocated approxi-mately $1.2 billion, over the next five years,to purchase and deploy Arrow interceptors,missile launchers, fire control radars, andthe associated battle management and com-mand systems.

Sharone Parnes, Defense News, 7/3/95-7/9/95, p. 8(5269).

7/30/95Israel conducts its first launch of the Ar-row-2 ATBM to test the missile’s propul-sion, guidance and sensor systems and toevaluate its ground launch capability. TheArrow-2 reaches an altitude in excess of 20km and fulfills its target acquisition andtracking functions as planned; the launchwas not designed to test the Arrow-2’s in-terception capabilities and will be followedby another test later in 1995. The Arrow-2 is designed to have a range of 11 km, anintercept altitude of 40 km, and a speed ofMach 9. According to IAI’s Director Gen-eral Moshe Keret, the new interceptor willbe operational in two years. Arrow-2 willhave capabilities similar to the ERINT andTHAAD ATBM systems when fully opera-tional. Four Arrow-2 flights are plannedfor 1996, including the first to involve theintercept of a missile target.

Alon Pinkas, Jerusalem Post (Jerusalem), 7/31/95;in FBIS-NES-95-146, 7/31/95 (5254). Jane’s De-fence Weekly, 8/5/95, p. 4 (5254). David Hughes,Aviation Week and Space Technology, 8/7/95, p. 59(5268). Jane’s Defence Weekly, 8/12/95, p. 23(5254). David Eshel, ASMZ (Frauenfeld), 7/95-8/95, pp. 47-48; in FBIS-NES-95-173, 9/7/95 (5254).International Defense Review, 9/95, p.10 (5254).

10/23/95Foreign Minister Shimon Peres declares thatno missiles armed with warheads, exclud-ing those of Israel’s Defense Forces, will bepermitted in the zones to be controlled bythe Palestinian Authority.

Israel Television Channel 3 Network (Jerusalem),10/23/95; in FBIS-NES-95-205, 10/23/95 (5576).

10/25/95*

Israel’s 4.07 m long Searcher UAV has amaximum speed of 110 kt (200 km/h) anda maximum take-off weight of 318 kg, ex-cluding a 64 kg optical payload which canbe carried either internally or externally.

The 150 km-range Searcher has a wing spanof 7.2 m, and an external SACHS 26 kW(35 hp) engine; IAI is now considering the“more powerful” UEL rotary engine for theSearcher. Searcher missions are typicallyconducted at altitudes of between 7,000 and10,000 ft above the target area. Israel’sdefense forces acquired the Searcher UAVto replace the Scout UAV in 1992.

Arie Egozi, Flight International, 10/25/95-10/31/95, p. 27 (5396).

ISRAEL WITH:Brazil, India and PRC, 164India, 171

ISRAEL WITH PRC

10/4/95*

Israel’s TAAS is working on a stand-offcruise missile variant of Delilah for theChinese Air Force.


ISRAEL WITH SOUTH KOREA

8/27/95-8/29/95South Korean Defense Minister Lee Yang-ho meets with Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabinand Israeli defense industry leaders in Is-rael to discuss possible procurement of Is-raeli defense technologies, including mis-siles and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).According to Gerald Steinberg of the BESACenter for Strategic Studies at Bar-IlanUniversity, South Korea is also interestedin Israeli early warning systems, advancedmissile tracking, and ballistic missile de-fense technologies.

Sharone Parnes, Defense News, 9/4/95-9/10/95, p.10 (5528).

ISRAEL WITH SYRIA

8/95According to Israeli defense sources, theArrow ATBM would be Israel’s only front-line defense against a Syrian ballistic mis-sile attack, but the system would not be ableto engage all the missiles that Damascus canproduce.

Channel 2 Television Network (Jerusalem), 8/30/95; in FBIS-NES-95-169, 8/31/95 (5425).

177



ISRAEL WITH THAILAND

8/7/95*

Thailand considers purchasing Israel Air-craft Industries’(IAI) Searcher UAV. Thaiofficials will visit IAI during the week of8/7/95 to determine whether it meets pro-curement requirements. Thai officials areskeptical about the status of Israel’s Searcherand will not guarantee its purchase.Bangkok’s contract rules require that defensesystems procured from abroad must not beprototypes and must be in use with the con-tracting company’s “home military,” therebyensuring the supply of spare parts and sup-port equipment. IAI Vice President forPublic Affairs Marvin Klemov asserts thatthe Searcher is not a prototype and was in-corporated into Israel’s Defense Forces in7/92.

Jason Glashow, Defense News, 8/7/95, pp. 4, 26(5477).

ISRAEL WITH UNITED STATES

1/94The Clinton administration makes a policyexception by allowing future imports intothe U.S. of rocket technology from Israel’sShavit SLV program.

Risk Report, 6/95, p. 8 (5500).

11/94Israel acquires a Cray J916 computer fromthe U.S. The purchase ignites concern insome U.S. government agencies that it couldbe used to design missiles. The U.S. con-tinues to control missile-related exports toIsrael because of its failure to sign the NPT,and due to its production of nuclear-capablemissiles.

Risk Report, 6/95, p. 9 (5422).

Summer 1995Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin andU.S. Secretary of Defense William Perryagree to a five-year program, as part of theBallistic Missile Defense Organization’s(BMDO) theater missile defense initiative,in which the U.S. will spend $33 million ayear on Israel’s Arrow ATBM project. TheU.S. will pay for missile development, whileIsrael will finance development of the fire

control radar, and the fire control, launchcontrol, and battle management centers.

David Hughes, Aviation Week and Space Technol-ogy, 8/7/95, p. 59 (5268).

6/95*

U.S. companies are forbidden to conductbusiness with several Israeli space projectsdue to the Clinton administration’s policyof not supporting SLV development in non-MTCR countries. According to a U.S. offi-cial, the administration would like Israel tojoin the MTCR, but it will first have to es-tablish a respectable record of MTCR guide-line implementation and sign the NPT or asimilar regional agreement. Under Supple-ment 6, Part 778 of the U.S. CommerceDepartment’s Export Administration Regu-lations (EAR), Israel is considered a coun-try of missile proliferation concern. U.S.companies are required to obtain export li-censes if they know their exports will beused in the design, development, manufac-ture, or use of Israeli missiles or rocketsthat are capable of carrying a 500 kg pay-load to ranges of 300 km or more.

Risk Report, 6/95, p. 8 (5500).

6/95*

Israel deploys the Popeye air-to-surfacestand-off missile, which has a 365 kg war-head, a range of up to 80 km, and an accu-racy which can be measured in centimeters.The Popeye was jointly developed and isco-produced by the U.S.’s Martin Mariettaand Israel’s Rafael. The longer-range andlighter Popeye-2 standoff missile is currentlyunder development.

Risk Report, 6/95, p. 8 (5498).

7/25/95U.S. Under Secretary of Defense for Acqui-sition and Technology Paul G. Kaminskiwrites to Congressman Bob Livingston,Chairman of the House AppropriationsCommittee, to answer questions regardingthe future viability of the Arrow program.Kaminski responds to doubts that Arrow willreach the production stage, due to $10 bil-lion development cost projections, by cit-ing both Israel’s commitment to the projectand a classified cost estimate which predictsthat production costs will fall below $10billion. Kaminski also states that “Israel has

capitalized on its test results and has steadilyimproved the performance of the Arrow in-terceptor missile.”

David Hughes, Aviation Week and Space Technol-ogy, 8/7/95, p. 59 (5268).

Late 7/95Israeli and U.S. defense officials gather inIsrael to prepare for a fly-out test of theArrow-2 ATBM in early 8/95.

Space News, 7/31/95-8/6/95, p. 2 (5306).

8/21/95*

Israel plans to deploy the Barak anti-mis-sile system on board its three U.S.-suppliedSa’ar-5 Corvette-class missile boats by 1997.

Sharone Parnes, Defense News, 8/21/95, pp.4, 28(5308).

8/28/95*

Israel plans to upgrade its Shavit-1 SLV intoa more advanced booster known as Next.This enhancement will reportedly illustrateIsrael’s ability to indigenously manufacturelong-range missiles. Senior officials fromIsrael’s Ministry of Defense state that ex-ports of space technology with direct mili-tary applications will not be authorized.

Sharone Parnes, Space News, 8/28/95-9/3/95, p.18 (5426). Aviation Week and Space Technology,8/21/95, p. S6 (5426).

10/4/95*

Israel’s TAAS will cooperate with the U.S.’sMcDonnell-Douglas (MDC) to develop sev-eral derivatives of the former’s Delilah stand-off decoy UAV. According to one source,the principal goal of this venture will be tomanufacture stand-off weapon variants ofDelilah. The joint venture reportedly in-cludes work on the anti-radiation, loiteringStar-1 version of Delilah. MDC has ac-quired joint production and marketing rightsfor Delilah and its derivatives.


10/18/95*

The U.S. Navy considers purchase of theTRW/IAI short-range Hunter UAV. A U.S.Navy flight test of the Hunter, originallyscheduled for 10/95, was postponed untilearly 1996 due to investigations into threeHunter testing accidents, the most recent ofwhich occurred on 8/23/95.



178

Flight International, 10/18/95-10/24/95, p. 18,(5497).

10/19/95Israel’s Channel 2 Television reports thatU.S. Director of Central Intelligence JohnDeutch and Israeli Prime Minister YitzhakRabin meet to discuss assessments of Iran’snuclear and SSM capabilities. TelevisionChannel 2 also reports that Deutch is sched-uled to visit Arrow missile project facilitieson 10/20/95.


10/30/95*

TRW is awaiting a Clinton administrationpolicy decision which might allow thefirm to use Israel’s Shavit SLV to launchthe U.S. Air Force Tri-Service Experi-mental satellite.

Space News, 10/30/95-11/05/95, p.2 (5573).

ITALY

ITALY WITH:Brazil, 163France, 167France, Germany, and UnitedKingdom, 166France, Germany, and UnitedStates, 167

ITALY WITH MALAYSIA

8/16/95Malaysian Defense Minister Datuk SyedHamid announces that the Royal MalaysianNavy will buy two corvettes from the Ital-ian shipyard Fincantieri. The corvettes areequipped with Aerospatiale MM38 ExocetSSMs.

New Straits Times (Kuala Lumpur), 8/16/95, p. 2;in FBIS-EAS-95-162 (5664).

10/26/95Malaysian government official Abdul AzizMuhamad signs a contract with CorradoAbntonini, chairman of Italy’s FincantieriShipyard, for two “fast-missile corvettes”

armed with SSMs. According to MalaysianDefense Minister Syed Hamid Albar, thecorvettes will arrive in 4/97 and will fulfillcoastal defense roles. The two corvettes arepart of a shipment originally manufacturedfor Iraq but were not delivered in 1991 be-cause of the U.N. embargo.

UPI, 10/26/95; in Executive News Service, 10/26/95 (5320).

JAPAN


8/94An advisory group to the Japanese PrimeMinister asserts that Japan’s TMD programshould involve cooperation with the U.S.


Mid-1995A JDA white paper recommends a shift inthe focus of Japan’s defense policy fromaddressing a single Soviet threat to address-ing regional threats such as North Korea’sballistic missile capability.

William Dawkins, Financial Times, 7/3/95, p. 5(5439).

Mid-1995The JDA contracts with Nissan andKawasaki Heavy Industries (KHI) to developa side thruster controlled interceptor mis-sile. The agreement should help Japanqualify for the Theater Missile Defense(TMD) initiative with the U.S. The sidethruster control system expels combustiongas through about 100 openings on the sideof the missile, which allows it to make com-plex maneuvers to alter its flight path. TheJDA commits 140 million yen for researchand development on the thruster drive tech-nology, and 272.7 million yen on airframemovement controls, to Nissan and KHI re-spectively. The JDA requests Nissan andKHI to complete a prototype by the end of1995.

Nikkan Kogyo Shimbun (Tokyo), 6/13/95, p. 17; inFBIS-JST-95-053, 6/13/95 (5340).

6/95The JDA forms a committee to develop acomputer-aided acquisition and logisticssupport system (CALS) to make computer-ized information on defense equipment, in-cluding the Patriot ATBM, available to Japa-nese defense contractors. CALS is designedto reduce the time needed to develop andproduce defense equipment, and to cut costs.The Patriot missile will be the first itementered into CALS, which will be on-linein 1996.

Nihon Keizai Shimbun (Tokyo), 7/28/95, p. 11; inFBIS-EAS-95-154, 7/28/95 (5257).

7/95An official from the Ministry of Interna-tional Trade and Industry (MITI) says thatafter two years of debate Japan will soonadopt a catch-all export control clause.Under the clause, exporters will be requiredto inform the government if they suspecttheir products are destined for WMD uses.Japan’s Center for Information on SecurityTrade Control (CISTEC) maintains theChaser open-source database to supply Japa-nese companies with information on poten-tial buyers. Firms must contact CISTECthemselves to determine whether potentialbuyers are likely to use their exports forWMD production. MITI also uses publicsource information from CISTEC to evalu-ate export license applications.

Risk Report, 7/95-8/95, pp. 1, 9 (5560).

8/95Toru Ishikawa, managing director ofIshikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co.Ltd.’s (IHI) Aerospace Division, expressesIHI’s interest in participating in missile de-fense projects. IHI has experience in thefield of propulsion systems and compositematerials.

Wing (Tokyo), 8/16/95, p. 1; in FBIS-JST-95-058,8/16/95 (5339).

8/14/95The JDA decides to proceed with the manu-facture of a new SAM to replace the GroundSelf Defense Force’s (GSDF) Hawk missile;cost estimates are 128.4 billion yen overseven years. The new intermediate-rangeSAM will fulfill TMD requirements and willfeature an improved guidance system capable

179



of tracking numerous targets simultaneously.Mitsubishi Electric Corporation has beenconducting research and development on theadvanced SAM since FY 1989. The newSAM will reportedly have capabilities thatsurpass “improved Patriot missiles,” and willbe capable of intercepting low-flying cruisemissiles.

Nikkan Kogyo Shimbun (Tokyo), 8/16/95, p. 7; inFBIS-JST-95-057, 8/16/95 (5341). YomiuriShimbun (Tokyo), 8/15/95, p. 1; in FBIS-EAS-95-159, 8/15/95 (5341).

8/23/95Colonel Takeyuki Sakurai, commander ofthe Japanese Air Defense Missile GuidanceSquadron, stresses the need to acquire aTMD system for defense against East Asiantheater missles. Sakurai recommends con-struction of a “multi-level” defense systemincluding ground- and sea-based assets ca-pable of intercepting missiles at variousaltitiudes.

Colonel Takeyuki Sakurai, Wing (Tokyo), 8/23/95,p. 8; in FBIS-JST-95-061, 8/23/95 (5447).

8/30/95The JDA submits a 14.3 billion yen ($147.4million) budget request to the Finance Min-istry for development of a SAM system toreplace the Japanese Army’s U.S.-originHawk missiles. According to JDA officials,development of the new SAM falls underthe jurisdiction of the Technical Researchand Development Institute. The new mis-sile is scheduled for completion in 2003when it will be deployed to five regionalarmies.

Naoaki Usui, Defense News, 9/4/95, pp. 4, 36(5476).

Late 8/95The JDA releases a report, “On ResearchConcerning Ballistic Missile Defenses,”designed to convince the Japanese public ofthe need for missile defenses. According tothe report, Japan’s ability to address thethreat posed by ballistic missiles is limited.The report’s findings prompt the JDA to callfor several studies into relevant technolo-gies and systems including: satellite-linkedsensor systems to detect and identify ballis-tic missiles; a weapon system capable ofintercepting ballistic missiles at a “ very highaltitude and an extremely high relative

speed”; and highly integrated command,control and intelligence systems to aid de-cision-making. According to a JDA spokes-man, Japan’s Ballistic Missile Defense StudyOffice hopes to conduct these studies in1996.

Naoaki Usui, Defense News, 9/11/95-9/17/95, p.14 (5537).

8/31/95The JDA presents a 450 million yen ($4.79million) budget request to the Finance Min-istry for research and development in itsTMD program. The program, to be man-aged by the JDA’s Ballistic Missile ResearchOffice, will develop an anti-missile systemcapable of boost-phase interception. A fu-ture Japanese TMD system will probablyinclude a “new launching platform” and an“enhanced early warning system” which mayincorporate a network of Japanese-manufac-tured reconnaissance satellites and comput-ers.

Naoaki Usui, Defense News, 8/21/95-8/27/95, p. 8(5480).

8/31/95Under the JDA’s FY 1996 budget proposal,Japan’s TMD feasibility study—amounting to20 million yen in FY 1995—will continueunder the auspices of the Mid-Term DefenseBuildup Program.

Nikkan Kogyo Shimbun (Tokyo), 8/31/95, p. 16;FBIS-JST-95-065, 8/31/95 (5478).

9/19/95Hirofumi Eguchi, vice-counselor for Tech-nical Development of Japan’s Technical Re-search Development Institute (TRDI), lec-tures on the “interception of missiles pen-etrating from high altitudes” at the 1995Asagumo Technical Seminar in Tokyo.According to Eguchi, TRDI has missiletechnologies on par with the U.S. and Eu-rope, although it needs to enhance its tech-nology to combat electromagnetic jamming.Eguchi adds that TRDI needs to develop ananti-missile defense system to combat mis-siles which enter from high altitudes and atgreat speeds, and cruise missiles which flyat low altitudes.

Asagumo (Tokyo), 9/28/95, p. 8; in FBIS-JST-95-073, 9/28/95 (5612).

JAPAN WITH:Germany and United States, 168

JAPAN WITH SOUTH KOREA

9/22/95The defense ministers of Japan and SouthKorea agree to work more closely togetheron military matters to counter the NorthKorean nuclear threat.

Washington Times, 9/23/95, p. A9 (5375).

JAPAN WITH UNITED STATES

5/94The U.S. Department of Defense proposesfour TMD options for Japan, ranging inprice from $4.4 billion to $16.3 billion. Theoptions would all be deployed by 2004 or2005 and are designed to address the threatposed by North Korea’s Nodong-1 and/orChina’s CSS-2 and CSS-5. The four op-tions include various combinations of de-stroyers equipped with Aegis and/or over-the-horizon radar, a Block IV-A version ofthe Standard missile, PAC-3 Patriot missiles,AWACS, ground-based surveillance radars,and Theater High Altitude Area Defense(THAAD) systems.

Naoaki Usui, Defense News, 8/21/95-8/27/95, p. 8(5480).

11/94Japan’s Mitsubishi signs an agreement withthe U.S.’s Lockheed Missiles and SpaceCompany to cooperate in the TMD field.


1/95*

The JDA’s Third Research Center inTachikawa City is conducting joint researchwith U.S. engineers on “ducted rocket en-gine (DRE)” propulsion systems. DREs useatmospheric oxygen to burn with the rocket’sfuel in flight, rather than using a built-inoxygen supply. The Third Research Centerand the U.S. Missile Command ResearchCenter began joint research on rocket pro-pulsion in 1992; testing is scheduled to be-gin at sites in both countries in FY 1996.

Ryonosuke Kubota, Explosion (Tokyo), 1/95, pp.33-35; FBIS-JST-95-051, 8/3/95 (5445). YoshioOyumi, Securitarian (Tokyo), 6/95, pp. 46-47; inFBIS-JST-95-051, 8/3/95 (5445).



180

Early 7/95The Japanese Army signs a $55 million con-tract with Loral Vought Systems of Dallasfor nine Multiple Launch Rocket Systems(MLRS). The order includes five assembledsystems as well as four MLRS kits to beassembled by Nissan Aerospace, Tokyo; allof the systems are scheduled for delivery bylate 1997. According to Loral Voughtspokesman Craig Vanbebber, Japan has or-dered 36 launchers and will procure MLRSrockets through a U.S. foreign military salescontract.

Defense News, 7/3/95, p. 13 (5255).

10/95MITI drafts a report which recommendsJapan’s joint development and productionof theater missile defenses (TMD) to sus-tain the defense industry at a time whenJapan’s defense budget is being reduced.MITI’s report may cause Japan to reconsiderits arms export policy because of the futurepossibility of joint U.S.-Japanese defensedevelopment and production.

Asahi Shimbun (Tokyo), 10/28/95/ p. 2; in FBIS-EAS-95-209, 10/28/95 (5390).

KAZAKHSTAN

KAZAKHSTAN WITH RUSSIA AND

UKRAINE

7/31/95*

Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine are seek-ing to cooperate in joint space ventures. Pastdisagreements over leasing and licensing,such as the Russian-Kazakhstani dispute overthe Baikonur Cosmodrome, have reportedlysubsided. According to analysts from theAnser Corp., a technical consulting com-pany, Kazakhstan intends to invest some ofits lease money from the Cosmodrome incooperative space ventures.

James R. Aster, Aviation Week & Space Technol-ogy, 7/31/95, p. 19. (5607).

KUWAIT

KUWAIT WITH:Egypt, 166France, 167

KUWAIT WITH RUSSIA

7/29/95*

Proposals reportedly exist for Moscow to“supply Russian SS-200 ground-to-groundmissile launchers” to Kuwait.


KUWAIT WITH UNITED STATES

7/29/95*

Since the Gulf War of 1991, Kuwait hasordered five Patriot firing units with 210MIM-104 PAC-2GEM missiles from theU.S.; cost of the order is $327 million.


7/29/95*

The Kuwaiti Navy reportedly considers pur-chasing the Harpoon Block 1G (B) ASMfrom the U.S. to fulfill its Offshore MissileVessel (OMV) SSM/ASM requirement.

Jacques de Lestapis, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 7/29/95, pp.26-32 (5427). E.R. Hooton, InternationalDefense Review, 7/95, pp. 73-79 (5427).

LIBYA


6/95Libya realigns its security services by trans-ferring all foreign arms procurement fromthe military intelligence service, headed byKhuaildi Humaidi, to the chief of battal-ions, Colonel Khalifa Ahneiche. ColonelSaid Oueydat al Qadhafi currently com-mands Libya’s missile bases.

Intelligence Newsletter, 7/13/95, p. 5 (5259).

LIBYA WITH:Iran, 173Iraq, 175

LITHUANIA

LITHUANIA WITH RUSSIA

10/27/95*

Lithuania’s Foreign Affairs Ministry ex-presses concern over Russia’s Tochka mis-sile test at the Dobrovolsk training groundin the Nesterov District, Kaliningrad Re-gion. Dobrovolsk is located within 10 kmof the border with Lithuania.

Radio Vilnius Network (Vilnius), 10/27/95; in FBIS-TAC-95-006, 10/27/95 (5633).

MALAYSIA


10/23/95*

Malaysia’s Royal Navy intends to purchase27 offshore patrol boats, but has yet to de-cide which electronic missile defense pro-tection system it will fit onboard these ves-sels.


MALAYSIA WITH:Italy, 178

MALAYSIA WITH UNITED KINGDOM

10/26/95*

The Royal Malaysian Navy is scheduled toreceive two missile frigates from the U.K.in late 1996.

UPI, 10/26/95; in Executive News Service, 10/26/95 (5320).

181



MAURITIUS

MAURITIUS WITH:Chile, 164

MISSILE TECHNOLOGYCONTROL REGIME

(MTCR) DEVELOPMENTS

6/8/95The Clinton administration waives sanctionsagainst Russia and Brazil after Moscowtransfers carbon fiber technology to Brazil’scommercial SLV project. According to of-ficials, the waiver is the result of Moscow’spromise to stop selling such technology andAmerican intentions to have Brazil as a fullMTCR member.

Arms Control Today, 7/95-8/95, p. 27 (5631).

6/24/95Pakistani Foreign Minister Sardar AsifAhmad Ali says U.S. MTCR policy towardsPakistan is discriminatory because sanctionswere lifted from China in 1994 but havebeen maintained against Pakistan. Ali alsodenies that Pakistan has ever “exceeded theinternational standard of missile technol-ogy... ”

The News (Islamabad), 6/25/95, p. 12; in FBIS-TAC-95-004, 6/25/95 (5409).

6/30/95Russian Prime Minister ViktorChernomyrdin announces that an agreementhas been reached with the United States onRussian membership in the MTCR and Rus-sian participation in a successor regime toCOCOM. The announcement follows a two-day meeting of the Russian-American Com-mission on Economic and TechnologicalCoooperation. During the meeting,Chernomyrdin and U.S. Vice President AlGore resolve U.S. concerns over previousRussian missile technology sales to India

and Brazil. Russian President Boris Yeltsinexpresses his support for the decisionsreached during the negotiations.

Russian Public Television First Channel Network(Moscow); in FBIS-SOV-95-127, 6/30/95 (5597).Interfax (Moscow), 6/30/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-127,6/30/05 (5597). Theresa Hitchens, Defense News,7/17/95-7/23/95, p. 12 (5631).

7/95*

Pakistan’s Ambassador to the U.S. MaleehaLodhi says U.S. policy discriminates againstPakistan because it restricts missile trans-fers but does not punish countries indig-enously developing missile systems. Am-bassador Lodhi states that this failure toaddress indigenous programs will promotemissile proliferation.

Maleeha Lodhi, Risk Report, 7/95, p. 10 (5418).

7/10/95South Korean Foreign Minister Kong No-myong says South Korea will consider join-ing the MTCR.

Pak Chae-pom, Seoul Sinmun, 7/12/95, p. 6; inFBIS-EAS-95-133 (5343). Tong-a Ilbo (Seoul), 10/9/95, p. 1; in FBIS-EAS-95-195, 10/9/95 (5379).Kim Tang, Sisa Journal (Seoul), 10/12/95, pp. 20-24; in FBIS-EAS-95-196, 10/12/95 (5373). HangukIlbo (Seoul), 9/26/95, p. 3; in FBIS-EAS-95-186,9/26/95 (5446). Korea Herald (Seoul), 10/12/95,p. 3; in FBIS-EAS-95-200, 10/12/95 (5535).Hanguk Ilbo (Seoul), 10/31/95, p. 2; in FBIS-EAS-95-210, 10/31/95 (5548).

7/12/95U.S. Undersecretary of State for Arms Con-trol and International Security Affairs LynnDavis says the U.S. is “satisfied that Russiais meeting its commitments”and that the U.S.“supports Russia’s immediate participationand membership in the MTCR.” Davis addsthat Russia is working on an effective ex-port control system and has addressed U.S.concerns over its transfer of rocket technol-ogy to India.

Theresa Hitchens, Defense News, 7/17/95-7/23/95,p. 12 (5631).

7/24/95Russian Prime Minister Chernomyrdin signsthe “Russian Federal Government Decree onthe Russian Federation’s Accession to theInternational Missile Technology ControlRegime.” The decree allows Russia to adoptMTCR guidelines, formalizes Russia’s fullmembership in the regime, and includes a

Foreign Ministry note reserving Russia’sright to engage in Category I trading activi-ties with CIS countries. The decree alsoincludes a memorandum noting memberrequirements to consult with each other be-fore transferring missile-related technologiesand to inform “without delay” other signa-tory governments of decisions to deny Cat-egory I export applications.

Aleksandr Krasulin, Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 8/18/95,p. 14; in FBIS-TAC-95-016-L, 8/18/95 (5634).

8/4/95Indian Prime Minister Narasimha Raovoices his misgivings towards the MTCRbecause of its “limited and selective ap-proach.”

Ashoke Narain, All India Radio Network (Delhi),8/5/95; in FBIS-TAC-95-016-L, 8/5/95 (5304).

8/12/95*

Russia is expected to take part in the nextMTCR meeting in Bonn as a full memberin the regime. U.S. sources say Russia mayfirst participate in an informal MTCR meet-ing at a secret location on 8/30/95.

Defense News, 8/12/95-8/27/95, p. 2 (5631).

8/28/95Officials from the South Korean Ministryof Trade, Industry, and Energy say SouthKorea is implementing new export controllegislation in preparation for its eventualadherence to the MTCR.

Korea Times (Seoul), 8/29/95, p. 8; in FBIS-TAC-95-005, 8/29/95 (13878).

9/21/95U.S. Assistant Secretary of State ThomasMcNamara tells the subcommittee on inter-national affairs of the Senate Committee onBanking, Housing, and Urban Affairs thatthe U.S. has gained the agreement of Bra-zil, Russia, and Ukraine to abide by MTCRguidelines. McNamara says the U.S. sup-ports Russia’s immediate membership in theMTCR because it has established effectiveexport control policies and systems and hasresolved past concerns regarding its recordin the missile proliferation field.

Federal News Service, 9/21/95, pp. 1-6 (5603).

9/25/95South Korea’s Minister of National Defensesays it is willing to join the MTCR before



182

unilaterally dropping South Korea’s MoUwith the U.S. restricting its missile devel-opment.

Son Ki-yong, Korea Times (Seoul), 9/26/95, pp. 1-2; in FBIS-EAS-95-186, 9/26/95 (5446).

10/10/95-10/12/95In Bonn, Germany, 27 member states at-tend the MTCR’s 10th Plenary session, in-cluding Russia and South Africa for the firsttime. The partners vote unanimously forBrazilian membership and amend the Equip-ment and Technology Annex “in light oftechnical development[s].” The MTCRmembers consider the impact of missile pro-liferation on regional security and reaffirmtheir commitment to preventing the prolif-eration of WMD delivery systems via ex-port controls. The member states also reaf-firm their willingness to cooperate in spaceactivities for peaceful purposes and decideto increase dialogue with non-MTCR statesto promote “voluntary adherence” to the re-gime guidelines. The meeting is chaired byAdolf von Wagner, deputy director generalin the German Foreign Office.

Press Release, Bureau of Political-Military Affairs,U.S. Department of State, 10/12/95 (5666). SpaceNews, 10/30/95, pp. 1, 20 (5580).

10/14/95The South African Foreign Ministry an-nounces that South Africa’s membership inthe MTCR was approved on 10/13/95. TheForeign Ministry says that South Africa’sinclusion in the MTCR will open new op-portunities for its defense industry and willbolster the country’s commitment to thenonproliferation of WMD.

SAPA (Johannesburg), 9/14/95; in FBIS-TAC-95-005, 9/14/95 (5442).

10/25/95Brazilian Foreign Minister Luiz FelipeLampreia says that MTCR membership giveslegitimacy to Brazil’s space launch program.

Space News, 10/30/95-11/5/95, pp. 1, 20 (5580).

NETHERLANDS

NETHERLANDS WITH:Canada, Germany, Spain, andUnited States, 164Germany and NATO, 168Germany, NATO, and UnitedStates, 168Germany and United States, 168

NEW FORUM


9/95The U.S., Russia, and 26 other countriesagree to create the “New Forum” organiza-tion in an attempt to prevent the spread ofdestabilizing weapons, and to deal withrogue proliferant states such as Iran, Iraq,Libya, and North Korea. Among otheritems, the regime’s partners plan to shareintelligence and information on the trade inarms and dual-use goods. The partners planto establish the New Forum by the end of1995.

Aviation Week and Space Technology, 9/25/95, p.27 (5261).

NEW FORUM WITH SOUTH KOREA

8/28/95Officials from the South Korean Ministryof Trade, Industry, and Energy say SouthKorea plans to join the New Forum.

Korea Times (Seoul), 8/29/95, p. 8; in FBIS-TAC-95-005, 8/29/95 (5653).

NORTH ATLANTICTREATY ORGANIZATION

(NATO)

NATO WITH:Belarus, Czech Republic, Russia,and Ukraine, 161Germany and Netherlands, 168Germany, Netherlands, and UnitedStates, 168

NORTH KOREA


7/8/95*

In the past year, North Korea has deployedaround 70 240 mm MLRS—each having arange of about 70 km—within range of Seoul.

Hwang Yu-song, Tong-a Ilbo (Seoul), 7/8/95, p. 6;in FBIS-EAS-95-131, 7/8/95 (5287).

7/8/95*

North Korea plans to begin mass produc-tion of its 1,000 km-range No-dong-1 SSM.North Korea has been conducting tests ofits 2,000 to 6,000 km-range Taepo-dong-1and -2 SSMs, and plans to finish develop-ment by 2000.

Hwang Yu-song, Tong-a Ilbo (Seoul), 7/8/95, p. 6;in FBIS-EAS-95-131, 7/8/95 (5287).

8/95According to Israeli sources, North Koreahas halted development of the No-dongSSM, either due to technical difficulties orto intense pressure from the U.S. NorthKorea began its No-dong missile programin the mid-1980s and conducted its first testfiring in 5/93.


9/10/95A South Korean intelligence official citesRussian intelligence indicating North Ko-

183



rea could deploy the Taepo-dong-2 ICBMby the year 2000. According to U.S. De-fense Intelligence Agency computer simu-lations, the Taepo-dong-2 might have a rangebetween 4,300 and 6,000 km. According toRussian sources, however, North Koreacould extend the range of the Taepo-dong-2to beyond 9,600 km once difficulties withthe inertial navigation system, warheadweight, and fuel injection are resolved. TheTaepo-dong-2 reportedly has two stages,using a 16.2 m booster with a 16 m Taepo-dong-1 to carry a 1,000 kg warhead. NorthKorea recently tested the missile’s engine atits Sanumtong test site, where it is conduct-ing research and development of the Taepo-dong-1 and Taepo-dong-2.

Pak Chae-pom, Seoul Sinmun, 9/11/95, p. 3; inFBIS-EAS-95-175, 9/11/95 (5273).

9/12/95*

According to Yonhap news agency, NorthKorea finished development of its No-dong-1 IRBM by 1994; Pyongyang is now mov-ing to deploy the system. By 12/95, NorthKorea will complete development of themore powerful No-dong-2 IRBM. By 12/96, North Korea will be capable of mass-producing its Taepo-dong-1 missile. Finally,by 2000, the Taepo-dong-2 missile will beoperational.

Kyodo (Tokyo), 9/12/95; in FBIS-EAS-95-177, 9/12/95 (5285).

9/15/95*

Referring to reports that North Korea hasalready deployed its No-dong-1 missile, thechairman of Japan’s Joint Staff Council (JCS)of the Self-Defense Forces, General TetsuyaNishimoto, says, “Perhaps the possibility ofNorth Korea deploying these missiles is low.”

Nihon Keizai Shimbun (Tokyo), 9/15/95, p. 8; inFBIS-EAS-95-181, 9/15/95 (5288).

9/29/95*

By the year 2000, North Korea could ex-tend its Taepo-dong-2 ICBM range to targetthe western U.S. using nuclear, chemical,or biological payloads. U.S. analysts saythe Taepo-dong-2 is so inaccurate that itsonly purpose could be to carry weapons ofmass destruction. Some U.S. intelligenceofficials describe North Korean missiles asbeing Scuds with simple guidance and con-trol systems.

Bill Gertz, Washington Times, 9/29/95, p. A3(5527).

10/95*

Citing unverified reports, the InternationalInstitute of Strategic Studies’ 1995-1996Military Balance says North Korea has ap-proximately six operational No-dong-1 mis-sile launchers. The No-dong-1 is said tohave a circular error probable (CEP) of be-tween 2,000 and 4,000 m.

International Institute of Strategic Studies, MilitaryBalance 1995-1995, 10/95, pp. 281-285 (5569).

10/2/95South Korea’s Defense White Paper notesthat North Korea can manufacture 100 Scudmissiles per year and that the North is pro-ceeding with Taepo-dong-1 and Taepo-dong-2 development.

Korea Herald (Seoul), 10/3/95, p. 3; in FBIS-EAS-95-194, 10/3/95 (5371).

10/4/95South Korean Chief of Naval OperationsAdmiral An Pyong-tae says North Korea hascompleted a new 180 km-range “ground-to-sea missile.” North Korea has tested themissile successfully on several occasions.The development of this missile expandsNorth Korea’s capacity for surprise attacksand long-range strikes.

Sin Hyo-sop and Yu Song-sik, Hanguk Ilbo (Seoul),10/5/95, p. 2; in FBIS-EAS-95-194, 10/5/95 (5377).

10/9/95A top South Korean National Defense Min-istry source says North Korea will be readyto deploy No-dong-1 missiles by 1996, add-ing that the North can consecutively fire11,000 “missiles” in one hour without mov-ing its “guns,” which could destroy 30 per-cent of Seoul. The official also notes thatNorth Korea would rely on long-range mis-siles to strike densely inhabited regionsduring a war.

Son Tae-kyu, Hanguk Ilbo (Seoul), 10/10/95, p. 1;in FBIS-EAS-95-195, 10/10/95 (5372).

10/13/95In an interview on South Korean television,Choe Chu-hwal, a former colonel who de-fected from the DPRK, says North Korea ismanufacturing 1,000 km-range missiles atthe Taeji Plant in Pyongyang. Asked

whether the No-dong-1, No-dong-2, andTaepo-dong were still being developed orbeing deployed, Choe says the DPRK hasSSMs with ranges of 400 to 500 km andthat a 1,000 km missile has been tested.Choe also believes that North Korea has alsoplaced “tactical missiles with ranges of 300km, 500 km or 600 km” on the border withSouth Korea. According to Choe, if NorthKorea develops strategic missiles with arange of more than 1,000 km, it would notdeploy them on the South Korean border.

KBS-1 Television Network (Seoul), 10/13/95; inFBIS-EAS-95-199, 10/13/95 (5539).

10/15/95*

A new U.S. intelligence study asserts thatNorth Korea will soon have the capabilityto produce blast fragmentation missiles withwarheads capable of carrying approximately100 five kg submunitions each. Thesubmunitions, loaded with metal fragmentsor chemical weapons, would be dispersed60 km over the launch area. All 100submunitions would follow a ballistic tra-jectory, hitting the target within a time spanof 20 seconds.

Re’uven Pedatzur, Ha’aretz (Tel Aviv), 10/15/95,p. B1; in FBIS-NES-95-199, 10/15/95 (5472). Avia-tion Week & Space Technology, 7/24/95, p. 19(5278).

NORTH KOREA WITH:Iran, 173Iran and South Korea, 173

NORTH KOREA WITH PRC

9/12/95*

According to Yonhap news agency, China’sMinistry of Aeronautics and AstronauticsIndustry and the Chinese State Commissionof Science, Technology, and Industry forNational Defense have trained 50 to 200North Korean missile engineers. Chinesedefense and technology companies are saidto have also provided technical support toNorth Korea.

Kyodo (Tokyo), 9/12/95; in FBIS-EAS-95-177, 9/12/95 (5285).

9/25/95Deputy Minister of the DPRK Hydro-Me-teorological Service Kim Ho-il and Deputy



184

Administrator of the China MeteorologicalAdministration Ma Henian sign a pact onscientific and technical cooperation betweenthe two agencies.

KCNA (Pyongyang), 9/25/95; in FBIS-EAS-95-186,9/25/95 (5274).

9/29/95*

U.S. intelligence officials say Beijing is as-sisting Pyongyang with a long-range mis-sile project and training up to 200 NorthKorean missile engineers in China.


NORTH KOREA WITH RUSSIA

10/30/95*

Russia has exported stealth technology toChina and North Korea which would en-able these two nations to develop cruisemissiles with small radar cross-sections.

David A. Fulgham, Aviation Week & Space Tech-nology, 10/30/95, p. 53 (5438).

NORTH KOREA WITH SOUTH KOREA

9/29/95ROK Air Force Chief of Staff General KimHong-nae tells the National Assembly De-fense Committee that 600 North KoreanFrog and Scud missiles pointed at SouthKorea constitute a grave military threat toSouth Korea. The Frog missiles could hittargets as far south as Anyang, and the rangeof the Scud missiles includes all of SouthKorea. Both missiles could be fitted witheither chemical or nuclear warheads. Ac-cording to General Kim, the ROK Air Forceis working on several counter-measures tothis threat, including pre-emptive strikesagainst North Korean tactical ballistic mis-siles, as well as command posts and com-munications facilities. North Korea has re-cently deployed more SSM sites, prompt-ing the ROK to plan for the introduction ofnext-generation SSMs to increase prepared-ness for a timely counter-attack.

Yonhap (Seoul), 9/29/95; in FBIS-EAS-95-189, 9/29/95 (5276). Kim Ju-Yeon, Washington Times, 9/30/95, p. A6 (5473).

NORTH KOREA WITH UNITED STATES

9/18/95The U.S. House of Representatives passes anon-binding resolution seeking to ensureNorth Korean adherence to its nuclear agree-ment with the U.S. and to set criteria forimproving diplomatic relations between thetwo countries. The resolution advises Presi-dent Clinton not to improve diplomatic re-lations or lift trade and investment restric-tions unless North Korea meets certain con-ditions, including a cessation of both mis-sile exports and development of IRBMs.

Reuter (Washington), 9/18/95; in Executive NewsService, 9/18/95 (5275).

NORWAY

NORWAY WITH RUSSIA, UKRAINE, AND

UNITED STATES

9/95The General Director of Ukraine’s NationalSpace Agency Aleksandr Negoda says hiscountry would like the joint U.S., Russian,Norwegian, and Ukrainian Sea Launchproject to be implemented as soon as pos-sible. The project, led by the U.S.’s BoeingCommercial Space Company, plans tolaunch satellites using Ukrainian Zenit rock-ets and Russian upper-stages from a sea-based, semi-submersible oil platform con-verted by Norway’s Kvaerner. The interna-tional joint venture—created by Boeing,Ukraine’s NPO Yuzhnoye, Russia’s Energia,and Kvaerner—is scheduled to start launch-ing commerical payloads from an equato-rial location in 1998. According to offi-cials from the U.S.-led international SeaLaunch project, the venture will utilizeRussian know-how for launch preparation,support, tracking, and telemetry.

Peter B. de Selding, Space News, 10/9/95-10/15/95, p. 10 (5505). Kommersant-Daily (Moscow), 9/8/95, p. 9; in FBIS-SOV-95-175, 9/8/95 (5505).

9/95Kvaerner and another Norwegian firm areawarded $171 million to begin converting asemi-submersible oilrig into a mobile space

launch site for the international Sea Launchproject.


OMAN


9/30/95*

Oman asks several UAV manufacturers forinformation in a bid to enhance its targetacquisition and reconnaissance capabilities.


9/30/95*

Oman’s Qahir class ship, the Al Amwaj, isequipped with eight MM 40 Exocet ASMs.The Qahir class Al Mua’zzer was scheduledfor launch on 9/26/95.


PAKISTAN


7/4/95Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir Bhuttochairs a meeting of the Defence Committeeof the Cabinet which considers, among otheritems, India’s deployment of Prithvi mis-siles in proximity to Pakistan’s border. Paki-stani leaders reportedly view India’s estab-lishment of a “Missile Group” as an attemptto intensify the regional missile race.

News (Islamabad), 7/5/95, pp. 1,4; in FBIS-NES-95-129, 7/5/95 (5336).

9/3/95*

Pakistan is reportedly developing an indig-enous missile program to acquire an effec-tive deterrent because Harpoon ASMs areno longer available from the U.S. Pakistanalready maintains Harpoon Sub-SSMs onits submarine and long-range Exocet ASMson its Sea King helicopters.

185



The Muslim (Islamabad), 9/3/95, pp. 1,4; in FBIS-NES-95-176, 9/3/95 (5401).

9/5/95*

Major General Mehmud Al Durrani, Paki-stan Ordnance Factories (POF) chairman,says the POF is capable of producing mis-siles, if requested to do so by the Paksitanigovernment. The POF has “several firingranges from 100 to 200 meter ranges to 40km open ranges” with “ballistic monitoring”equipment for weapons testing.

Sikander Hayat, Business Recorder (Karachi), 9/5/95, pp. 1, 10; in FBIS-NES-95-177, 9/5/95 (5411).

10/95Pakistani Foreign Minister Sardar AsifAhmad Ali tells reporters in Washington thatPakistan will indigenously develop defensesto counter India’s Prithvi and other missiles.Ahmad Ali also says that Pakistan will“match” India’s capabilities but will do sowithout violating the MTCR.

PTV Television Network (Islamabad), 10/4/95; inFBIS-NES-95-192, 10/4/95 (5402).

10/9/95Pakistan’s Senate Standing Committee onDefence meets to discuss the national secu-rity implications of missile and nuclearweapon proliferation in the region. Sena-tor Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain chairs themeeting, which is also attended by formerChairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff AhmadSarohi, former Foreign Ministers AghaShahi and Abdul Sattar, former Vice Chiefof the Army Staff General K.M. Arif, andother former defense and intelligence offi-cials. The committee concludes that anuclear deterrent is imperative to Pakistan’ssecurity.

Shakil Shaikh, News (Islamabad), 10/10/95, p. 1;in FBIS-NES-95-195, 10/10/95 (5325).

PAKISTAN WITH:Afghanistan, 160India and United States, 172MTCR, 181

PAKISTAN WITH PRC

7/3/95U.S. intelligence officials says that by 11/92, China had exported over 30 completeM-11 MRBM to Pakistan; this view is con-

trary to earlier reports that only missile com-ponents had been sent. The officials saystorage crates at Pakistan’s Sargodha air forcebase west of Lahore contain the M-11 mis-siles. Since obtaining the M-11s, Pakistanhas built storage sheds, mobile launchers,and related maintenance facilities and hous-ing. With the aid of Chinese experts, Paki-stan has also been conducting practicelaunches.

R. Jeffrey Smith and David B. Ottaway, WashingtonPost, 7/3/95, p. 1 (5282). Risk Report, 10/95, pp.3-8 (5543).

8/28/95*

Pakistani Defense Minister Aftab ShahbanMirani has reportedly said Pakistan is de-veloping an anti-ballistic missile system tointercept the Indian Prithvi SSM.

Aabha Dixit, Defense News, 8/25/95, p. 15 (5365).

PAKISTAN WITH PRC AND

UNITED STATES

3/95Robert Einhorn, a Clinton administrationofficial, says the U.S. may have no choicebut to impose Category I sanctions on Chinaif enough evidence is gathered to prove thatit sold M-11 missiles to Pakistan.

Pushpindar Singh, Asian Defence Journal, 5/95, p.83 (5544).

10/95*

According to a new U.S. law, Washingtoncan wait up to six months to impose sanc-tions on China for suspected exports of M-11 missiles to Pakistan. The U.S. can im-pose trade sanctions for two years on Chinafor either conspiring or actually transfer-ring the M-11 to Pakistan.

Risk Report, 10/95, pp. 3-8 (5543). C. Raja Mohan,Hindu (Madras), 10/30/95, p. 13; in FBIS-NES-95-212, 10/30/95 (5543).

PAKISTAN WITH SOUTH AFRICA

9/3/95*

Pakistan’s Navy prepares to initiate a mod-ernization program which will include theacquisition of a “modern fire control sys-tem” for its missile boats and frigates. Ac-cording to “well informed sources,” Paki-stan is negotiating with South Africa for therenovation of the fire control systems on-

board its naval frigates. Muslim (Islamabad), 9/3/95, pp. 1,4; in FBIS-NES-95-176, 9/3/95 (5401).

PAKISTAN WITH UNITED STATES

6/24/95Pakistani President Farooq Ahmad Legharisays he has presented several suggestions tothe United States to help reduce tensions onthe Subcontinent including the establishmentof a “zero missile zone.”

PTV Television Network (Islamabad), 6/24/95; inFBIS-TAC-95-014-L, 6/24/95 (5335).

7/8/95*

The U.S. plans to sell 28 Harpoon ASMs toPakistan as part of a $370 million arms pack-age.

Nuclear Proliferation News, 7/8/95, p. 10 (5406).

7/22/95An editorial in Pakistan’s Frontier Post re-ports that U.S. Senator Larry Pressler hascirculated a letter in the Senate asking forassistance in blocking the U.S. transfer toPakistan of missiles, three Orion P3C anti-submarine planes, and F-16 parts. Presslervoices concern that such a transfer, alongwith Pakistan’s efforts to develop an indig-enous long-range ballistic missile with Chi-nese assistance, could trigger an arms racebetween India and Pakistan.

Frontier Post (Peshawar), 7/22/95, p. 6; in FBIS-NES-95-142, 7/22/95 (5491).

7/25/95*

The Clinton administration is expected tointroduce legislation in 7/95 that will allowthe U.S. to sell $368 million worth of mili-tary equipment to Pakistan. The arms pack-age includes P-3C maritime reconnaissanceaircraft, which can be fitted with HarpoonASMs; the Orion can fire its Harpoon mis-siles from a range of 120 km before beingdetected on an enemy’s radar. Before thePressler amendment came into effect, Paki-stan received 30 Harpoon missiles from theU.S. and installed them on-board its Gear-ing-class destroyers and Agosta-class sub-marines. Pakistan’s “Atlantic” naval patrolaircraft are armed with Exocet ASMs.

Times of India (Bombay), 7/25/95, p. 13; in FBIS-NES-95-145, 7/25/95 (5334). Sunil Dasgupta, In-dia Today, 9/30/95 (5419).



186

Early 8/95The U.S. Senate prepares to vote on theWhite House proposal to transfer approxi-mately $400 million worth of weapons toPakistan, including 28 Harpoon SSMs andthree P-3C anti-submarine aircraft.

Vivek Raghuvanshi, Defense News, 8/7/95-8/13/95,p. 12 (5329).

9/28/95The U.S. Senate votes to lift military sanc-tions imposed on Pakistan in 1990. Thesanctions withdrawal could allow the U.S.to transfer Harpoon SSMs, SidewinderAAMs, and F-16 components and upgradeequipment to Pakistan as part of a $368million weapons package. It is not clearwhether the bill will be enacted, however,due to U.S. intelligence reports that Paki-stan received nuclear-capable M-11 missilesfrom China in violation of the MTCR. U.S.Senator John Glenn attacks the measure bysaying that rewarding Pakistan with new mis-siles, economic assistance, and spare parts,“makes a mockery of our non-proliferationefforts.”

Elaine Sciolino, New York Times, 9/22/95, p. A3(5323).

10/24/95A U.S. Congressional panel conditionallyapproves the sale to Pakistan of HarpoonSSMs, Orion P-3C anti-submarine aircraft,radar equipment, and other defense items.The House of Representatives-Senate con-ference committee approves the $368 mil-lion weapons transfer plan by permitting a“one-time waiver” of a law which prohibitsU.S. arms sales to Pakistan. The proposedwaiver will need to be ratified by the Houseof Representatives and the Senate before itis submitted to President Clinton for ap-proval. Pakistan purchased these defenseitems in 1990 but was not allowed to re-ceive them due to U.S. concerns overPakistan’s nuclear weapon program.

Reuter, 10/24/95; in Executive News Service, 10/24/95 (5333). Jackie Frank, Reuter, 10/25/95; inExecutive News Service, 10/25/95 (5421).

PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OFCHINA (PRC)


5/95*

According to senior U.S. officials, China isseeking advanced military technologies, fa-voring purchases which will allow indig-enous production over off-the-shelf buys.China’s highest priority is technologies toimprove the accuracy, stealth, fuel efficiency,and miniaturization of rocket systems.China has only a “limited capability” in theareas of navigation, guidance and vehiclecontrol, gravity gradiometers, carbon-car-bon composites, and polymeric materials,according to the U.S. Defense Department’s“Military [Militarily] Critical TechnologiesList.”

Risk Report, 5/95, p. 11 (5456).

5/95*

China has recently deployed its Russian-made SA-10 SAMs.

Security Affairs, 5/95-7/95, pp. 1, 6-7 (5468).

5/17/95*

After the decommissioning earlier in 1995of the last Chinese escort armed with guns,all Chinese Navy escort ships are nowequipped with “sealed” guided missiles.

Zhongguo Tongxun She (Hong Kong), 5/17/95; inFBIS-CHI-95-149, 5/17/95 (5289).

7/3/95Following the 1/26/95 boost-phase explo-sion of its Long March-2E, China GreatWall Industry Corporation will strengthenthe 39 foot fairing on the 164 foot, two-stage SLV. Work on the fairing will takeplace before further launches in fall 1995.Meanwhile, the aerospace company has notbeen successful in its testing of an expend-able perigee kick motor. Despite these set-backs, China plans further launches during1995, including the launch of an Intelsattelecommunications satellite aboard its LM-3B SLV in 11/95. This launch will be oneof three Intelsat launches planned through

1997.Michael Mecham, Aviation Week & Space Technol-ogy, 7/3/95, p. 22 (5281). Space News, 8/7/95-8/13/95, p. 22 (5281).

7/11/95*

According to Chinese military theoreticianSong Zhong-yu, China’s strategic nuclearweapons may not be capable of overcomingfuture ballistic missile defense systems, adeficiency which has negative ramificationsfor the weapon’s deterrent value.

Viktor Stefashin, Krasnaya Zvezda (Moscow), 7/11/95, p. 3; in FBIS-SOV-95-133, 7/11/95 (5279).

7/11/95*

Reflecting a shift in Chinese military strat-egy towards preparation for “local wars,”Chinese strategists are contemplating the useof non-nuclear strategic missiles. China’sdeterrent posture may, therefore, rest on theuse of non-nuclear-tipped missiles againstnon-nuclear-weapon states, coupled with awarning of potential escalation to nuclearattack.

Viktor Stefashin, Krasnaya Zvezda (Moscow), 7/11/95, p. 3; in FBIS-SOV-95-133, 7/11/95 (5279).

7/18/95China announces plans to conduct SSM testsfrom 7/21/95 to 7/28/95. The tests by thePeople’s Liberation Army (PLA) will takeplace in the East China Sea. The target areawill comprise a 10 nm radius sea zone, 60km north of Taiwan’s Pengchia Yu Islet and130 km from Keelung. China plans to firesix MRBM and LRBM from two sites inthe northwest province of Xinjiang.

UPI (Beijing), 7/18/95; in Executive News Service,7/19/95 (5299). Aviation Week & Space Technol-ogy, 7/24/95, p. 19 (5299). Jane’s Defence Weekly,7/29/95, p. 12 (5299).

7/21/95“Recent” missile tests conducted by Chinarepresent the “highest form” of missile train-ing, according to a Chinese missile trainingdocument. The document says the tests hadtwo essential purposes: to send a politicalmessage and to assess the combat readinessand nuclear operational capability of China’sstrategic and tactical forces.

Ming Pao (Hong Kong), 7/21/95, p. A1; in FBIS-CHI-95-143, 7/21/95 (5290).

187



7/21/95-7/26/95China conducts SSM tests as part of theongoing 6/95 to 9/95 Blue Whale Five mili-tary exercise. The PLA's 815th M-classmissile regiment launches six SRBM andMRBM from its Leping military base insoutheastern Jiangxi Province as part of thetests. One of the four M-9s fired misses itstarget, while the other three achieve a CEPof within two miles after traveling 370 miles.On 7/23, China launches two solid-fuel DF-21 IRBMs from its bases in Tunghua andChilin to a target area north of Taiwan.

Vivek Raghuvanshi, Defense News, 7/31/95-8/6/95,p. 38 (5302). Seth Faison, New York Times, 7/24/95, p. 14 (5359). David A. Fulghum and MichaelMecham, Aviation Week & Space Technology, 7/31/95, p. 23 (5359). China Broadcasting Corpora-tion News Network (Taipei), 7/24/95; in FBIS-CHI-95-143, 7/24/95 (5359). Bill Gertz, WashingtonTimes, 8/15/95, pp. A1, A6 (5291).

7/26/95*

The Central Military Commission (CMC)of China’s 2nd Artillery is intensifying ef-forts to train its personnel on guided mis-sile technology.

Jiefangjun Bao (Beijing), 7/26/95, p. 1; in FBIS-CHI-95-183, 7/26/95 (5295).

Late 7/95The PLA makes staffing changes in its threegeneral departments. Retiring personnelinclude General Dai Xuejiang (65), Politi-cal Commissar of the State Commission ofScience, Technology, and Industry for Na-tional Defense (COSTIND), who is replacedby Lieutenant General Li Jinai, the formerdeputy political commissar.

Chang Hsiu-fen, Kuang Chiao Ching (Hong Kong),9/16/95, pp. 16-18; in FBIS-CHI-95-198, 9/16/95(5296).

8/95Two Chinese missile scientists, Liu Er-xunand Huang Zu-wei, write that proposed U.S.Theater Missile Defense (TMD) systems,including THAAD, could undermine theABM Treaty, potentially weakening Chi-nese, British and French deterrence. TMDpresents a potential danger to strategic sta-bility, they say, because China and othercountries may be forced to increase theirnuclear arsenal, conduct nuclear tests toimprove their warheads, and develop offen-sive penetration aids and tactics to counter

new missile defenses.Liu Er-xun and Huang Zu-wei, “TMD And TheABM Treaty,” (forthcoming paper), 8/95 (5303).Nuclear Proliferation News, 6/15/95, pp. 16-17(5658).

8/10/95China announces plans to conduct a secondseries of missile tests from 8/15/95 to 8/25/95 in the East China Sea, 150 km northof Taiwan, as part of a larger military exer-cise. The exercise will include both missileand artillery tests.

Benjamin Kang Lim, Reuter (Beijing), 8/10/95; inExecutive News Service, 8/10/95 (5300).

8/11/95*

At the end of 1994, China’s strategic mis-sile forces conducted a nuclear battlefieldsurvival exercise in an “underground pal-ace” in the mountains.

Zhang Jiajun, Hsien-tai Chun-Shih (ConMilit)(Hong Kong), 8/11/95/95, pp. 25-27; in FBIS-CHI-95-194, 8/11/95 (5357).

8/15/95-8/23/95Taiwanese military sources say theGuangzhou Military Region ran a Navy AirForce exercise in coordination with missiletests in the East China Sea. During the thirdday of the East China Sea exercises, Thun-derbolt (Pili) AAM, Sea Eagle (Hai Ying)ASM, and ship-to-air missiles were fired.According to Chinese military officials,China’s military regions have recently con-ducted exercises—including a joint exercisebetween the Lanzhou Military Region andthe Second Artillery Corps—where SSM,SAM and surface-to-ship missiles werefired. The officials say missile tests off ofTaiwan are practice for the actual launch oftactical nuclear weapons during conflict atsea.

Ma Tien-lung, Ping Kuo Jih Pao (Hong Kong), 8/18/95, p. 1; in FBIS-CHI-95-163, 8/18/95 (5358).Jane’s Defence Weekly, 8/26/95, p. 14 (5301).

8/18/95*

China’s 2nd Artillery Commission of Sci-ence and Technology approves a strategicmissile simulation training system for usein the PLA’s missile units.

Dong Jushan, Jiefangjun Bao (Beijing), 8/18/95,p. 1; in FBIS-CHI-95-164, 8/18/95 (5292).

8/25/95*

Military sources say China’s current mis-sile-making expertise matches that acheivedby France a decade ago. China is expectedto produce MIRV technology in the nearfuture, along with the miniaturized warheadsfor use on MIRVed missiles. The increas-ingly smaller yields of China’s nuclear test-ing are said to support this hypothesis.

Francis Deron, Le Monde (Paris), 8/25/95, p. 2; inFBIS-TAC-95-005, 8/25/95 (5362).

8/29/95*

China’s M-series missiles have an estimatedcircular error probable (CEP) of 300 m.

Lu Te-Yung, Lien Ho Pao (Hong Kong), 7/30/95,p. 8; in FBIS-CHI-95-167, 8/29/95 (5280).

9/12/95*

China has indigenously developed computersoftware to design and enhance laser, infra-red, and optical systems which have appli-cations in infrared guidance systems, fighteraircraft head-up displays, and photo recon-naissance satellites. China is distributingthe software, named COSA-GOLD, to Chi-nese aeronautical, space, shipping, and elec-tronics industries.

Fan Jian, Keji Ribao (Beijing), 9/12/95, p. 1; inFBIS-CST-95-014, 9/12/95 (5458).

9/19/95*

COSTIND’s Communications Departmentestablishes a multi-layer communicationsnetwork, consisting of fixed ground stations,mobile stations, and ship-based stations.The network is intended to facilitate satel-lite communications. It will coordinate test-ing sites, launching sites, “measuring-con-trolling” stations, and ship-based measur-ing stations, thereby aiding various types ofscientific research, including missile test-ing.

Jiejangjun Bao (Beijing), 9/19/95, p. 1; in FBIS-CHI-95-211, 9/19/95 (5555).

10/95Chinese President Jiang Zemin observes aPLA naval exercise that “includes newguided-missile destroyers, guided-missileescorts, nuclear and conventional subma-rines, guided-missile patrol boats, and vari-ous types of aircraft.” Ships and aircraftparticipating in the exercise fire missiles,torpedoes, and cannons.



188

Xinhua (Beijing), 10/18/95; in FBIS-CHI-95-202,10/18/95 (5557).

10/11/95During a Senate Foreign Relations Commit-tee hearing, defense analyst Richard D.Fisher offers testimony on China’s missileprograms. Fisher says China may attemptto produce cruise missiles similar to Russia’sKh-55 (Kent), with a range of 1,800 milesand a CEP of 500 feet; the Kh-55 is similarto the U.S. Tomahawk. China will prob-ably employ advanced guidance systems toachieve high accuracy, which could be usedon its other missiles. To enhance this capa-bility, China is reportedly developing anindigenous position-location satellite sys-tem, with future plans for a 10-satellite con-stellation employing image and infrared sen-sors. China is arming its frigates with ad-vanced C-801/2 SSMs and PL-10 (HQ-61)SAMs, replacing the older liquid-fueledSilkworm SSMs. Fisher says China is usingRussian technology acquired from its 1993-1994 buy of Russian S-300 Grumble SAMs,to build anti-missile systems. According toFisher, China may use the knowledge gainedfrom anti-missile systems to create counter-measures.

Federal News Service, 10/11/95 (5655).

10/15/95A Chinese Communist Party representativesays the nuclear submarine corps has suc-cessfully completed underwater missile test-ing during recent blue water naval exercisesin the Pacific.

Jane Macartney, Reuter (Beijing), 10/15/95; in Ex-ecutive News Service, 10/16/95 (5467).

10/15/95*

A new U.S. intelligence study asserts thatChina will soon have the capability to pro-duce blast fragmentation missiles with war-heads capable of carrying approximately 100five kg submunitions each. Thesubmunitions, loaded with metal fragmentsor chemical weapons, would be dispersed60 km over the launch area. All 100submunitions would follow a ballistic tra-jectory, hitting the target within a time spanof 20 seconds.

Re’uven Pedatzur, Ha’aretz (Tel Aviv), 10/15/95,p. B1; in FBIS-NES-95-199, 10/15/95 (5472). Avia-tion Week & Space Technology, 7/24/95, p. 19(5278).

10/21/95*

ROK military sources say China’s militarybudget is estimated to be $11 billion and itsmajor acquisitions will include “missile car-riers.”


PRC WITH:Brazil, India, and Israel, 164Egypt, 166India, 172Iran, 173Israel, 176North Korea, 183Pakistan, 185Pakistan and United States, 185

PRC WITH RUSSIA

7/11/95*

According to a 9/94 article, Russia’s Cen-tral Scientific Research Institute of MachineBuilding and Metal Working, the ScientificResearch Institute of Thermal Processes, theSamara Central Special Design Bureau,Energia, and Energomash-Tekhnomash en-terprises are all exporting technology toChina. These exports are reportedly theresult of a highly competitive space launchmarket, which is forcing Russian firms toexport technology acquired when Russia wasa “leading space power.”

G. Lomanov, Inzhener (Moscow), 9/94, pp. 18-20;in FBIS-UST-95-027, 7/11/95 (5503).

8/29/95*

According to Western intelligence sources,a Russian cruise missile research and devel-opment team is in China to provide exper-tise and to produce Russian-designed cruisemissiles. According to an [unnamed]scholar in Taiwan, in 1993 China importeda Russian cruise missile production facilityto a site near Shanghai. China may alsoimprove its C-802 anti-ship cruise missile,using U.S. Harpoon cruise missile technol-ogy to create a land-attack version. Tai-wanese military sources say China may con-duct cruise missile tests in the ocean areanorth of Taiwan’s Pengchia Islet.

Lu Te-Yung, Lien Ho Pao (Hong Kong), 7/30/95,p. 8; in FBIS-CHI-95-167, 8/29/95 (5280).

10/30/95*

Russia has exported stealth technology toChina and North Korea which would en-able these two nations to develop cruisemissiles with small radar cross-sections.

David A. Fulgham, Aviation Week & Space Tech-nology, 10/30/95, p. 53 (5438).

PRC WITH TAIWAN

10/5/95Taiwan begins a large-scale military exer-cise in the Tsoying military zone near thesouthern city of Kaohsiung. The Hua Hsingexercise, involving 60 frigates and 60 air-craft, is being held in response to China’s7/95 and 8/95 missile tests.

Kyodo (Tokyo), 10/5/95; in FBIS-CHI-95-193, 10/5/95 (5516). Benjamin Yeh, CNA (Taipei), 10/13/95; in FBIS-CHI-95-198, 10/13/95 (5525).

PRC WITH UNITED STATES

1/95*

The U.S. Commerce Department singles outtwo Chinese research organizations for in-clusion on a list of “suspect” entities whichwill require a license to purchase sensitiveU.S. imports. The two organizations, FudanUniversity and the Shanghai Institute ofNuclear Research, were chosen due to theirwork in tomography, which can aid in thenon-destructive testing of missile solid fueland nuclear explosive detonation packages.Since the late 1980s, Fudan University hasobtained more than 20 licenses to acquiresensitive U.S. exports.

Risk Report, 1/95-2/95 (5459).

8/27/95The U.S. announces that it will hold a sum-mit meeting with China to discuss, amongother items, arms control and proliferationissues. U.S. Ambassador to the U.N.Madeleine Albright says, “We continue tohave serious questions about their [China’s]nuclear testing, about some of their poli-cies vis-a-vis transfer of missile technology,[and] some of their threatening behaviortowards Taiwan.”

Donald Lambro, Washington Times, 8/28/95, pp.A1, A8 (5649).

189



10/4/95U.S. Undersecretary of State Lynn Davissays the United States would not implementnew sanctions against China unless it ac-quired undeniable proof that China, in vio-lation of MTCR guidelines, sold M-11 mis-siles to Pakistan. According to Davis, thetransaction in question may have occurredbefore China announced its intention to ad-here to the MTCR in 9/94.


10/9/95*

The U.S. House decides to cut funding forthe U.S.-China Joint Defense ConversionCommission. The Commission, created byU.S. Defense Secretary William Perry andGeneral Ding Henggao, director ofCOSTIND, was established in 1994.

William Triplett, Defense News, 10/9/95, pp. 23-24 (5356).

10/12/95Nominee for U.S. ambassador to China,James Sasser, tells the Senate Foreign Rela-tions Committee that classified data indi-cate China is becoming “more responsible”in its missile sales.

William Scally, Reuter (Washington), 10/12/95; inExecutive News Service, 10/13/95 (5466). MichaelDobbs, Washington Post, 10/13/95, p. A18 (5466).

10/24/95During the upcoming 10/24/95 summit be-tween U.S. President Clinton and ChinesePresident Jiang Zemin at the U.N. in NewYork, Clinton is expected to communicateU.S. concerns over China’s 8/95 missile testsoff the northern coast of Taiwan.

Jashon Glashow, Space News, 10/16/95-10/22/95,p. 29 (5460).

QATAR


9/30/95*

The Qatar Army’s field regiment maintainsfour Astros II multi-barreled rocket launch-ers and plans to acquire “target acquisition”

UAVs.Jane’s Defence Weekly, 9/30/95, pp. 36-38 (5393).

ROMANIA

ROMANIA WITH:Hungary, 168

RUSSIA


1995Russian missile builder Raduga begins test-flying its ramjet-powered Hypersonic Ex-perimental Flying Testbed (GELA). Thetestbed is apparently intended for develop-ment of an air-launched ASM. The currentstatus of the missile project remains unclear.


4/95The city of Svobodnyy-18 in Amur Oblastis chosen as the site for a new Russiancosmodrome. According to Russian SpaceAgency sources, it will cost Russia four tril-lion rubles to build one space launch com-plex for heavy rocket boosters.

Ogonek (Moscow), 4/95, p.38; in FBIS-UST-95-030, 8/2/95 (5618).

Mid-1995The Russian aircraft design bureau Tupolevreveals its new Tu-300 reconnaissance UAV.The Tu-300 is still under development andonly a limited number have been manufac-tured to date.


Mid-1995NPO Mashinostroenie says projects to de-velop the Russian Navy’s new ramjet-pow-ered Yakhont and turbojet-powered AlfaASCMs are in jeopardy because of a short-age in state funding. Mashinostroenia addsthat it is financing development of theYakhont missile project by itself. Both su-

personic ASCMs employ inertial mid-courseguidance and an active-radar seeker for ter-minal guidance. The Yakhont is designedto be ship- or submarine-launched while theAlfa can be ship-, submarine-, or air-launched.


Mid-1995Russia test launches an SS-N-20 SLBM froma Typhoon class submarine which had bro-ken through ice two nautical miles from theNorth Pole. The SS-N-20’s 10 dummy war-heads all hit the Chikha missile range witha reported accuracy of 500 m. Accordingto NORAD spokesman Major Robin Alford,Russia gave the U.S. advance notice of thetest as required under the provisions of theSTART agreement. U.S. sensors monitoredthe SS-N-20 missile’s entire flight.


7/95*

Russia’s ISKRA Engineering Design Bu-reau, which manufactures aerospace prod-ucts and composite solid-fuel, indicates itsreadiness to engage in international jointventures to develop and produce solid-fuelpropulsion systems.

Military Parade, 7/95-8/95, pp. 37-40 (5600).

7/95*

Reports in Military Parade indicate thatRussia’s Smerch MLRS was developed bythe SPLAV State Research and ProductionEnterprise and was deployed with the So-viet Army in 1986. Each 70 km-rangerocket has an on-board flight control unit.In contrast to older unguided rockets of thistype, the flight control unit reduces theSmerch rocket’s dispersion rate by threetimes and doubles its firing accuracy.

Military Parade, 7/95-8/95, pp. 130-131 (5571).

7/1/95The Russian government approves a plan bythe Russian Space Agency (RSA), the De-fense Ministry, and the State Defense In-dustry committee to convert Russian SS-19missiles into SLVs. The so-called ‘Rockot’will be Russia’s third medium-class SLVavailable on the international space launchmarket, along with the Proton and Soyuzrockets.



190

Kommersant-Daily (Moscow), 7/7/95, p. 9; in FBIS-TAC-95-014-L, 7/7/95 (5596).

7/17/95*

In a move that will permit major Russianarms producers to independently export theirown products, the Russian government be-gins to break the “near monopoly” ofRosvoorouzhenie, the state-run arms exportagency. Critics say Rosvoorouzhenie hasnot raised enough arms export revenue forthe Russian Treasury. Rosvoorouszheniewill continue to oversee Russian arms ex-ports while the Russian Ministry of For-eign Economic Relations will be responsiblefor export licensing. The new State Com-mittee for Arms Trade Policy will super-vise Russia’s “trade-related policy.” Over thenext two years, President Yeltsin’s govern-ment is reportedly prepared to allow up to10 companies to export their arms indepen-dently. According to a Rosvoorouzheniespokesman, the Russian government’s policychange makes sense because of growingcompetition on the international arms mar-ket. According to Boris Kuzyk, senior ad-visor to President Yeltsin on the arms trade,Moscow’s Almaz Scientific Production As-sociation, which manufactues the S-300anti-aircraft system, will probably be thefirst firm to receive government approval toindependently export arms.

Anton Zhigulsky, Defense News, 7/17/95-7/23/95,pp. 1, 29 (5608).

8/95Sources “close” to the Belarusian Ministryof Defense say Russia’s Rosvoorouzhenie isconcluding a deal with “one of the MiddleEastern states” to transfer an S-300 air de-fense system.

MMC (Minsk), 8/14/95; FBIS-TAC-95-016-L, 8/14/95 (5620).

8/95Russia displays the Hercules air defense sys-tem at the MAKS-95 international air show.The system can strike targets at a range ofseveral hundred km and at altitudes of up to40 km. According to Russian Hercules crewmembers, the missile is superior to the Pa-triot and “can even zap a satellite during thelaunch phase.”

A. Filippov, Moscow Television Network (Moscow),8/21/95; in FBIS-TAC-95-005, 8/21/95 (5384).

8/19/95*

Russia’s new Raduga Kh-101 long-range,conventional cruise missile is ready for flighttesting with the Russian Air Force. TheKh-101 was given priority over the Kh-55missile’s planned replacement, the Kh-90supersonic cruise missile. The Kh-101’sdesigners reportedly concentrated their ef-forts on producing homing and guidancesystems for accuracies of between 12 and20 m. The Kh-101 will be armed with aconventional warhead containing 400 kg ofan “incendiary penetrating charge” and highexplosives. It may also incorporate an“electro-optic course correction system” toenhance its inertial navigation system and a“TV-guided terminal homing head.” TheKh-101 is scheduled to enter service in2000.

Piotr Butowski, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 8/19/95, p.11 (5614).

9/95*

Russia is marketing the 360 km-rangeTupolev Tu-243 UAV at several defense ex-hibitions. The Tu-243 uses an expendablerocket booster for launch and employs a gasturbine engine throughout its flight. TheTu-243’s flight control is performed by apre-programmed on-board computer.


9/95*

According to an article in Russia’s Inzhener,“the policy of squeezing Russian firms” outof the international space launch market isforcing several of them to export the tech-nology which they acquired when Russiawas “a leading space power.”


9/95Russian firms display several SLVs andcruise missiles at the Moscow 95 Airshow.The Khrunichev Space Center displays thesmall Rockot SLV, the prototype Proton-MSLV, and the Angara heavy-launch vehicle.The Rockot’s maiden launch is scheduledfor 1997 from the Plesetsk cosmodrome,while a 1998 launch date is scheduled forthe Proton-M. The Angara utilizes differ-ent elements from the Energia, Zenith, andProton-M SLVs. Maschinostroenie displays

the supersonic Yakhont ASCM and the newsupersonic Aplha ASCM. The Yakhont isscheduled to make its first “propelled andguided flight” in early 1996. Tupolev dis-plays the 1,000 km-range TU-141 Strijdrone.

Jean-Pierre Casamayou, Christian Lardier, PierreLangereux, Air & Cosmos/Aviation International(Paris), 9/1/95, 9/8/95, 9/15/95; in FBIS-UST-95-044, 11/1/95 (5628).

9/95Maschinostroenie announces that it has con-ducted an unguided test-firing of the YakhontASCM. The Yakhont can either be launchedvertically or at an angle of 15 degrees fromhorizontal. With a range of 300 km and aspeed of Mach 2.5, the Yakhont can belaunched from land, a surface ship, or asubmarine. According to a Maschinostroenieofficial, the Yakhont has undergone 10 to20 tests and will be ready for deploymentin approximately two years. Improvementsto the Yakhont’s radar seeker allow for tar-get differentiation based radar cross section,electro-magnetic signature, and target loca-tion. The new ASCM will be deployed withthe Russian Navy and will also be placedon the international export market.


9/95Director General of RosvoorouzhenieAlexander Kotelkin identifies the MiddleEast as a potentially large market for Rus-sian exports, especially the S-300 air de-fense system. Russian companies seekingto export defense items must proceedthrough one of three export organizations—Rosvoorouzhenie, the Moscow Aircraft Pro-duction Organization (MAPO), and theDefense Export Organization—and then ob-tain an export license from the State Com-mittee.

Charles Bickers, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 9/23/95,p. 40 (5385).

9/3/95Director of the Baikonur Cosmodrome Gen-eral Alexei A. Shumilin says Russia’s SpaceForces “will continue to manage” Russia’smilitary space program, but the RSA willprogressively take over all other civilianfunctions. RSA Director General YuriKoptev confirms that the transfer of nearly

191



all of Baikonur’s civilian operations to theRSA and its industrial partners will be com-pleted by 1997. Koptev says Baikonur willfocus its future efforts on developing busi-ness ventures with the West. The role ofRussia’s Military Space Forces in the finalassembly and launch of civilian space rock-ets will be decreased radically.

Peter B. de Selding, Space News, 9/11/95-9/17/95,pp. 2, 20 (5504).

9/5/95Russia conducts successful flight-designtests of the Topol-M2 (RS-12M2) missileat the state test site in Mirnyy, ArkhangelskOblast. The three-stage, solid-fuel Topol-M2 was developed by the Moscow ThermalEquipment Institute under the direction ofBoris Lagutin and is designed for silo-de-ployment. Commander of Russia’s Strate-gic Missile Forces (SMF) Colonel GeneralIgor Sergeyev says the Topol’s performanceparameters are ideal and that it will cost lessto produce compared to other missile sys-tems.

Aleksandr Dolinin, Krasnaya Zvezda (Moscow), 9/7/95, p. 1; in FBIS-SOV-95-177, 9/7/95 (5502).Krasnaya Zveyda, 9/7/95, p. 1 (5639).

9/14/95The Ministry of Fuel and Power Engineer-ing cuts off power to Russia’s Plesetsk mis-sile test site in Arkhangelsk which forcesthe shutdown of all Topol-M testing activi-ties. Although the cut-off lasts only onehour, the SRF places armed officers at powersubstations supplying Plesetsk to preventfurther shutdowns. Russia’s Strategic RocketForces (SRF) have been unable to pay theirelectricity bills for several months and owea reported 17 billion rubles in back pay-ments; the SRF owes a reported 70 billionrubles throughout the whole of Russia.Deputy Commander of the SRF ColonelGeneral Vladimir Nikitin blames thegovernment’s handling of the military bud-get for the SRF’s inability to pay its powerbills.

NTV (Moscow), 9/15/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-180, 9/15/95 (5598).

9/15/95SRF Deputy Commander Vladimir Nikitinsays that further power shut-offs could jeop-ardize the SRF’s ability to guarantee the

safety of Russia’s nuclear weapons.Reuter, 9/15/95; in Executive News Service, 9/15/95 (5601).

9/24/95Russian Prime Minister ViktorChernomyrdin issues a government ordermaking it illegal to cut off electricity sup-plies to any military or defense industry fa-cilities in Russia.


9/25/95An unidentified Russian lieutenant generalsays that if NATO expands eastward, Rus-sia will be forced to sell missile and nucleartechnology to countries such as India, Iran,Iraq, and—if Islamic forces take power in thatcountry—even Algeria. The general says thatmilitary partnerships with these countries,especially Iran, will also be a possibility.The general is interviewed by an unidenti-fied reporter following a speech deliveredby Russian Defense Minister Pavel Grachev.

Zavtra (Moscow), 10/95, pp. 1,6; in FBIS-SOV-95-205, 10/24/95 (5382).

9/28/95*

Russia’s Rosvoorouzhenie will showcase itsS-300V SAM system at the Defense Seoul-95 arms exhibition in South Korea. Headof the Russian delegation, Vladmir Lebed,says the system is superior to many of itsforeign competitors, including the U.S. Pa-triot anti-missile system.

Rossiskaya Gazeta, 9/28/95, p. 1 (5434).

10/3/95The Russian Defense Ministry’s new mili-tary doctrine reportedly calls into questioninternational structures that monitor theproliferation of WMD and asserts that Rus-sia alone will determine the permissibilityof future missile technology sales to India,Iran, Iraq, and Algeria.

Aleksandr Lyasko, Komsomolskaya Pravda (Mos-cow), 9/29/95-10/6/95, p. 2; in FBIS-SOV-95-191,10/3/95 (5593).

10/4/95*

Russia is experimenting with a next-genera-tion, long-range ALCM—probably theRaduga Kh-101 cruise missile—at the Rus-sian Air Force’s Ahktubinsk test-site. Theconventionally armed Kh-101 missile,

which has a reported range of “over 2,770km (1,500 nm)” traveling at subsonic speeds,will probably be fitted on-board Russia’sTupolev Tu-160 Blackjack, Tu-95 Bear H,and Tu-22M3 Backfire bombers. The Kh-101 project may have been boosted byRussia’s cancellation of the Kh-90 super-sonic cruise missile program due to inad-equate funding.


10/6/95Russia gives seven companies the authorityto sell their products directly on the inter-national arms market. According to BorisKuzyk, Russian President Boris Yeltsin’sadvisor on the arms trade, Russia alters itsarms export strategy because of ferociouscompetition in the global arms market. S-300V manufacturer Antei is one of the sevencompanies affected by this decision. Ac-cording to Rosvoorouzhenie, Russian de-fense exports totalled $1.7 billion in 1994.This figure is expected to increase to as muchas $2.6 billion in 1995.

Anton Zhigulsky, Defense News, 10/16/95-10/22/95, p. 64 (5452).

10/9/95*

Russia’s STC Complex is marketing twotypes of converted SS-25 missiles as SLVs:the four-stage Start-1 SLV and the five-stageStart SLV.

Warren Ferster, Space News, 10/9/95-10/15/95, pp.1, 20 (5610).

10/10/95The SRF test-fires an RS-12M Topol MICBM from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome. SRFCommander Igor Sergeyev says that themissile landed on target with “exquisiteprecision.” Sergeyev says the test is intendedto verify the combat readiness of the sup-port personnel and the technical performanceof the missile’s boosters.

Anatoliy Yurkin, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 10/10/95; inFBIS-SOV-95-196, 10/10/95 (5595).

10/13/95Russian President Boris Yeltsin signs thefederal law “On State Regulation of ForeignTrade Activity.” The law sets forth the Rus-sian Federation’s general principles and au-thority for regulating foreign trade activity,



192

including “military-technical cooperationand cooperation with foreign states in themissile-space sector.” The new Russian lawestablishes a new system of export controlsto constrain the trade in arms, militaryequipment, dual-use technology, and othermaterials, that could contribute to the pro-liferation of WMD, missiles capable of de-livering WMD, and other dangerous weap-ons and technologies.

Rossiyskya Gazeta (Moscow), 10/24/95, pp. 4-5;in FBIS-SOV-95-213-S, 10/24/95 (5629).

10/26/95*

Russia conducts a successful test-launch ofa new tactical missile at the Ministry ofDefense’s State Central Test Range. Themobile, highly accurate, integrated tacticalmissile system is being developed forRussia’s ground forces. Colonel GeneralAnatoliy Sitnov, Chief of Armament of theRussian Federation’s Armed Forces, says thenew missile meets INF Treaty requirements.Sitnov also says that no similar missile sys-tems exist anywhere else in the world. Thetest-launch is executed under the directionof Mikhail Kolesnikov, Chief of the Rus-sian Armed Forces General Staff.Kolesnikov asserts that the new missile is“the weapon of the 21st century.”

Russian Public Television First Channel Network(Moscow), 10/26/95; in FBIS-TAC-95-006, 10/26/95 (5623). Russian Public Television First Chan-nel Network (Moscow), 10/27/95; in FBIS-TAC-95-006, 10/27/95 (5623).

RUSSIA WITH:Australia, 160Australia and Sweden, 161Belarus, 161Belarus, Czech Republic, NATO,and Ukraine, 161Bosnia and Iran, 162Bosnia and Serbia, 162Brazil, 163, 164Colombia, 165Croatia, 165Germany, 168India, 172Iraq, 175Kazakhstan and Ukraine, 180Kuwait, 180Lithuania, 180

MTCR, 181North Korea, 184Norway, Ukraine, and UnitedStates, 184PRC, 188

RUSSIA WITH SOUTH KOREA

8/30/95A South Korean official says, to protect it-self against North Korean No-dong SSMs,the ROK may jointly produce the S-300ATBM with Russia.

Naoaki Usui, Defense News, 9/11/95-9/17/95, p.14 (5537).

9/27/95-9/28/95Russian Prime Minister ViktorChernomyrdin discusses military coopera-tion with South Korean leaders during theSeoul Defense-95 arms exhibition.

Defense News, 10/9/95-10/15/95, p. 12 (5533).

10/3/95Alexy Kudryashov of the Russian state im-port/export company, Rosvoorouzhenie, saysRussia is planning to sell weapons to SouthKorea and is also seeking joint weaponsdevelopment projects. Among the plannedprojects is the updating of Russian Igla anti-aircraft missiles and possibly the develop-ment of a medium-range missile.

Defense News, 10/9/95-10/15/95, p. 12 (5533).

10/17/95Boris Saltykov and Chong Kun-mo, theMinisters of Science and Technology ofRussia and South Korea respectively, agreeon a plan to transfer 15 Russian militarytechnologies to South Korea for civilian in-dustrial applications. Among the technolo-gies to be transferred is a ICBM guidancesystem for automobile automatic operatingdevices and “for automatic navigation de-vices for ships and vessels.” Russia andSouth Korea may also work together on fu-ture projects involving “dual-purpose tech-nologies, new materials, biotechnology andcontrolled thermo-nuclear reaction.”

Son Yong-kyu, Hanguk Ilbo (Seoul), 10/18/95, p.2; in FBIS-EAS-95-201, 10/18/95 (5650). NikolayGeronin, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 10/16/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-200, 10/16/95 (5650).

RUSSIA WITH SYRIA

9/95*

Russia has previously exported the 150 km-range Tupolev Reys (Voyager) UAV to Syria.


9/95Russian Defense Minister Pavel Grachev saysRussia stopped transferring long-range mis-siles to Syria three years ago. Syria is re-ported to be $11 billion in debt to Moscow.

Hayim Hecht, Qol Yisra’el (Jerusalem), 9/15/95;in FBIS-NEW-95-179, 9/15/95 (5621).

RUSSIA WITH UKRAINE

7/31/95*

Russia’s RSC Energia and Ukraine’s NPOYuzhnoye are discussing a “stock swap” withone another. Russia and Ukraine are closeto reaching a bilateral space agreement.

James R. Aster, Aviation Week & Space Technol-ogy, 7/31/95, p. 19. (5607).

10/30/95Colonel Oleksandr Serdyuk, head of theStrategic Forces Administration of Ukraine’sDefense Ministry, announces that nuclearwarheads have been removed from 90 per-cent of the strategic nuclear missiles onUkrainian territory. The warheads wereremoved as part of a 1/94 agreement withthe U.S. and Russia to dismantle Ukraine’s130 SS-19 and 46 SS-24 missiles and totransfer the warheads to Russia in exchangefor nuclear power plant fuel. Serdyuk saysall Ukraine’s SS-24 missiles were dismantledby 10/94 and that thus far 80 of the 130 SS-19 ICBMs have beeen dismantled. AlthoughRussia retains operational control over theremaining 10 percent of the missiles inUkraine, Serdyuk asserts that Ukraine re-tains administrative control of the nuclearforces on its territory.

AFP (Paris), 10/30/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-210, 10/30/95 (5613). Interfax (Moscow), 10/30/95; inFBIS-SOV-95-210, 10/30/95 (5613).

193



RUSSIA WITH UKRAINE AND

UNITED STATES

Mid-1995The U.S. firm Pratt and Whitney receivesan RD-120 rocket engine from NPOEnergomash in Russia. The transfer is thefirst step in a joint venture between the twocompanies to market a modified version ofthe upper stage Zenit rocket engine. Thenew RD-120M engine will be manufacturedin Russia and Ukraine, and will constitutethe first stage of a new, small SLV.


RUSSIA WITH UNITED STATES

Late 4/95The U.S.’s GRA Trading Company Inc. bro-kers a deal in which Russia’sRosvoorouzhenie sells a top secret S-300anti-aircraft missile system to the U.S. for$100 million. The S-300, which can strikedown tactical missiles, cruise missiles, andother airborne targets at elevations of up to30 km, is designed by Antei and built byNovator. The S-300 can also track 200 tar-gets concurrently, and can reportedly detect“stealth” aircraft with a “99 percent guaran-tee” of destruction.

Denis Baranets, Moscow News, 10/6/95-10/12/95,p. 5 (5617). Moscovskie Novosti, 10/1/95-10/8/95, p. 29 (5637).

6/30/95The U.S. agrees to stop opposing Russia’sparticipation in the “New Forum,” the or-ganization to replace COCOM. States with“viable nationally-based export control re-gimes,” and which adhere to the MTCR, theNPT, and the chemical/biological weaponsaccords will be eligible for membership inthe New Forum.

Barbara Starr, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 8/5/95, p. 5(5267).

Mid-1995Russia delivers two NK-33 rocket enginesto Aerojet in Sacramento, California, to betested for possible use in the U.S. Air Force’sEvolved Expendable Launch Vehicle(EELV) project. The engines are providedas part of a joint venture between Aerojetand Russia’s Samara State Scientific and

Production Enterprise-NK Engines.Defense News, 7/24/95-7/30/95, p. 12 (5344).

8/9/95The U.S. Defense Nuclear Agency an-nounces plans for the construction of aclosed-burn solid rocket motor (SRM) de-struction facility in Perm, Russia. Theplanned facility will eliminate 30 percentof Russia’s SRMs by 12/31/00. Russia willmaintain control over the status of the mis-sile cases, insulation, and other subcompo-nents.

Post-Soviet Nuclear & Defense Monitor, 9/1/95, pp.3-4.

9/94*

The RAMKON organization, set up by theMakeyev design bureau and other Russiandefense enterprises, establishes a joint ven-ture with the U.S. corporation Sea LaunchInvestors to use converted SS-N-6, SS-N-8,and SS-N-18 SLBMs for commercial spacelaunches. Two test launches of convertedSLBMs have been conducted to date.


9/29/95The Clinton administration adopts a policywhich allows excess Russian ballistic mis-siles to compete with U.S. rockets in thecommercial space launch market. The U.S.position is adopted after a meeting withRussian delegates at the START Joint Com-pliance and Inspection Commission inGeneva. Although the new policy will even-tually permit the use of all excess foreignballistic missiles for space launch purposesin the U.S., only Russia and Ukraine areaffected at this point. The U.S. will reviewrequests to launch American-made satelliteson converted foreign missiles on a case-by-case basis.


10/4/95Deputy Director General of the RussianSpace Agency Yuri Milov says that Russiahas plenty of SS-25 missles to satisfy theU.S.’s space launch demands.


10/9/95*

The U.S.’s EarthWatch Inc. of Colorado isgranted permission by the U.S. governmentto launch its EarlyBird remote-sensing sat-ellite on-board a Russian Start-1 booster in1996.


10/9/95Russian Prime Minister Chernomyrdin signsa resolution determining the cooperativebasis between Samarsk AO and the U.S.’sAerojet for the installation of Russian en-gines on American SLVs.

Andrei Baranovski, Legodnya, 10/20/95, p. 4(5640).

10/20/95*

The U.S.’s Aerojet announces that it hassuccessfully test-fired a Russian NK-33 liq-uid-fuel rocket engine for the first time.

Andrei Baranovski, Legodnya, 10/20/95, p. 4(5640).

SAUDI ARABIA

SAUDI ARABIA WITH:France, 167

SERBIA

SERBIA WITH:Bosnia and Russia, 162

SLOVAKIA

SLOVAKIA WITH:Azores and Ecuador, 161



194

SOUTH AFRICA


7/3/95*

South Africa’s Kentron test-flies a “second-generation stand-off weapon” which hasrange and speed capabilities similar to theU.S. AGM-130E. The new weapon can belaunched from the South African Air Force’s(SAAF) two-seater Cheetah D aircraft, al-though it is not known if a prototype is avail-able yet. U.S. officials assert that the “newstandoff weapon is stealthy.” Kentron hasalso developed the H-3 “powered glidebomb” by adding a micro rocket motor toits H-2 glide bomb. The H-3 project wasapparently terminated after one successfultest-flight because of financial constraints.According to the SAAF, all of the H-3s havebeen “retired,” but conflicting reports fromindustry officials and former officers assertthat a number of H-3s were retained andmore could be produced quickly on demand.

Aviation Week and Space Technology, 7/35/95, pp.55-58 (5321).

7/3/95*

Officials from South Africa’s OverbergToersbaan (OTB) test range hope that SouthAfrica’s entry into the MTCR by the end of1995 will allow it to conduct future spacelaunches. The OTB site, which is run bythe Denel aerospace firm, was intendedoriginally for use in a South African satel-lite and space launch program, but theproject was shelved as a reult of “missiletreaty agreements.” The range is currentlybeing used to test tactical missiles and air-craft. According to General Manager JanMalan, OTB is focusing on testing longerrange systems in particular.

Aviation Week and Space Technology, 7/3/95, pp.62-65 (5479).

7/3/95*

South Africa’s Kentron is offering its Flow-chart 2 UAV for use as a “target drone.” U.S.officials worry that the Flowchart 2 couldbe armed with a warhead or used as a

“stealthy reconnaissance UAV” upon export.Aviation Week and Space Technology, 7/3/95, pp.62-65 (5479).

9/9/95*

The South African government establishesthe National Conventional Arms ControlCommittee (NCAC) to regulate the exportof Armscor defense items. Headed by aminister with no official defense industryties, the NCAC will maintain an indepen-dent inspectorate to monitor the committee’swork and to report directly to the SouthAfrican Senate and National Assembly de-fense committees. South Africa’s defenseexports will no longer be regulated by coun-try classification, but will be evaluated interms of their potential contribution to hu-man rights violations, regional instability,and terrorist activities; their potential fordiversion for re-export; and their possiblenegative repercussions for South Africa’strade and foreign policies. The NCAC hasalready denied export requests to two coun-tries, and may be responsible for blockingexports to Turkey, which forced some SouthAfrican companies to break contractual ob-ligations.

Helmoed Roemer, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 9/9/95,p. 4 (5319).

11/1/95*

South Africa releases the first pictures ofKentron’s modular precision stand-offweapon (MUPSOW) prototype, which canbe mounted on the South African Air Force’s(SAAF) Atlas Cheetah aircraft. MUPSOWwill replace the SAAF’s H-2 stand-off glidebomb, which was used during the war inAngola.


SOUTH AFRICA WITH:CIS, France, and United States,165MTCR, 181Pakistan, 185

SOUTH KOREA


10/11/95South Korean Defense Minister Yi Yang-hoannounces that South Korea will soon be-gin research and development of short-rangeSAMs. The ROK National Assembly De-fense Committee has been critical of the Biho30mm low-altitude anti-air gun—to be pro-duced in 1999—because its 2.5 km range isconsidered insufficient to counter NorthKorean Scuds or attacking aircraft.

Korea Herald, (Seoul), 10/12/95, p. 3; in FBIS-EAS-95-200, 10/12/95 (5535).

SOUTH KOREA WITH:Iran and North Korea, 173Israel, 176Japan, 179MTCR, 181New Forum, 182North Korea, 184Russia, 192

SOUTH KOREA WITH UNITED STATES

7/10/95South Korean Foreign Minister Kong No-myong announces his government’s inten-tion to abolish a 1979 memorandum of un-derstanding with the U.S. prohibitingSeoul’s development of SSMs with rangesof more than 180 km and payloads over 500kg. The MoU also bans South Korea fromimporting missile components from thirdcountries and places restrictions on its ci-vilian space program. South Korea recon-firmed the MoU in 8/90, agreeing to in-form the U.S. if it exceeded these limita-tions.

Pak Chae-pom, Seoul Sinmun, 7/12/95, p. 6; inFBIS-EAS-95-133 (5343). Kim Tang, Sisa Jour-nal (Seoul), 10/12/95, pp. 20-24; in FBIS-EAS-95-196, 10/12/95 (5373). Tong-a Ilbo (Seoul), 10/9/95, p. 1; in FBIS-EAS-95-195, 10/9/95 (5379).Hanguk Ilbo (Seoul), 9/26/95, p. 3; in FBIS-EAS-95-186, 9/26/95 (5446). Korea Herald (Seoul), 10/12/95, p. 3; in FBIS-EAS-95-200, 10/12/95 (5535).Hanguk Ilbo (Seoul), 10/31/95, p. 2; in FBIS-EAS-95-210, 10/31/95 (5548).

195



8/21/95-9/1/95The U.S. and the ROK hold the Ulchi-Fo-cus Lens exercise, during which the jointU.S.-South Korean system for detecting andintercepting North Korean Scud missilesproves to be inadequate; computer simula-tions are used to test the system. In 9/95,U.S. and South Korean leaders say prob-lems with the current system require that aneffective strategy to counter North Koreanmissiles be adopted as soon as possible.

Son Tae-kyu, Hanguk Ilbo (Seoul), 10/4/95, p. 1;in FBIS-EAS-95-193, 10/4/95 (5534).

9/13/95The South Korean Ministry of NationalDefense announces that the ROK Army willspend $700 million on acquiring ATACMSand MLRS systems from the U.S. between1996 and 1999.

Choson Ilbo (Seoul), 9/14/95, p.2; in FBIS-EAS-95-178, 9/14/95 (5256).

9/25/95South Korea’s Defense Ministry announcesthe U.S. rejection of its request to abolish a1979 MoU restricting ROK missile devel-opment and imports.

Son Ki-yong, Korea Times (Seoul), 9/26/95, pp. 1-2; in FBIS-EAS-95-186, 9/26/95 (5446).

10/11/95South Korean Defense Minister Yi Yang-hosays South Korea will try to eliminate re-strictions on its missile development im-posed by the ROK-U.S. Memorandum onMissile Control. According to Yi, the agree-ment does not allow South Korea to ad-equately confront the danger posed by NorthKorean missiles and places unnecessary con-trols on peaceful space programs run byprivate industry.

Yonhap (Seoul), 10/11/95; in FBIS-EAS-95-196,10/11/95 (5374).

SPAIN

SPAIN WITH:Canada, Germany, Netherlands,and United States, 164Egypt, 166

SUDAN

SUDAN WITH:Iran and Iraq, 173

SWEDEN

SWEDEN WITH:Australia and Russia, 161

SYRIA


8/30/95*

The Israeli defense establishment reports thatSyria has the capability to indigenously pro-duce Scud missiles including the Scud-C, aSSM that can target the whole of Israel withconventional and chemical warheads. Syriareportedly has 60 ballistic missile launch-ers and has performed numerous Scudlaunching drills and Scud-C tests.

Channel 2 Television Network (Jerusalem), 8/30/95; in FBIS-NES-95-169, 8/31/95 (5425).

SYRIA WITH:Germany, 168Israel, 176Russia, 192

TAIWAN


9/19/95*

In response to China’s continued missiletests, Taiwan has deployed 170 km-rangeHsiung Feng anti-ship missiles on the is-land of Tung-yin, near China’s Fujian prov-ince. Taiwan originally planned to deploythe missiles on Peng-chia, an island 50 kmoff the northern tip of Taiwan, but decidednot to because of possible Japanese protestover potential targeting of the Senkaku is-lands.

Kyodo (Tokyo), 9/19/95; in FBIS-CHI-95-163, 9/19/95 (5523). Krasnaya Zveda (Moscow), 10/3/95,p. 3 (5546).

10/95*

Taiwan is developing the 600 to 950 km-range Tien Ma missile.

International Institute of Strategic Studies, MilitaryBalance 1995-1996, 10/95, pp. 281-285 (5569).

10/11/95Taiwan’s Defense Minister Chiang Chung-ling says Taiwan has already begun missiledefense research as part of the defense bud-get for the fiscal year ending 6/30/96. Some300 billion New Taiwan dollars ($11 bil-lion) is allocated for the next fiscal year, up20 percent from FY 1995-96. Taiwan is alsoconsidering the purchase of additional Pa-triot air defense systems.

Benjamin Yeh, CNA (Taipei), 10/12/95; in FBIS-CHI-95-197, 10/12/95 (5526).

10/13/95In the Taiwanese Legislative Yuan, NationalDefense Minister Chiang Chung-ling saysthat the military will strengthen air defensecapabilities by pursuing indigenous missiledevelopment and purchasing foreign theatermissile defense (TMD) systems.

Bear Lee, CNA (Taipei), 10/14/95; in FBIS-CHI-95-200, 10/14/95 (5519).

10/20/95*

A third base for the Tien Kung SAM willbe established on the offshore island of



196

Penghua by 6/96. To achieve maximuminterception potential, the 200 km-rangeTien Kung is expected to be deployed at sixbases, including the Tungyin base. The TienKung-1—which is not yet mass produced—hasalready been deployed on two mainland Tai-wan bases. The Taiwanese military recentlycompleted missile tests combining TienKung-1 and Tien Kung-2 missiles.

Chung-Kuo Shih-Pao (Taipei), 10/20/95, p. 2; inFBIS-CHI-95-206, 10/20/95 (5510). Benjamin Yeh,CNA (Taipei), 10/21/95; in FBIS-CHI-95-204, 10/21/95 (5521).

10/23/95*

Taiwanese Navy Commander Ku Chung-liensays Taiwan plans to acquire Northwest Windand Revenger tactical missiles.

Tzu-Li Wan-Pao (Taipei), 10/23/95, p. 3; in FBIS-CHI-95-213, 10/23/95 (5644).

TAIWAN WITH:France, 167PRC, 188

TAIWAN WITH UNITED STATES

7/12/95*

The U.S. is reported to have pressured Tai-wan into stopping development of its 1,000km-range “Sky Horse” guided missile.

Pak Chae-pom, Seoul Sinmun, 7/12/95, p. 6; inFBIS-EAS-95-133 (5343).

7/13/95Taiwan launches its fifth indigenously builtmissile frigate, the Tzu Yiat, at the state-run China Shipbuilding Corporation’s(CSBC) Kaohsiung shipyard. Equippedwith advanced radar, torpedoes, rockets,SSMs, SAMs and indigenously built HsiungFeng-2 missiles, the Tzu Yi design is basedon the U.S. Perry-class frigate. Tzu Yi isone of eight such frigates ordered under theROC Navy’s “Kwanghua No. 1” warshipmodernization plan, which is intended toupgrade Taiwan’s naval defense. Navy Com-mander-in-Chief Admiral Ku Chung-liensays the eighth frigate has been canceled dueto a budget shortfall. The U.S. provided thetechnology and materials for the first twofrigates, while the Chungshan Institute ofScience and Technology will integrate theships’ weapons systems.

Sofia Wu, CNA (Taipei), 7/13/95; in FBIS-CHI-95-135, 7/13/95 (5551).

7/26/95The last three of six Knox-class frigates onlease from the U.S. to Taiwan dock at theTsuoying naval base. The frigates, which areintended to counter Chinese submarinesoperating in the deep waters off Taiwan’seast coast, are equipped with Harpoon SSMsand other advanced weapon systems. Theyare intended to form part of a new anti-sub-marine flotilla, “Fleet 168” to be based atChungcheng Naval Base in the northeasterncity of Suao, Ilan County.

Benjamin Yeh, CNA (Taipei), 7/25/95; in FBIS-CHI-95-143, 7/26/95 (5550). Sofia Wu, CNA(Taipei), 7/5/95; in FBIS-CHI-95-151, 7/5/95(5550).

10/23/95*

Taiwan may discuss participation in devel-opment of the U.S. Theater Missile Defense(TMD) system during its annual arms ac-quisition meeting with the U.S. in 1996.Development costs, Chinese opposition, andthe delicate issue of establishing an earlywarning satellite system for TMD operationmay prevent Taiwan from joining. The anti-missile system could use an advanced phasedarray radar system as a substitute for a sat-ellite system, according to military sources.

Chung-Kuo Shih-Pao (Taipei), 10/23/95, p. 1; inFBIS-CHI-95-213, 10/23/95 (5520).

THAILAND

THAILAND WITH:Israel, 177

THAILAND WITH UNITED STATES

7/95Thailand suspends its purchase of theShadow-600 UAV from the U.S.’s AAI Cor-poration pending a determination by Thaiofficials that the U.S. military supports thesystem and that Shadow is not a prototype.USAF General Kenneth Israel, director ofthe U.S. Defense Airborne ReconnaissanceOffice, comments that the Shadow-600 UAV

is a new system, while Susan Boyd, spokes-woman for the U.S.’s UAV Joint ProjectOffice, adds “the U.S. Army does not sup-ply spare parts for the Shadow-600.” Thaiofficials reportedly based their decision topurchase the Shadow-600 on AAI’s adver-tisement of the UAV as an upgraded Pio-neer.


Early 8/95A Thai delegation inspects AAI’s ShadowUAV to determine whether it is a prototypeand whether it can be supported with spareparts and other equipment. AAI Spokes-man Paul Guse claims the Royal Thai Armyhas said the Shadow meets “initial require-ments,” and he predicts a contract by 9/95.Thailand will reportedly seek new contractbids for its UAV requirement if both theShadow and Searcher prove to be prototypes.


10/95Thailand’s Royal Air Force ordersMcDonnell Douglas (MDC) AGM-84 Har-poon missiles as part of a deal to acquireeight MDC F-18C/Ds from the U.S. Thai-land allocates 10 billion baht ($400 million)from its 1995-1996 defense budget for theMDC F-18C/D package, but insists that itwill proceed with the purchase only if thedeal includes Hughes AIM-120 advancedmedium-range air-to-air missiles(AMRAAM). The U.S. State Departmenthas yet to clear the AMRAAM sale althoughfurther talks are scheduled with Thailandin 10/95. Before the deal can proceed, theU.S. Congress requires a 50-day notifica-tion of the transfer.

Paul Lewis, Flight International, 10/25/95-10/31/95, p. 15 (5389).

TURKEY


9/95Turkish companies reveal designs for two

197



multiple rocket launchers in order to fulfillthe needs of Turkey’s Land Forces.


TURKEY WITH UNITED STATES

9/16/95*

The Turkish Army reportedly considers ac-quisition of additional Multiple LaunchRocket Systems (MLRS) from the U.S. de-fense firm Loral Vought. The Turkish Armyalready has 15 MLRS systems that weredeployed between 1989 and 1992.

Jane’s Defence Weekly, 9/16/95, pp. 30, 34 (5387).

9/20/95Turkey’s Prime Minister Tansu Ciller re-signs, prompting speculation that severalTurkish defense orders might be delayed.According to Robert Costa, Raytheon’s man-ager for the Patriot project, his firm mustwait to see whether the resignation will re-sult in “changes in Turkey’s attitude on de-fense procurement policies.” Raytheon saysit expects to initiate discussions with Tur-key over the sale of its Patriot SAM in thenear future.

Umit Enginsoy, Defense News, 9/25/95-10/1/95, pp.3, 45 (5424).

UKRAINE


8/95Ukraine’s Cabinet of Ministers approvesregulations to control the import and ex-port of missile-related technology, materi-als, and equipment. The Ukrainian gov-ernment also approves a list of missile-re-lated items to be controlled, including com-plete ballistic missile systems, SLVs, andresearch rockets that are capable of deliver-ing a payload to a range of 300 km or more.The associated manufacturing technologiesand equipment used to produce these sys-tems are also controlled.

Kommersant-Daily (Moscow), 8/12/95, p. 3; inFBIS-SOV-95-157, 8/12/95 (5348). Kommersant-Daily (Moscow), 8/12/95, p. 3; in FBIS-TAC-95-016-L, 8/12/95 (5626).

8/95Ukraine’s Air Defense Troops “demonstrate”an S-300 missile defense system nearKherson. Commander of the Air DefenseTroops Colonel General Mykhaylo Lopatinsays the S-300 outperforms the Patriot mis-sile system. The S-300 was developedjointly by Ukraine and Russia.

Holos Ukrayiny (Kiev), 9/2/95, p. 1; in FBIS-TAC-95-005, 9/2/95 (5383).

8/28/95*

Ukraine’s two-stage, liquid-fuel Zenit-2rocket enters the commerical space launchmarket.

Aviation Week and Space Technology, 8/21/95, p.S6 (5426).

8/31/95Ukraine successfully conducts the first com-mercial launch of its three-stage TsyklonSLV, placing two remote-sensing satellitesinto orbit; the launch takes place at thePlesetsk Cosmodrome in northern Russia.The first and second stages of the TsyklonSLV are based on SS-9 missiles. The rocketis built in Dnepropetrovsk, at the YuzhnoyeDesign Office. According to VictorChernyy, director of planning for EasternEurope and the former Soviet republics atGarber International Associates Inc., theTsyklon launch will help Ukraine to gain afoothold in the commercial satellite launchmarket.

Lon Rains, Space News, 9/4/95-9/10/95, p. 10(5451).

9/95Ukrainian Defense Minister ValeriyShmarov says Ukraine is on schedule formeeeting its disarmament obligations un-der START I. Ukraine has dismantled 80missiles thus far and has taken four missilecomplexes off alert at Khmelnitskiy.

Natalya Kondratyuk, Russian Public Television FirstChannel Network (Moscow), 9/29/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-190, 9/29/95 (5450).

UKRAINE WITH:Belarus, Czech Republic, Russia,and NATO, 161Brazil, 164Iraq, 175Kazakhstan and Russia, 180

Norway, Russia, andUnited States, 184Russia, 192Russia and United States, 193

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES(UAE)

UAE WITH UNITED STATES

7/21/95-7/25/95In talks with U.S. Vice President Al Gore,U.S. Defense Secretary William Perry, andVice Chairman of the U.S. Joint Chiefs ofStaff William Owens, UAE Chief of StaffLieutenant General Mohammed Bun ZayadAl-Nahyan asks the U.S. to approve the ex-port to the UAE of High-Speed Anti-RadarMissiles (HARMs), Standoff Land AttackMissiles (SLAMs), and GBU-15 precisionglide bombs. According to an industry ex-pert, if the U.S. proceeds with the deal, itwill transfer the earlier Block II or BlockIII versions of HARM as opposed to theBlock IV variant currently in service withU.S. armed forces. The U.S. has never ex-ported SLAM and has only transferredHARM to South Korea and NATO coun-tries. The UAE has linked its missile ex-port request to the success of a pending $8billion weapons purchase from the U.S. thatincludes up to 80 advanced fighter aircraft.

Philip Finnegan, Defense News, 8/7/95-8/13/95, pp.4, 26 (5496).

UNITED KINGDOM

UNITED KINGDOM WITH:Chile, 165France, Germany, and Italy, 166India, 172Malaysia, 180



198

UNITED KINGDOM WITH UNITED STATES

10/4/95U.S. Department of Defense officials sign a$284 million contract for the transfer of 65conventionally-armed Tomahawk cruisemissiles to the U.K. The transfer will rep-resent the first time the U.S. has exportedthe Tomahawk land-attack cruise missile.

Defense News, 10/23/95, p. 38 (5608).

10/16/95U.K. Defense Secretary Michael Portilloannounces the Tomahawk acquisition dur-ing a defense debate in the House of com-mons. U.K. officals are scheduled to signthe contract by 10/24/95. The Tomahawkswill be deployed on the U.K.’s Trafalgar andSwiftsure classes of nuclear-powered,hunter-killer submarines.

Defense News, 10/23/95, p. 38 (5608).

UNITED STATES


6/95Major General Ken Israel, head of the De-fense Airborne Reconnaissance Office(DARO), predicts that under certain restric-tions and depending on security classifica-tions, the U.S. will export endurance UAVtechnology. Some senior U.S. defense offi-cials worry that exports of long-range andhigh-payload UAV technology will violateMTCR guidelines. States from Europe andthe Middle East have apparently expressedinterest in purchasing the medium-altitudePredator UAV and the stealthy DarkStarUAV, which cost $3.2 and $10 million re-spectively.

David A. Fulghum, Aviation Week and Space Tech-nology, 7/10/95, pp.40-43 (5311).

10/95*

The Department of Defense (DOD) suggeststhat restrictions on supercomputer sales tocountries with long-range missile andnuclear weapon programs should be lifted.Under the proposal, countries such as Is-

rael, India, and Pakistan would only be re-quired to pledge that such imported com-puters would be used for non-military pur-poses. Since 1993, computers capable ofperforming 1,500 million theoretical opera-tions per second (MTOPS) have been clas-sified as supercomputers in the U.S. TheDOD proposes to increase the designationof supercomputers to those capable of per-forming between 7,000 and 10,000 MTOPS.According to a DOD memo, Pentagon en-gineers use computers capable of perform-ing between 1,000 and 10,000 MTOPS todevelop infrared trackers to pick-up incom-ing missiles, to develop ground radars fortheater missile defense, and to design rocketmotors. The U.S. Arms Control and Disar-mament Agency and the U.S. Departmentof Energy argue that the current require-ment to individually license machines ca-pable of 500 MTOPS or greater should re-main in place for those countries believedto be manufacturing WMD.

Risk Report, 10/95, pp. 1, 12 (5484). IntelligenceNewsletter, 10/12/95, p. 3 (5646).

10/6/95President Clinton removes all U.S. exportrestrictions on computer sales to NATO andother Western allies and increases the limitat which licenses are needed for two othercountry categories. Under the new regula-tions, individual export licenses are neededfor exports of computers capable of perform-ing over 10,000 MTOPS to Central Euro-pean and Pacific Rim countries. In addi-tion, any exports to these countries of com-puters capable of performing over 20,000MTOPS may require safeguard measures atthe end-user site. Individual licenses arealso required for exports of computers ca-pable of performing between 2,000 and7,000 MTOPS to countries which are be-lieved to be involved in nuclear prolifera-tion, including China, Israel, and countriesin the former Soviet Union. Iran, Iraq,Libya, and North Korea remain under a com-plete computer export embargo. The deci-sion to ease export restrictions has been criti-cized because it is believed that increasedaccess to supercomputers will help China,India, Pakistan, Israel, and other nations todevelop nuclear weapons.

Pat Cooper and Theresa Hitchens, Defense News,10/16/95, p. 26 (5485). Intelligence Newsletter,

10/12/95, p. 3 (5646). New York Times, 10/7/95,p. 2 (5646). Bill Gertz, Washington Times, 10/5/95, p. A10 (5657).

10/23/95*

The U.S. Navy’s 1994 Naval IntelligencePosture Statement asserts that the biggestthreat to the world’s naval forces in the nexttwo decades will be from over 100 differenttypes of ASCMs that are either planned,under development, or in production.


UNITED STATES WITH:Australia and Germany, 160Belarus, 162Brazil, 163, 164Canada, Germany, Spain, andNetherlands, 164CIS, France, and South Africa,165Croatia, 165Egypt, 166France, Germany, and Italy, 166Germany, 168Germany and Japan, 168Germany and Netherlands, 168Germany, Netherlands, andNATO, 168India, 172India and Pakistan, 172Iran, 173Israel, 177Japan, 179Kuwait, 180MTCR, 181North Korea, 184Norway, Russia, and Ukraine, 184Pakistan, 185Pakistan and PRC, 185PRC, 188Russia, 193Russia and Ukraine, 193South Korea, 194Taiwan, 196Thailand, 196Turkey, 197UAE, 197United Kingdom, 198

NPR 3.2: BALLISTIC, CRUISE MISSILE, AND MISSILE DEFENSE ... · Missile Developments 156 BALLISTIC, CRUISE MISSILE, AND MISSILE DEFENSE SYSTEMS: TRADE AND SIGNIFICANT DEVELOPMENTS,

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