Notes Solubility1

Matter, Solutions, & Solubility

I. Phases of Matter

A. The main differences in solids, liquids and gases is:

how close their particles are, the speed of the particles & type of motion

• B. kinetic molecular theory – particles of matter are in constant motion & the speed of the particles increases w/ increased temp

• 1. In solids, the particles are very close together, touching each other and packed tightly enough that the particles cannot move at all except to rotate on their axes & vibrate.

• a. SOLIDS - have definite shape and definite volume

• *usually HIGH density• *expands only slightly when heated• *almost incompressible because

particles are packed very close together.

• Crystalline - repeating geometric pattern–covalent network–metallic– ionic–covalent molecular

• Amorphous - no geometric pattern

decreasingm.p.

Types of Solids

Ionic(NaCl)

Metallic

• 2. In liquids, the particles touch each other constantly but can slide past each other as the liquid FLOWS.

• a. LIQUIDS – *have definite volume but not definite shape

• *usually SLIGHTLY less dense than solids

• *expand more than solids when heated• *almost incompressible; • *takes the shape of its container• *flows – viscosity refers to how quickly or

slowly a fluid flows or changes shape

B. Liquid Properties

• Surface Tension–attractive force between particles in a

liquid that minimizes surface area

Liquid Properties• Capillary Action–attractive force between the surface of a

liquid and the surface of a solid – paper towels!

water mercury

• 3. In gases, the particles are completely independent and do not touch each other continually.

• b. GASES - have no definite shape & no definite volume

• *very LOW density• *expand greatly when heated

• *highly compressible• *take the shape of the container • *flow• *particles are completely independent

and do not touch each other except when they bump into each other.

• 4. phase changes• a. melting/freezing – solid to liquid &

liquid to solid• b. boiling/condensating—liquid to gas

gas to liquid• c. sublimation/deposition—solid to

gas & gas to solid

Liquids vs. SolidsLIQUIDS

Stronger than in gases

Y

high

N

slower than in gases

SOLIDS

Very strong

N

high

N

extremely slow

IMF Strength

Fluid

Density

Compressible

Diffusion

Hydrogen Bonding

• Intermolecular forcesof attraction between

molecules

• Bonds exist withinmolecules

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 442

Water is an exception to the rule!Water becomes more dense as it gets colder UNTIL it reaches 4C – it is MOST dense at 4 C. As it gets colder (3 C & lower) it expands & so gets less dense. That is why ice floats in water!