Northeast Association of State Transportation Officials Delaware Center for Transportation Alternative-Fuel Technology for Fleet June 2010 Arde Faghri,

Northeast Association of State Transportation Officials

Delaware Center for Transportation

Alternative-Fuel Technology for Fleet

June 2010

Arde Faghri, Professor, Civil Engi.Director,Delaware Center for TransportationUniversity of Delaware

Amir ShahparResearch Assistant,Delaware Center for Transportation



Outline

Introducing DART Fleet Expansion Considerations Alternative-Fuel Transit Buses Data Collection Results

– Life-Cycle Cost – Emissions

Future Works



Delaware Authority for Regional Transit: DART

Delaware’s bus, train, and intermodal transportation provider Services include contracted SEPTA commuter trains,

intercounty bus, fixed route bus and paratransit

10.2 million passenger trips system wide ridership

Revenue sources: 18% fare – 77% State – 3% Federal – 2% bus advertising

One of the 43 transit agencies chosen to reduce energy consumption and GHG Emissions



69 fixed bus routes

430 buses all types– 40-foot buses config.

132 Diesel 15 Hybrid Diesel-

Electric

Fleet expansion Plan– 9 in 2011– 12 in 2012

New Castle CountyFixed Bus Routes



Fleet Expansion Considerations

Serious funding problems

Life-Cycle Cost (LCC)

APTA Strategic Plan 2010-2014– Economic Sustainability– Environmental Sustainability

Latest EPA Standards

State Implementations Plans (SIP)



EPA Emission Standards

Source: Generated based on the EPA web site (2010)



EPA Emission Standards

Source: Generated based on the EPA web site (2010)



Ozone Level in Delaware



Alternative-Fuel Buses

Clean Air Act 1990– Ethanol, Methanol, Biodiesel,

CNG, LPG, LNG, Hybrid,

Pure Electric, Fuel cell

2009 APTA database

(40-foot standard transit bus)



Other Technologies weaknesses

Ethanol & Methanol:– High maintenance cost and reduced engine life

LPG:– Lack of suitable commercially available engine – Practical option for small- to medium-sized transit buses

Fuel Cell:– Very pricy with an average price of $1.3M (zero emission)

Pure Electric:– Prototype design stage (very promising)



Other Technologies weaknesses

Source: University of Delaware Center for Fuel Cell Research



Dominant Technologies

Ultra-Low-Sulfur Diesel (ULSD)

Biodiesel (B20)

Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)

Hybrid Diesel-Electric



Data Collection

DART: – Annual average mileage = 30,000 mile/year– Average speed = 12.7 mph– Bus life span = 12 years– Fuel economy

Delaware Air quality Reports: – key emissions: PM2.5 & ozone– non-attainment areas: Wilmington for PM2.5 & Delaware for

ozone



Data Collection

Federal reports including:– Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) – Federal Transit Administration (FTA)– Department of Transportation (DOT) – National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) – Department of Energy (DOE)– American Public Transportation Association (APTA)

Two major public transportation conferences:– BUSCON 2009, Chicago, IL– APTA 2009, Orlando, FL



Life-Cycle Cost Items

Capital Cost– Vehicle Cost – Refueling Station

(infrastructure)

– Depot Modification

Operating Cost– Fuel Cost– Total Maintenance Cost– Facility Maintenance– Compression Electricity– Battery Replacement

Infrastructure and depot modification cost were justified based on DART current facilities



Major Assumptions

Direct Cost That DART Pays 12-Years Life Span 50 New Buses Purchased in 2009 Type of Buses: 40 feet, low floor, 39 seats Buses Operated at Average National Conditions

– 12 mph Speed – 35,000 miles per year

80% Federal subsidy for bus procurement Mechanic Time ($50/hr) in maintenance costs



Capital Costs per Bus(50 Bus Fleet)



Operating Costs per Bus(50 Bus Fleet, 12 years)



Fuel Economy & Projected Fuel Price

Source: Department of Energy, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Federal Transit Association



The Life Cycle Cost per Bus(50 Bus Fleet, 12 years)

ULSD Biodiesel CNG Hybrid

Total Capital Cost (CC)

$68,682 $87,820 $218,158 $110,068

Total Operating Cost (OC)

$642,032 $673,200 $523,788 $592,881

Total CC+OC $710,714 $761,020 $741,946 $702,949

Total CC+OC ($/mile)

$1.69 $1.81 $1.77 $1.67

Total CC+OC ($/mile/seat)

$0.043 $0.046 $0.045 $0.042



Life Cycle Cost$/mile



Reliability Index

ULSD Biodiesel CNG Hybrid

Total MBRC 3,197 3,632 5,738 5,847

Propulsion MBRC

5,000 8,211 8,885 8,673

Cumulative Miles Between Road Calls (MBRC)

NYCTA Standard MBRC = 4,000 miles



Emission Estimation (gram/mile)

Technologies PM NOx NMHC VOC GHG

ULSD 0.021 5.49 0.09 0.05 2328

Biodiesel 0.017 7.14 0.08 0.03 2373

CNG 0.015 6.02 0.84 .69 2303

Hybrid 0.01 4.51 0.00 0.03 1972



Future Works

Multi-Criteria Decision Making Process

Experts Survey

– DelDOT Experts– DART-Management– DART-Bus operator– DART-Maintenance– DNREC– Passengers– UD researchers

Qualitative Criteria

– Vehicle Capability– Sense of Comfort– Energy Independence– Noise Pollution



“You'll know the green revolution has been won when the word ‘green’ disappears.”

- Tom Friedman, NYT Columnist



Acknowledgements

Ralph Reeb Delaware Department of Transportation

Brett TaylorDelaware Department of Transportation

Stephen KingsberryDelaware Transit Corporation

Mark GlazeDelaware Department of Transportation

Northeast Association of State Transportation Officials Delaware Center for Transportation Alternative-Fuel Technology for Fleet June 2010 Arde Faghri,

Documents

transportation slide

delaware slide

transportation outline

university of delaware

transportation capital

transportation operating

transportation ozone

bus fleet slide