Nonverbal sound Nonverbal sound patterns, patterns, Paralanguage Paralanguage Yang Xiaoqing Yang Xiaoqing [email protected][email protected]Alternative Communication & Access to Alternative Communication & Access to Information Information Dept. of Computer and Dept. of Computer and Information Sciences Information Sciences University of Tampere University of Tampere 05.03.2003 05.03.2003
Nonverbal sound patterns, Paralanguage. Yang Xiaoqing [email protected]. Alternative Communication & Access to Information Dept. of Computer and Information Sciences University of Tampere 05.03.2003. [ * ]. [ ** ]. Introduction. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Alternative Communication & Access to InformationAlternative Communication & Access to Information
Dept. of Computer and Information SciencesDept. of Computer and Information Sciences
University of TampereUniversity of Tampere
05.03.200305.03.2003
IntroductionIntroduction NONVERBAL COMMUNICATIONNONVERBAL COMMUNICATION [ [
http://zzyx.ucsc.edu/~archer/intro.htmlhttp://zzyx.ucsc.edu/~archer/intro.html ] ] includes facial expressions, tones of voice, gestures, eye contact, includes facial expressions, tones of voice, gestures, eye contact, spatial arrangements, patterns of touch, expressive movement, spatial arrangements, patterns of touch, expressive movement, cultural differences, and other "nonverbal" acts. cultural differences, and other "nonverbal" acts.
Features that accompany speech and contribute to Features that accompany speech and contribute to communication but are not considered part of the language communication but are not considered part of the language system.system.
The nonverbal voice qualities, modifiers, and sounds which we The nonverbal voice qualities, modifiers, and sounds which we use consciously or unconsciously supporting or contradicting use consciously or unconsciously supporting or contradicting the linguistic, kinesic, or proxemic messages either the linguistic, kinesic, or proxemic messages either simultaneously or alternating with them.simultaneously or alternating with them.
How something is said rather than what is said How something is said rather than what is said Vocal Cues Vocal Cues
Paralanguage is part of nonverbal communication. Paralanguage is part of nonverbal communication. Paralinguistics are what accompany your words to make Paralinguistics are what accompany your words to make
up its true meaning. up its true meaning.
According to Rozelle, Druckman and Baxter (1997), an iAccording to Rozelle, Druckman and Baxter (1997), an important factor in studying nonverbal behavior is the difmportant factor in studying nonverbal behavior is the difference between the encoder and decoder. The encoder pference between the encoder and decoder. The encoder produces and relays the behaviors to be inferred. The decoroduces and relays the behaviors to be inferred. The decoder accepts these behaviors and interprets them based on der accepts these behaviors and interprets them based on his individual approach.his individual approach.
Major Prospects in the Study Major Prospects in the Study of Nonverbal Communicationof Nonverbal Communication
The non-verbal communication can be categorized into three mThe non-verbal communication can be categorized into three major dimensions; namely positiveness, potency an responsiveajor dimensions; namely positiveness, potency an responsiveness [as cited in Hargie, 1997] ness [as cited in Hargie, 1997]
PositivenessPositiveness refers to the assessment of other people or objec refers to the assessment of other people or objects that are described in terms of liking. revealed through, for ts that are described in terms of liking. revealed through, for example, eye contact, forward lean, and distance.example, eye contact, forward lean, and distance.
PotencyPotency represents status or social control and is revealed thr represents status or social control and is revealed through hand and neck relaxation, sideways lean, reclining anglough hand and neck relaxation, sideways lean, reclining angle and arm-leg position asymmetry. e and arm-leg position asymmetry.
ResponsivenessResponsiveness is a combination of activity and state of alert is a combination of activity and state of alertness [Merahbian, 1981].ness [Merahbian, 1981].
Problems of studying nonverProblems of studying nonverbal communicationbal communication
Nonverbal cues can be ambiguous Nonverbal cues can be ambiguous
Nonverbal cues are continuous Nonverbal cues are continuous
Nonverbal cues are multichannel Nonverbal cues are multichannel
Nonverbal cues are culture-boundNonverbal cues are culture-bound
Principles of ParalanguagePrinciples of Paralanguage
Paralanguage refers to the vocal aspect of communication. Paralanguage refers to the vocal aspect of communication.
Vocal elements of language differ from verbal elements in tVocal elements of language differ from verbal elements in t
his way: vocal elements involve sound and its manipulation his way: vocal elements involve sound and its manipulation
for certain desired or undesired effects. for certain desired or undesired effects.
Verbal elements are the particular words we choose when spVerbal elements are the particular words we choose when sp
yawning, whining, sucking, sneezing, sighing, belches, hiccups yawning, whining, sucking, sneezing, sighing, belches, hiccups Remember that these characteristics are the vocal aspects of these Remember that these characteristics are the vocal aspects of these
actions, so imagine that these pictures are making noisesactions, so imagine that these pictures are making noises . .
Messages in the Voice (1):Messages in the Voice (1): Phrases have different messages depending on what Phrases have different messages depending on what
parts we emphasize. For instance, take the sentence, parts we emphasize. For instance, take the sentence, She's giving this money to me.She's giving this money to me.
SHESHE is the one giving the money, nobody else. is the one giving the money, nobody else.
She is She is GIVINGGIVING, not lending. , not lending.
MONEYMONEY is being exchanged, not anything else. is being exchanged, not anything else.
II am getting the money, nobody else. am getting the money, nobody else.
ConclusionConclusionUsage of Nonverbal CuesUsage of Nonverbal Cues reduce ambiguity reduce ambiguity validate emotionsvalidate emotions as a basis for decision-making and information processing. as a basis for decision-making and information processing.
Nonverbal communication is gaining an importance in the Nonverbal communication is gaining an importance in the study of human behavior and interactions. study of human behavior and interactions.
Its applications on how individuals perceive others and vice Its applications on how individuals perceive others and vice versa are recognized and validated.versa are recognized and validated.
The use of nonverbal communication in advertising is a The use of nonverbal communication in advertising is a powerful and efficient tool for delivering provocative powerful and efficient tool for delivering provocative messages in a tasteful and palatable fashion.messages in a tasteful and palatable fashion.
[ see too https://webspace.utexas.edu/QUAHS/WWW/conclusion.html ]
ReferencesReferences1.1. Eisenberg, A.M., & Smith, Jr., R.R. (1971). Nonverbal communication. New York: The Eisenberg, A.M., & Smith, Jr., R.R. (1971). Nonverbal communication. New York: The
Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc.Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc.
2.2. Ekman, P. (1980). Three classes of nonverbal behavior. In Von Raffler-Engel, W. (EEkman, P. (1980). Three classes of nonverbal behavior. In Von Raffler-Engel, W. (Ed.), Aspects of Nonverbal Communication (pp.89-102). Bath: The Pittman Press. d.), Aspects of Nonverbal Communication (pp.89-102). Bath: The Pittman Press.
3.3. Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. New York: Anchor BookGoffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. New York: Anchor Books.s.
4.4. Major, B. (1981). Gender patterns in touching behavior. In C. Mayo & N. Henley (EdMajor, B. (1981). Gender patterns in touching behavior. In C. Mayo & N. Henley (Eds.), Gender and Nonverbal Behavior. New York: Springer-Verlag.s.), Gender and Nonverbal Behavior. New York: Springer-Verlag.
5.5. Merahbian, A. (1971). Silent messages. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Merahbian, A. (1971). Silent messages. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
6.6. Messaris, P. (1997). Visual persuasion: The roles of images in advertising. Thousand Messaris, P. (1997). Visual persuasion: The roles of images in advertising. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
7.7. Rozelle, R. M. Druckman, D. & Baxter, J.C., (1997). Non-verbal behavior as communiRozelle, R. M. Druckman, D. & Baxter, J.C., (1997). Non-verbal behavior as communication. In O. D. W. Hargie (Ed.), The Handbook Of Communication Skills (pp. 67-102).cation. In O. D. W. Hargie (Ed.), The Handbook Of Communication Skills (pp. 67-102). Great Britian: TJ Press (Padstow) Ltd. Great Britian: TJ Press (Padstow) Ltd.
8.8. St. Clair, R.N. (1980). Social distance: expressions of power, solidarity and status. In St. Clair, R.N. (1980). Social distance: expressions of power, solidarity and status. In Von Raffler-Engel, W. (Ed.), Aspects of Nonverbal Communication (pp.81-88). Bath: Von Raffler-Engel, W. (Ed.), Aspects of Nonverbal Communication (pp.81-88). Bath: The Pittman Press.The Pittman Press.
9.9. M.W. Knudsen1, J.-C. Martin, L.D., et al., ISLE Natural Interactivity and Multimodality, M.W. Knudsen1, J.-C. Martin, L.D., et al., ISLE Natural Interactivity and Multimodality, Report WG Deliverable D8.1, 2002, available at: Report WG Deliverable D8.1, 2002, available at: http://isle.nis.sdu.dk/reports/wp8/D8.1-3.3.2002-F.pdfhttp://isle.nis.sdu.dk/reports/wp8/D8.1-3.3.2002-F.pdf