Nonrenewable Energy: Petroleum Energy Part 1

Nonrenewable Energy:

Petroleum

Energy Part 1

Section 1: Introduction to Energy

I. What is Energy?

• Everything in the universe can be classified into two categories:

matter or energy

o Recall: Matter is anything that has mass and volume (anything

that occupies space)

Examples: elements, compounds, mixtures

So what is energy?

• Energy = _______________

o Work = the use of force to move an object a certain distance

o Energy makes matter move or change

ability to do work

Forms of Energy

• All energy falls into two main categories: potential energy and

kinetic energy

o Potential Energy (PE) = energy associated with _________;

_____________

_________= ________

o Kinetic Energy (KE) = energy associated with _______;

directly related to ___________

___________= _______ particles move = _______

Example:

positionstored energy

higher up more PE

motion

temperature

higher temp faster more KE

• There are several forms of potential energy:

o Chemical energy = energy _______ in ______________

o Nuclear energy = energy _____________the ________ of an

atom; energy gets released when split or combine nuclei

• There are several forms of kinetic energy

o Electrical energy = energy associated with the

_______________________

o Thermal energy = energy associated with the

_________________________________

Also known as ___________- faster particles move = more

heat energy produced

o Sound energy = energy associated with the ________________

stored chemical bonds

stored within nucleus

movement of electrons

movement of atoms and molecules

heat energy

vibration of matter

o Electromagnetic Radiation (radiant energy)= energy associated

with the movement of electric and magnetic fields

Movement creates electromagnetic waves

7 types of EM radiation – seen on electromagnetic spectrum

Light energy = a type of electromagnetic radiation

• Visible light = form of energy we can actually see

• Note – there is another kind of energy called mechanical energy

o Mechanical energy = energy associated with ___________________

the _______________: more KE and PE, more mechanical

motion AND position

sum of KE + PE

Energy Conversions

• Recall – the Law of Conservation of Mass says that matter cannot be

created or destroyed

o Can change forms but total mass will stay the same

• Law of Conservation of Energy = Energy cannot be created or

destroyed

o Energy can be converted from one form to another but total

energy will stay the same

o Many energy sources utilize energy conversions to generate

electricity

Check for Understanding

1. Which of the following terms is synonymous with potential energy?

1. Stored energy 3. Light energy

2. Motion energy 4. Kinetic energy

2. What is the difference between kinetic energy and potential energy?

1. Potential energy is the energy of objects at rest; kinetic energy is

the energy of objects in motion

2. Kinetic energy is the energy of objects at rest; potential energy is

the energy of objects in motion

3. Potential energy has to do with chemistry; kinetic energy has to do

with physics

4. Kinetic energy has to do with chemistry; potential energy has to

do with physics

3. In which sample of water do the molecules have the highest kinetic

energy?

1. 20. mL at 100.°C 3. 20. mL at 80.°C

2. 20. mL at 60.°C 4. 20. mL at 40.°C

II. Sources of Energy

• There are many different sources of energy (solar, wind,

hydroelectric, nuclear, etc.)

• Energy sources can be broken down into two categories: renewable

and nonrenewable

1. Renewable = energy made from resources that can be

__________________________–won’t run out

2. Nonrenewable = energy made from resources that are in

_____________ and ____________________________or in

our lifetime –will eventually run out

naturally replenished/restored

limited supply cannot be replenished naturally

Renewable Energy Non-Renewable Energy

• Solar

• Wind

• Hydro

(water)

• Geothermal

• Biomass

• Fossil Fuels (coal,

natural gas, oil)

• Nuclear

Pros Cons

• ______________

______________

– “clean energy”

• _________

supply

• ______________

________(often

dependent on

weather)

• Not available in

all areas

• ______________

____________of

energy

Pros Cons

• Easy to

transport/use

anywhere

• ______________

(not affected by

climate)

• ______________

______________

of energy

• ________supply

• ______________

______________

____________

Little damage

to environment

Abundant

Not always

reliable

Hard to produce

large amounts

More reliable

Can produce

large quantities

Limited

Not

environmentally

friendly

Section 2: Overview of Petroleum

I. Fossil Fuels• Fossil Fuels = a fuel formed _____________________________

under Earth’s surface for ______________

• There are 3 types of fossil fuels

1. ______

2. ___________

3. ____

• Though fossil fuels may seem like a renewable resource, they are

considered ______________ energy sources because the process to

form fossil fuels is far too slow.

o Takes millions of years to make so once they are gone, they are

gone

• As previously mentioned, nonrenewable energy sources tend to be bad

for the environment: fossil fuels specifically have a negative effect

because the process of burning them ________________________

which lead to climate change

from plant or animal remains buried

millions of years

Coal

Natural Gas

Oil

nonrenewable

releases greenhouse gases (CO2)

• For the last 100 years, at least 80% of the energy used in

the US has been from fossil fuels

Types of Fossil Fuels

1. Coal

• hard, black, rock-like substance

• Made up of ______________ (also hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,

and sulfur)

o More than 50% of weight due to carbon

• 3 types of coal – depend on carbon content

1. Lignite

2. Bituminous

3. Anthracite

o Anthracite provides the most energy because it has the highest

carbon content

• ______________ – able to __________

• According to EIA, about ______ of electricity generated in US in

2016 was from coal (decrease from 33% in 2015)

mainly carbon

Combustible burn easily

30.4%

2. Natural Gas

• Made up of _____________

o Hydrocarbon = _________ made up of _________ and _______

Specifically, natural gas is mostly made up of the smallest

hydrocarbon, _______________

Lewis Structure:

• Combustible

• Invisible, lighter than air, odorless

o Add smell to it for safety reasons (can smell a gas leak)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3gKwFiYpr90

• According to EIA, about ______ of electricity generated in US in

2016 was from natural gas (increase from 33% in 2015)

• ____ the same thing as ________ (even though we call it gas)

• Gasoline is also made up of hydrocarbons but it is liquid made

from crude oil

hydrocarbons

compound hydrogens carbons

methane (CH4)

33.8%

NOT gasoline

3. Oil

• Dark, sticky, liquid

• Made up of a _______________________

• _________or ______________= _________ or “cleaned” yet;

straight from the ground

oCrude oil is ______________- it must be refined

Oil Refining = a process which separates the many

different types of hydrocarbons so they are useful

• According to EIA, about _____ of electricity generated in US

in 2016 was from oil (a decrease from 1% in 2015)

• Oil is often used interchangeably with __________ (although

technically this is not true)

mixture of hydrocarbons

Crude oil unprocessed oil not refined

not useful as is

0.6%

petroleum

II. What is Petroleum?

• Petroleum = Latin for _________

• EIA defines petroleum as “A broadly defined class of liquid

hydrocarbon mixtures. Included are crude oil, lease condensate,

unfinished oils, refined products obtained from the processing of

crude oil, and natural gas plant liquids.”

• Most sources say _________= __________

• Made up of a ______________________

• _________________

• Clear to black color

• Can be as thin as gasoline or as thick as tar

“rock oil”

crude oil petroleum

mixture of hydrocarbons

Flammable liquid

• ___________________________—must be refined, or separated,

before it can be used

• Petroleum is most commonly used as a ____ source or in

________________

• Given that it is a ____________ source, what to use it for/save it

for is a topic of debate

Not usable in its natural state

fuel

making products

nonrenewable

III. How is Petroleum Made?

Like all fossil fuels, petroleum _____________________by the

________ of _______________________being compressed together

_____________________

1. Millions of years ago, animal and plant remains settled on sea

floor

2. Layers of sand, silt, and mud formed over the decomposed

remains

3. Intense pressure and heat turned remains into oil (and natural gas

and coal) over the course of millions of years

4. As earth continued to change and shift, pockets were formed

where oil collected

5. Wells are drilled to reach these pockets and the oil is pumped up to

the surface

forms undergroundremains small animals and plants

under extreme pressure

IV. The Refining Process

• Once pumped up to the surface, petroleum must get further

treatment before it can be used

• This ________________ is called _______

o Refining = the process of removing impurities (________)

• _______ in refining process starts with __________________

o Fractional distillation = process of __________________

into its different components (or fractions) based on

____________________

treatment process refining

purifying

1st step fractional distillation

separating a mixture

different boiling points

Fractional Distillation

o Fractional distillation of crude oil produces several different

and useable mixtures

o Each separated fraction contains molecules of similar sizes and

boiling points

o How it works:

1. Crude oil gets heated to about 400°C in a furnace then

pumped into a fractionating tower (distilling column)

2. The column decreases in temperature as you go up—______

at the _______, _______ at the ____

3. During distillation, the heated up gas molecules move up the

column and separate out based on their different boiling

points

4. Trays are placed in the column at varying heights to collect

the different mixtures when they condense back into a liquid

hottest

bottom coldest top

o The science behind it:

the property used to separate the different fractions is

boiling point

The ______________ molecules have

__________________and travel to the ___ of the column

The ______________ molecules have

___________________ and

___________________________________ of the column

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PYMWUz7TC3A

smaller, lighter

lower boiling points top

condense (gas to liquid) at the bottom

heavier, larger

higher boiling points

V. Uses of Petroleum

A. Petroleum as an Energy Source

• The energy that comes from petroleum is due to the

_______________________________ in chemical

compounds

• More specifically, the energy created comes from a

__________________

o General Combustion Equation:

*Note – Hydrocarbons (what petroleum is made up of) are a type of organic

compound

chemical energy stored within bonds

combustion reaction

Organic Compound* + O2 H2O + CO2 + energy

• Combustion is often called _________ because it ________ a lot of

______________ (heat)

o _________ that ______ or produce ______ are called _________

Energy is on the _________ of the arrow; it is a product that is

produced

Example: A + B C + D + energy

o Reactions that _______ or use _______ are called ___________

Energy is on the _______ of the arrow; it is a reactant that is

used

Example: A + B + energy C + D

• __________ reactions are __________

• Approximately 89% of all petroleum is used as fuel (ie gasoline,

diesel, kerosene, etc.)

burning

thermal energy

releases

Reactions release energy exothermic

right side

absorb energy

Combustion

left side

endothermic

exothermic

B.Petroleum as a “Building-Material” Source

• Petroleum is an overlooked ingredient in many products

• Despite the variety of petroleum-based products there are, only

about 11% of all petroleum is used for making products.

o For every gallon of petroleum used to produce products,

more than 5 gallons are burned for energy

• The most common products containing petroleum are plastics,

medicines and lubricants/greases

Big Question: Given that petroleum is a nonrenewable resource,

how should it be divvied up? More for fuel, or more for products?

Section 3: Organic Chemistry

The chemistry behind petroleum

I. Introduction to Organic Chemistry

• Organic Chemistry= The study of _______ containing

_____________

• Organic compounds are often found in nature because

_____________ are made of carbon

• Recall – carbon is a _________

oHas __ unpaired ________________

o Forms ____________bonds with other nonmetals

carbon

compounds

all living things

nonmetal

4 valence electrons

four covalent

• Many different type of organic compounds

Examples: hydrocarbons, alcohols, esters (artificial

flavors/odors)

• The main type that makes up petroleum are hydrocarbons

• There are ____________ series or _____ of ______________

o Found on Table __

• The most common series of hydrocarbons found in petroleum

are _________

o Alkanes = hydrocarbons with all __________ between the

carbons

3 different types hydrocarbons

Q

alkanes

single bonds

II. Naming Alkanes

• To name alkanes, use ________ and ________

o Table P – lists the _________ of organic compounds which are

determined by the ________________

o Table Q – gives the ______________ of the series and an _______

Use the example as a guide!!

Formula Name

Steps:

1. Count up all the carbons and use Table P to find the prefix

2. Add _____ending

*Alkanes always end in –ane!

Examples:

a. CH4 = ____________ b. C3H8 = ____________methane propane

Table P Table Q

prefixes# of carbon atoms

general formula example

-ane

Name Formula

• Use the “general formula” listed on Table Q like an equation

o General Equation:

*Note: n = # of carbon atoms

Steps:

1. Use the prefix and Table P to tell you the # of carbon atoms

2. Plug in the value for n

Examples:

a. ethane

1. eth- =

2. C2H2(2)+2 =

b. pentane

1. pent- =

2. C5H2(5)+2 =

CnH2n+2

2

C2H6

5

C5H12

III. Drawing Alkanes• Remember, carbon forms 4 bonds

• Use the example in _________ as your guide

Name Structure

1. Figure out the formula from the name

o Prefix = # of carbons

o Plug # of carbons in for n in the general formula

2. Put the _______ in the _______ and *connect them with single bonds

3. Draw the hydrogens coming off the carbons until each carbon has 4 total

bonds around it

Example: Butane

Table Q

carbons middle

Structure Name

1. Count up the carbons—use Table P to find out the prefix

2. If the molecule has ______________ between carbons, it

is an alkane, and all alkanes __________

Example:

Hexane

all single bonds

end in –ane

Inquiry

What do you notice about these three alkanes? What are

their similarities? What are their differences?

IV. Isomers

• Isomers = molecules with the _______________formulas but

_________________formulas

o Same # of total atoms, just connected differently

Example: 3 isomers of pentane; all have the molecular formula,

C5H12, but have different structures

same molecular

different structural

Structure Name

1. Find the longest carbon chain (“parent chain”)

o name it normally (prefix + -ane)

2. Number the parent chain so that the carbon(s) with “branches” on it has

the lowest possible # (may not be left to right)

3. Name the branch or “side-chain” by using the appropriate prefix based on

the # of carbons and adding the ending –yl

Examples: 1 C = methyl; 2 C = ethyl

4. Give a name and carbon # to the branch and place them in front of the

name of the parent chain

*there is a dash between the #’s and words*

Example: isomer of hexane

3-methylpentane

Name Structure

1. Look for name of the parent chain—it is the root of the word (at the

end)

o Draw the parent chain

2. # the parent chain and use the # in the name to tell you which C the

branch is coming off of

3. Use the prefix (methyl, ethyl, propyl, etc) to tell you how long the

branch is

4. Draw the branch off of the appropriate carbon*

Example: 3-ethylhexane

*as a way to check, whenever you draw an organic molecule

make sure carbon has exactly 4 bonds around it

V. Boiling Points of Hydrocarbons

• Recall, the hydrocarbons that make up petroleum are separated by

fractional distillation based on their different boiling points

• The _____________ of hydrocarbons are based on the _______ of the

____________

o The ________ the carbon chain, the ______ the boiling point

The _____________ or longer the chain, the

_________________ to break it up = need a hotter

temperature to make it boil

boiling points length

carbon chain

longer higher

more complex

more energy needed

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PYMWUz7TC3A