ES 10 Nonrenewable Energy Resources Oil and Natural …dschwartz/documents/Nonrenew... · ES 10 Nonrenewable Energy Resources Oil and Natural Gas continued ... Nonrenewable Energy

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ES 10

Nonrenewable Energy Resources

Oil and Natural Gas continued…

http://www.poodwaddle.com/worldclock.swf

Past to Present (1st 31 slides)

What are fossil fuels

Where doe the oil come from?

Oil Traps; Source, Reservoir & Cap Rocks

Why use Oil / Natural Gas

Drawbacks

Abiotic Oil?

How much is there and who has the oil? How long will it last?

Where does US get it’s oil?

Unconventional sources of oil and gas: Oil Shale, Tar Sands,

Methane Clathrates, aka Gas HydratesFig. 1.11, p. 11

Resources

Perpetual Nonrenewable

“Potentially”

Renewable

Fig. 1.11, p. 11

Resources

Perpetual Nonrenewable

Renewable

Fresh

air

Fresh

waterFertile

soil

Plants and

animals(biodiversity)

Direct

solarenergy

Winds,

tides,flowing

water

FossilFuels

Metallic

minerals

Non-

metallic

minerals

& rocks(iron, gold,copper,aluminum)

(clay, sand,marble, slate)

or “Nonrenewable

Mineral Resources”

These two are

sometimes

Called: “Solid

Nonfuel

Mineral

Resources”

16

15

14

13

12

11 Billio

ns o

f peo

ple

?

?

?

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

2-5 million

years

8000 6000 4000 2000 2000 2100

Hunting and

Gathering

Black Death–the Plague

Time

Industrial

revolutionAgricultural Revolution

B.C. A.D.

•http://www.poodwaddle.com/worldclock.swf

Cultural Revolutions

Last 14 sec on 24hr Big Bang clock

~Last 1 sec on 24hr

Big Bang clock

Age of Discovery

~last 2 sec on 24hr

Big Bang clock

http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/

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Agricultural Revolution

Trade-Offs? Good vs Bad news?

Good News

More food, store it year round.

Supports a larger population.

Longer life expectancies.

Formation of villages, towns, cities.

Cultural growth; art, religion, music, science, communication, trade goods and information.

Irrigation systems developed.

Higher standard of living.

Bad News

Destruction of wildlife habits from

clearing forests/grasslands.

Soil erosion from over tilling and plowing, buildup of salts

New Conflicts over water resources, ownership of land, possessions, spread of slavery.

Livestock overgrazing / soil compaction, buildup of salts.

Cities concentrate waste/pollution

Increase in global greenhouse gases from clearing forests/grasslands and livestock husbandry

Industrial Revolution

Steam Engine, 1885

Industrial Revolution

Trade-Offs?

Good News

Mass Production of useful,

affordable products

Distribution of goods, services

Increased Agricultural production, more food

Longer life expectancies,

better health, lower infant mortality.

Better Transportation,

communication

Higher standard of living.

Bad News

Increased waste production

Burning fossil fuels: increase in global greenhouse gases

Increase of air and water pollution

Habitat destruction

Biodiversity depletion

Groundwater depletion

Soil depletion, degradation

“Industrialization isolates people

from nature; reduces understanding

of important ecological and

economical services nature provides.”

Some Important Inventions: 1775 - 1903

1775 James Watt: first reliable Steam Engine

1793 Eli Whitney: Cotton Gin, Interchangeable parts for muskets

1798 Robert Fullerton: Regular Steamboat service on the Hudson River

1807 Samuel F. B. Morse: Telegraph

1836 Elias Howe: Sewing Machine

1851 Cyrus Field: Transatlantic Cable

1866 Alexander Graham Bell: Telephone

1876 Thomas Edison: Phonograph, Light Bulb

1877 Nikola Telsa: Induction Electric Motor

1888 Rudolph Diesel: Diesel Engine

1892 Orville and Wilbur Wright: First Airplane

1908 Henry Ford: Model T Ford & Assembly Line (by 1927, 15 million made)

3

Information and Globalization Revolution

• Radio

• Telephone

• TV

• Air travel, freight

• Computers

• Space travel

• Satellites

• Remote sensing

• Internet, wireless technology

• Cellular phones, Smart Phones & TVs, Tablets

• GPS, GIS

• ROV’s & AUVs

A change from potentially renewable wood,

to nonrenewable fossil fuels

Whale Oil, Kerosene and the “Oil Industry”

In early 1800’s, whale oil was popular for lamps and candles,

but expensive. ~15,000 right Whales killed/yr in early 1800’s

US whaling fleet: 392 in 1833 to 735 in 1846

250 whales killed at Point Lobos between 1862 – late 1870’s

In 1857, clean burning kerosene (originally called “coal oil”) put on

market. Rapid expansion by 1860 in US, eventually leads to the end of

whale oil lamps/candles.

What state led the “Oil Rush” in the US in the 1800’s?

“The Pennsylvania Oil Rush” in 1860’sStarts in Titusville in north western Pennsylvania in 1859

Producing 8,000 barrels/day in the 1860’s, 21 meters down, 8

refineries built

Cleveland Ohio had 30 refineries by 1865, J.D. Rockefeller

Titusville from

1 oil well to 75 oil

Wells in less than

a year

4

McKittrick Tar Pit in west San

Joaquin Valley, 1st mined in 1864The Lakeview #1 Gusher in

San Joaquin Valley in 1910,

18,000 barrels/day flowed

uncapped for 18 months

California led the world in oil production in 1910 Summerland Oil Field, Santa Barbara ~1910

The “Texas Oil Boom”

Spindletop Gusher, E Texas, Jan 10, 1901

A period of dramatic change and

economic growth in Texas & US

between 1901 - 1940’s

Expansion in the Panhandle,

North and Central Texas.

The largest is the East Texas Oil

Field aka “Black Giant”

5

“Big Inch Pipeline”, built in 1942, for WWII effort,1,200 miles from Houston to NJ

2 ft diameter, cost 7 million, takes oil 3.5 days, 300,000 bpd

By the end of the

WWII, over 350

million barrels

transported. Line

is still in use.

For more on Oil History, check out this

http://www.sjgs.com/index.html

Elk Hills California, (west of Bakersfield) Hay No.7 Well blew out natural

gas and caught fire on July 26th, 1919. It burned for 26 days. The well

was extinguished with torpedoes of dynamite.

By the 1950’s, the US can no longer supply its oil needs.

In early 1900’s car are getting very popular.

In 1900 ~8,000 autos registered in US

In 1910 ~ 900,000 autos resisted in USIn 2007 ~254 million passenger vehicles register in US (most in any country in world)

Somewhere

in China

~1/3 of all oil comes

from the sea.

Gulf of Mexico: 1st offshore wells in 1947.

In 1960’s 30 miles offshore,

by 1970’s 100 miles

offshore.

1950’s tankers ~ 500 ft,

25,000 tons

1970’s tankers 1,400ft

(5 football fields) 500,000

tons

6

Big Gulf of Mexico Petroleum Discovery September 2006

Chevron estimated the 300-square-mile region, could hold between

3 - 15 billion barrels of oil and natural gas There are 42 US gallons in a barrel, or 159 liters.

Platform in >7,000 ft of water (2,134m)

Drill hole depth ~20,000 ft (6.1km)

Total depth >28,120ft (>8 km or 5 miles)

Known recoverable US reserves is ~21 billion barrels and US

consumes ~22 million barrels/day.

“Reserves” = known amounts that can be profitably developed

at current prices and costs, using current technologies and

under current rules (institutional resources)

Reserves increase in response to:

• higher prices

• lower costs of development

• technological improvements

• new discoveries

without any change in the quantity in the ground

The size of reserves depends on economic factors,

not on the physical amount in the ground.

Total World Oil Reserves

Conventional vs Unconventional

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What are fossil fuels?

• Oil, Natural Gas, and Coal

• Derived from remains of organisms which decompose and are

exposed to heat and pressure beneath the Earth’s surface over

millions of years.

• Consist primarily of hydrocarbons: organic compounds of H and C

atoms with smaller amounts of O, S and N. The approximate length

range for “oil” is C5H12 to C18H38. Any shorter hydrocarbons are

considered natural gas, the simplest form is methane CH4.

• Petroleum (Petra-rock / Oleum-oil) /Crude Oil: complex mixture of

liquid hydrocarbons of various lengths. Termed 1st used and published in 1546 by

German geologist/mineralogist Georg Bauer aka Georgis Agricola

Origin of Oil?Most commercial oil is probably “organic oil”

How can this happen?

• Forms in marine basins with rich diversity of microscopic algae,

protozoa and animals (plankton) living on the surface

• Organisms die, settle onto ocean floor --> some decomposition

occurs -->depletion of O2 in bottom waters

-->decay slows or ceases.

• Pressure and heat build up as organic material is buried under many

layers of sediment. This converts the organic molecules to kerogen (solid, waxy organic matter in sedimentary rock, too thick to flow out of rock).

Geothermal Gradient: 20 degrees C/km, 68 degrees F/km or 109 degrees F/mi

Figure 5.7

Kerogen / Oil Formation

• Kerogen, highly viscous, complex molecules (“Tar”) forms first,

at temperatures <30º- ~100ºC @ ~ <1-3km depth.

Kerogen can then convert to various liquid hydrocarbons at

temperatures ~80ºC - 120ºC (sometimes wider) @ ~ 3-8km depth. is

The process of breaking a long-chain of hydrocarbons into short ones =

“Cracking”.

• At temperatures > 100ºC (212ºF), liquid petroleum can be converted

into a variety of natural gases such as methane, ethane, propane and

butane each type more complex and heavier molecules.

• At temperatures of ~200ºC (400ºF) and/or depths of > 10km, methane can break

down completely and the rocks no longer contain hydrocarbons.

• Limited window of opportunity for the conversion of organic remains to

hydrocarbon fuels

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~1,6KmGeothermal Gradient:

20 – 30 deg C/Km

Or 77 deg F/Mi

~3Km

~6Km

How do “Conventional” oil fields/petroleum pools/ aka

“Oil Traps” form?1) Need Source Rock (different

types)(sedimentary layers originally containing

organic C)

2) Need burial / Heat and Pressureapplied to source rocks to promote Kerogen conversions

3) Concentrate petroleum into a pool--> HC compounds can Migratefrom source rocks into rocks that can become saturated with petroleum.

4) Need Reservoir Rock: permeable rock whose pore space is saturated with oil/gas

and one last thing……..>>>>

How do oil fields/petroleum pools form?

5) To accumulate a pool, the

HC must be trapped in the Reservoir Rock:

Need Cap Rock:impermeable layer that

halts migration of fluids

(e.g. shale, salt deposit)

Common “Oil Traps”

include anticlines,

faults, salt domes &

stratigraphic

9

Geologic Setting of the East Texas Oil Field

• Age: Cretaceous, ~100my

• Source Rock: Eagle Ford Shale

• Reservoir Rock & Cap Rock: Woodbine Formation, (4 Members, 350 – 600ft thick, ss, sh, lms, coal, tuff) known since

early 1920s, sandstone deposited in a shallow sea, burial,

lithification, uplift, erosion, subsidence, another shallow sea,

deposition of impermeable calcareous ooze or chalk and finally

burial by other sedimentary formations.

• http://www.eia.gov/oil_gas/rpd/shaleusa9.pdf

ES 10

Nonrenewable Energy Resources

Oil and Natural Gas continued…

Past to Present (1st 31 slides)

What are fossil fuels

Where doe the oil come from?

Oil Traps; Source, Reservoir & Cap Rocks

Why use Oil / Natural Gas

Drawbacks

Abiotic Oil?

How much is there and who has the oil? How long will it last?

Where does US get it’s oil?

Unconventional sources of oil and gas: Oil Shale, Tar Sands,

Methane Clathrates, aka Gas Hydrates

Why use Oil?

• It burns

• Yields lots of energy

• It’s relatively cheap

• It flows

• Easy to extract or pump it out

• Easy to transport

• Not much land disruption

• It’s abundant

At end of 2011, world proven crude oil reserves stood at over >1.4 trillion Barrels (~1,482 billion barrels)

1,481,526

• can be converted to useful materials

Refining Crude Oil

Heating / distilling separates crude oil into

components with different boiling points

Lightest components rise: petroleum gases,

gasoline. Then kerosene (used as jet fuel),

heating oil, and diesel fuel for trucks, buses,

trains, and ships. Heaviest fractions stay at

the bottom of the column: lubricating oils,

waxes and asphalt.

Petrochemicals are products of oil

distillation, over 4,000. Common

“end-products” are pesticides,

plastics, fibers, paints, synthetic

rubbers and medicines

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6eCt0VDg-Kc

*Includes both home heating oil and diesel fuel

**Heavy oils used as fuels in industry, marine transportation, and for electric power

generation (Source: American Petroleum Institute)

A bi-product of oil & coal used as fuel, and

in smelting iron ore

Mostly methane, ethane, propane, butane

42 Gallons/Barrel

Why use Natural Gas?

• Burns hotter than oil

• It’s cleaner than oil

• Easy to extract

• Easy to transport

• Yields lots of energy

• Global reserves up 140% since 1973

• Not much land disruption

Disadvantages of using Oil & Natural Gas?

• Often degrades fresh air, soil and water

• Emits greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4) and other

damaging gases (CO, NOx, SOx, H2S)

• Gases contributes to global climate change

Causes acid deposition

• Can be explosive

• Not much time left at current rate of use

• Damaging leaks, spills and runoff are common in the world’s oceans….