Non-Food Options at Farm Level Agricultural Bioenergy Options in ENFA * Uwe Schneider, Chrystalyn Ivie Ramos + Edward Smeets, Iris Lewandowski, André Faaij * Research Unit Sustainability and Global Change, Hamburg University + Department of Science, Technology and Society, Utrecht University Copernicus Institute Sustainable Development and Innovation
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Non-Food Options at Farm Level Agricultural Bioenergy Options in ENFA * Uwe Schneider, Chrystalyn Ivie Ramos + Edward Smeets, Iris Lewandowski, André Faaij.
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Non-Food Options at Farm Level
Agricultural Bioenergy Options in ENFA
* Uwe Schneider, Chrystalyn Ivie Ramos+ Edward Smeets, Iris Lewandowski, André Faaij
* Research Unit Sustainability and Global Change, Hamburg University+ Department of Science, Technology and Society, Utrecht University
Final Meeting ENFA, 23-24 April 2008, Brussels, Belgium
Copernicus InstituteSustainable Development and Innovation
Final Meeting European Non-Food Agriculture Project, 23-24 April 2008, Brussels, Belgium22
Table 1: Food/ Non-Food Production Lines in ENFA Land use options
Table 3: Number of application of production stages over the miscanthus and switchgrass lifetimes*
* Assumed to be applicable in all EU regions
Final Meeting European Non-Food Agriculture Project, 23-24 April 2008, Brussels, Belgium99
Inputs (example for miscanthus)
• 20,000 rhizomes/ha 0.16 Euro/rhizome
• Fertilization (example for Germany):– N 24 kg/ha/y (incl. atm. deposition)
– P 10kg/ha/y – K 91 kg/ha/y – Ca 14 kg/ha/y – based on 0.27% N, 0.07% P, 0.65% K, and 0.10%
Ca of odt and a yield of 14 ton/ha/y
Final Meeting European Non-Food Agriculture Project, 23-24 April 2008, Brussels, Belgium1010
Sample costs
Fixed costs Value Unit Variable costs Value Unitpurchase price (PP) 234470 € power 164 kWresale value (10% of PP) 23447 € fuel 37 l/hinterest 3.61 €/h fuel price 0.81 €/ldepreciation 84 €/h fuel 29.97 €/hrepair and maintenance coeff.1 0.1 lubrication 0.118 l/hrepair and maintenance coeff.2 1.8 lubrication price 3.4 €/lrepair and maintenance 49 €/h lubrication 0.41 €/hdepreciation period 5 y other costs (e.g., rope) 16 €/hhours of use 500 h/y labour 1.2 h/hstorage (1.75% of PP/year) 8.21 €/h labour price 29.75 €/hinsurance (0.5% of PP/year) 2.34 €/h labour 35.7 €/hgeneral cost (3% of PP/year) 14.07 €/h
Total fixed costs 161.4 €/h Total variable costs 82 €/h
Total costs 243.0 €/hwork capacity 0.9 h/haTotal costs 218.7 €/ha
Final Meeting European Non-Food Agriculture Project, 23-24 April 2008, Brussels, Belgium1515
• Key uncertainties are the moisture content and the source and price of energy• Only attractive in the case of very long distance transport (>700 km) in the case of low energy costs (e.g. in combination with a CHP plant)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
PL -2004
PL -2030
HU -2004
HU -2030
UK -2004
UK -2030
IT -2004
IT -2030
LI -2004
LI -2030
Eur
o/to
n
Energy
Labor
Capital1.7
1.4
0.8
1.9
0.6
1.1
Eur
o/G
J
2.2
0.3
0
PL = Poland; HU = Hungary; UK = United Kingdom; IT = Italy; LI = Lithuania
Figure 2: Pelletizing costs
Final Meeting European Non-Food Agriculture Project, 23-24 April 2008, Brussels, Belgium1616
Figure 3: Total production, storage & transportation costs of miscanthus and switchgrass yields
Yie
ld (
ton
/ha/
yr)
0
20
40
60
80
100
SVE
LAT
LIT
POL
HUN
SVA
CZE
MAL
EST
BEL
FRA
AUS
ITA
GER
LUX
UKI
SPA
POR
GRE
SWE
IRE
NET
FIN
DEN
Euro/ton
Transportation
Storage
Production
20
15
10
5
0
25
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
SVE
LAT
LIT
POL
HUN
SVA
CZE
MAL
EST
BEL
FRA
AUS
ITA
GER
LUX
UKI
SPA
POR
GRE
IRE
SWE
NET
FIN
DEN
Euro/ton
Transportation
Storage
Production
20
10
5
0
25
15
0
Final Meeting European Non-Food Agriculture Project, 23-24 April 2008, Brussels, Belgium1717
Figure 4: Total miscanthus production costs - EU25*
• Yields from MiscanMod (Clifton-Brown et al., 2000)• Including labor costs/margins
* From the field to the farm gate
5
10
15
20
25
0
Yie
ld (
ton
/ha/
y)
Final Meeting European Non-Food Agriculture Project, 23-24 April 2008, Brussels, Belgium1818
Final Meeting European Non-Food Agriculture Project, 23-24 April 2008, Brussels, Belgium1919
Figure 5: Chemical production costs (Biomaterials)
Production costs conventional processes (Euro/ton)Ethylene PET PTT
724 1200 1177
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
BELG
DENMFIN
L
FRAN
GERMIR
ELIT
AL
LITH
POLAPORT
SLVN
SWED
UNIK
Eur
o/to
nEthylene now
Ethylene future
PLA now
PLA future
PTT now
PTT future
Final Meeting European Non-Food Agriculture Project, 23-24 April 2008, Brussels, Belgium2020
Figure 6: Biofuel production costs
0.000.010.020.030.040.050.060.07
now future now future now future now future now future now future
CI CI CI,hybrid
CI,hybrid
SI SI SI,hybrid
SI,hybrid
CI CI CI,hybrid
CI,hybrid
FT diesel Ethanol DME
Euro
/km
Estonia
GermanyItaly
Latvia
Lithuania
SloveniaUnited Kingdom
0.000.010.010.020.020.030.030.040.04
now future now future now future now future now future now future now future
SI SI SI,hyrbrid
SI,hybrid
CI CI CI,hyrbrid
CI,hybrid
FC,hybrid
FC,hybrid
FC FC FC,hybrid
FC,hybrid
Gasoline Diesel Methanol Hydrogen
Euro
/km
Estonia
GermanyItaly
Latvia
Lithuania
SloveniaUnited Kingdom
Final Meeting European Non-Food Agriculture Project, 23-24 April 2008, Brussels, Belgium2121
Results: Environmental performance evaluation
P = production, PL = Poland - Lubelski, HU = Hungary - Del-Dunantal, UK = United Kingdom - Devon, IT = Italy – Lombardia, LI = Lithuania, M = miscanthus, S = switchgrass, B = baled, C = chopped.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
PL-
M-B-
2004
PL-
M-B-
2030
PL-
M-C-
2004
PL-
M-C-
2030
HU-
M-B-
2004
HU-
M-B-
2030
HU-
M-C-
2004
HU-
M-C-
2030
UK-
M-B-
2004
UK-
M-B-
2030
UK-
M-C-
2004
UK-
M-C-
2030
IT-
M-B-
2004
IT-
M-B-
2030
IT-
M-C-
2004
IT-
M-C-
2030
LI-
M-B-
2004
LI-
M-B-
2030
LI-
M-C-
2004
LI-
M-C-
2030
Transport
Unloading
Storage
P - Machines production
P - Machines use
P - N2O N fertilizer
P - Fertilizers and agrochem prod.
P - Planting material
3.9
2.8
1.7
5.0
0
2.2
kg C
O2
eq/ G
J
5.6
4.4
3.3
1.1
0.6
k
g C
O2
eq/t
on
Figure 7: GHG emissions from miscanthus production
Final Meeting European Non-Food Agriculture Project, 23-24 April 2008, Brussels, Belgium2222
Agricultural Bioenergy Options in ENFA
• Summary of the different food and non-food bioenergy options:– Yields– Production costs– Labor intensity– Fertilizer use– Energy use
http://www.eubia.org/
Final Meeting European Non-Food Agriculture Project, 23-24 April 2008, Brussels, Belgium2323