NEWSPAPERS VS NEW MEDIA HND MEDIA PRODUCTION HNCM 001 CONTEXTUAL STUDIES FOR CREATIVE MEDIA PRODUCTION Week 5 – Tutor: Anna Gabali
Apr 01, 2015
NEWSPAPERS VS NEW MEDIA
HND MEDIA PRODUCTION HNCM 001 CONTEXTUAL STUDIES FOR CREATIVE MEDIA PRODUCTION
Week 5 –Tutor: Anna Gabali
Learning Objectives:
1 Understand the institutional context of creative media production and its influence on production
2 Understand creative media products in the context of their reception
Remember
You are required to critically analyse media: You must understand media in their social context:
Historical context Relationships between media and audience Structure of the media Ideologies Culture narratives
This involves: Defining the problem/research question Review of related literature Planning the research
• What methodology will you use?• What data do you want to use/produce?• How feasible is your research approach?
Ethical considerations.
Media Technologically Constructed Evolution of media Technology trough the years:
Print (Industrialisation)- (Since 18th century daily News Papers) Newspapers readership The Times is the oldest News
Paper on Record (1785), at the time news papers’ audience was the Elite, but the rise of the middle and the French revolution created a demand for more accessible news and information
Telegraph (Communication) Telephone Radio Television And Now New Media (News Papers biggest competitor)
British Press Introduction
The growth of mass circulation news-papers in Britain was a direct result of the process of industrialisation during the 18th and 19th centuries.
During the 18th century, newspaper readership had been largely confined to the upper classes and wealthier sections of the middle class
In the early years the newspaper industry was subject to a great deal of govern-mental control
British Newspapers
British Press is essentially cultural Newspaper readership is culturally ruled by
Class Education Cultural background It is important to consider very carefully how
an audience might react to, or engage with a text.
Press also uses demographics
A Top management, bankers, lawyers, doctors and other professionals
B Middle management, teachers, many 'creatives' e.g. graphic designers etc
C1 Office supervisors, junior managers, nurses, specialist clerical staff etc
C2 Skilled workers, tradespersons (white collar) D Semi-skilled and unskilled manual workers
(blue collar) E Unemployed, students, pensioners, casual
workers
Audiences are also looked at in other categories:- age gender race Location Social class
British Press landscape
Quality papers -- Top end of the market - a high proportion of Oxbridge graduates Telegraph, Independent, Guardian, The Times,
Financial Times, Sunday Telegraph, Observer
Popular papers --Sun, Mirror, Express, Mail,
Star, News of the World, Sunday Mirror, Sunday Express, Mail on Sunday, Sunday People, News on Sunday
British Press landscape Freedom of Press:
British newspapers are free from government control and censorship and can print what they like;
But this year events have changed the landscape What are the events
The Official Secret Act (legal Act): A legal act that stipulates that government information
is kept secret, and any newspaper breaking this act would be fined, and prison sentence (for the writer)
The Advertising Code. Newspapers must ensure all advertisements are legal,
respect the principles of fair competition.
The British press landscape
Not legally obliged to retain standards of decency, taste, accuracy and balance. Page 3 Paparazzi
Ownership of the British Press Commercial media ownership has
increasingly becoming merged. News International (Rupert Murdoch), also
owns other media productions companies (Sky) giving him global control and ownerships
Product flow in the newspaper and magazine supply chains
Newspaper publishers typically print their newspapers by using asmall number of print centres spread throughout the UK. Some of the print centres are owned directly by publishers and othersprovide printing services to the publisher on an agency basis.
Source: http://www.oft.gov.uk/shared_oft/reports/comp_policy/oft1028.pdf
News Papers Market (UK)
News International (Rupert Murdoch)
Sun, Times, Sunday Times, News of the
World35%
Trinity Mirror plcMirror, Sunday Mirror, People, Daily Record
25%
Trinity Mirror plcMirror, Sunday Mirror, People, Daily Record
25%
Viscount RothermerDai
ly Mail and General TrustMail, Mail on
Sunday19%
Northern & Shell
(Richard Desmond)Express,
Express on Sunday, Star
14%
Telegraph Group
(Barclay brothers)
Daily Telegraph,
Sunday Telegraph,
The Business 7%
Telegraph Group
(Barclay brothers)
Daily Telegraph,
Sunday Telegraph,
The Business 7%
Guardian Media Group (Scott Trust)
GuardianGuardian, Observer
3%
Pearson plc
Financial Times
1%
Free Press – because of new media Evening Standard Metro
Journalists’ Code of EthicsSelf-restraint is better than Censorship Seek truth and report it Be honest, fair and courageous Minimize Harm Treat sources, subjects and colleagues as human beings and
deserving of respect Act independently Be fee of any obligation to interest groups other than the
public’s right to know Be accountable Be Accountable to readers, listeners, viewers and each other (See chapter 14, page 438 , Media Now, Straubhaar &
LaRose)
Criticism of the Press
Profit only? Newspapers are profitable businesses Quality only? Public service is the primary objective Both quality and profit? Make a profit as well as serve the people How does this apply to other media? Broadcast Television the exception?
Why?
Criticism of the press Manipulation Suppression by omission Attack and destroy (the target) Labeling as discrimination Face-value transmission False balancing Framing Image manipulation Publish first
Criticism of the press
Fear of lawsuits prevents tackling controversial subjects
Tendency to have patriotic bias Focus on crime, particularly murder Concerned with ratings and profit Less respectful of human rights,
particularly privacy Less concern with jeopardizing legal
process
Criticism of the press Stereotypes Generalizations about ethnic group, Generalizations about ethnic group,
race class or gender without much race class or gender without much thoughtthought Knowledge of motivation critical to Knowledge of motivation critical to
interpretation: careless or insulting or simple interpretation: careless or insulting or simple misrepresentation?misrepresentation?
Need for accurate and detailed description: Need for accurate and detailed description: character development to correctcharacter development to correct
Question: are the portrayals of persons Question: are the portrayals of persons realistic? Believable? Authentic? realistic? Believable? Authentic?
Danger is superficial belief or acceptance: Danger is superficial belief or acceptance: development of negative attitudes and development of negative attitudes and behaviorsbehaviors
What to look with arguments with stereotyping
What ethnic culture/race/gender is being portrayed?
Is this culture unique?
Is their treatment ….
Stereotypical? Exploitative? Demeaning? Complimentary? Affirming? Accurate?
Can you identify with it from your viewpoint?
Does it seem natural and authentic?
Who has the power? Are there victims? Is there justice or
equity in treatment?
Perpetrators? Is there conflict?
How is it resolved?
The Press affects us in different ways
Strongly (over estimation) Gradually (subconsciously) Indirectly (over time) Selectively, (over time)
It depends on what the source is……. It depends on the audience’s
background…. It depends on the consumers beliefs &
values Not at all? (under estimation)
Using theories with the Press
Convergence Theory: communication media have varying capacities for resolving ambiguity, negotiating varying interpretations, and facilitating understanding.This theory is good to demonstrate how the new media is offering more that on sided version of the press. Global , Interactive, cheap, everyone is involved •Interaction and feedback. The only issue is digital divide
MediumMedium
Medium BMedium B
Medium Medium Medium CMedium C
Movement over time enables Movement over time enables communication and sharingcommunication and sharing
Mu
tual
un
der
stan
din
g a
nd
M
utu
al u
nd
erst
and
ing
an
d
coo
per
atio
nco
op
erat
ion
Sharing and cooperation
possible thoughdigitization
Using Theory with the press
Using theory with Press
ECONOMIC DETERMINISM – Shiller & BagdikianProfit is the motivation throughout the system
FactoryWarehouse
Wholesalerr
Retailer
Consumer
Media
Mass production
1
2
3
45
6
7
AdAgency
Using Theory with the Press
USES AND GRATIFICATION: Beliefs and values lead to consumption of particular media
which reinforce beliefs and values over time
Beliefs and Beliefs and ValuesValues
ConsumptionConsumption
mediamedia
MediaMedia
MediaMedia
MediaMedia
Reinforcement over timeReinforcement over time
Particular programsParticular programs
GratificationGratification
Using theory with the press
Agenda setting theory Bernard Cohen (1963) stated: “The press
may not be successful much of the time in telling people what to think, but it is stunningly successful in telling its readers what to think about.”
Using theory with the press
Core: In medium theory, a medium is not simply a newspaper, the Internet, a digital camera and so forth. Rather, it is the symbolic environment of any communicative act. Media, apart from whatever content is transmitted, impact individuals and society. McLuhan’s thesis is that people adapt to their environment through a certain balance or ratio of the senses, and the primary medium of the age brings out a particular sense ratio, thereby affecting perception.
Statement: Some of the metaphors used by McLuhan are: The medium is the message! The medium is the massage. We live in a mess-age. The content of a new medium is an old medium.
Using Theory with the Press
In fundamentalist Marxism, ideology is 'false consciousness', which results from the emulation of the dominant ideology by those whose interests it does not reflect. From this perspective the mass media disseminate the dominant ideology: the values of the class which owns and controls the media. According to adherents of Marxist political economy the mass media conceal the economic basis of class struggle; 'ideology becomes the route through which struggle is obliterated rather than the site of struggle' (Curran et al. 1982: 26).
What is New Media?
“New media represents a convergence of two separate historical trajectories: compu0ng and media technologies.” (Lev Manovich;2001)
Before new media
The media audience relationship was: One way
Now with New Media
The Medi
a
There is a change: Convergence theory
Good because we make the news and have a say in what is happening in the world. Affiliations
Bad because a Digital Divide (some countries are not included) . For example Turkey and China have strict rules . Also we also loose our right to privacy, and have issues with copyright infringements.
So, in digital times
Consumers are also producers
The means of media production is:
•Global•Social•Cheap•Ubiquitous
Starter Session: Something to think about Facebook was the catalyst in the 11/12 Egyptian revolution.
•In April 08 two young activists started a group called “Day of Rage”, which gained popularity amongst young Egyptians.•The group was able organise protests around the country in an attempt to change their society.
•Let’s discuss different issues:•In your opinion, is social media a powerful tool? •What is Digital divide in this case? What did the government do to shut down western involvements (social media).•To what extent social media has power?•And just for the sake of it;
•Did we social media and Web scholars beat the Media (News, Press) in spreading the news on the global scale? Was the media able to manipulate the news?
POWER OF SOCIAL MEDIA
Multitasking audience
What are the implications for the ‘old media’?
Digital journalism is quickerDigital journalism is cheaperDigital journalism can be more expansiveDigital journalism is interactiveConsumers may also be producersThere is more choice Old media are losing not just sales but, crucially, advertising revenue
Changing Mass Media
Newspapers Meaner and leaner Profit driven
On line Paperless? Electronically composed/edited More graphic Competitive Entertainment oriented
Research
“Social Media is a communication technology that helps develop networks of friends (relationships become commodities)”
Research the different types of social networks and explain how they can be used in media:
Professional social network (linkedin) Micro blogging (Twitter) Personal blogging (Facebook, Myspace) Blogging Geo tags (Blackberry)
I am giving you a example : in 2010, Facebook helped generating hundred thousand votes (or more) in the 2010 American congressional elections. How? if I post about my vote, it is likely that my friends will vote too.