New Zealand HORTICULTURE facts & figures · HORTICULTURE facts & figures Fruit, flowers & vegetables New Zealand HORTICULTURE facts & figures EXPORT HIGHLIGHTS 2-3 EXPORT DESTINATIONS

HORTICULTURE facts & figures

Fruit, flowers & vegetables

New Zealand

HORTICULTURE facts & figures

EXPORT HIGHLIGHTS 2-3

EXPORT DESTINATIONS 4-5

SECTOR PROFILESWine 6-7Fruit 8-12Flowers 13Vegetables 14-15

REGIONAL RESOURCES 16-19

ASSOCIATED SECTORS 20-21

IMPORTS/EXPORTS 22-23

FOOD & NUTRITION 24-25

CAREERS and TRAINING 26-27

INFORMATION SOURCES 28-29

Horticulture Facts and Figures,published annually since 1999 byHortResearch - The Horticulture & FoodResearch Institute of New Zealand LtdFurther copies are available fromHortResearch, Marketing & Communications,Private Bag 11 030, Palmerston NorthTel: 06-356 8080http://www.hortresearch.co.nz

Compiled by:J P Kerr, E W Hewett& A G AitkenMartech Consulting Group LtdP O Box 31 308Milford, Auckland 9Tel: 09-489 5627Fax: 09-489 6845http://www.martech.co.nz

ISSN 1175-2238ISBN 0-478-06836-0

Horticulture is one of New Zealand’sfastest growing export sectors, worthover $2 billion a year.

Unless stated otherwise all statistics are for the year ending 30 June 2003and expressed as $NZ.

New Zealand’shorticulturalindustries exceed$4.5 billion

Otherdomestic

spend $0.8 b

Fruit exportsfresh and processed

$1.1 b

Fruithousehold

spend $0.7 b

Vegetableshousehold

spend $1.0 b

Vegetableexports fresh andprocessed $0.5 b

Otherexports$0.4 b

Export highlights

2

Horticultural exports ($ million, fob*)Year ended June 1965a 1975a 1985a 1995a 2000b 2003b

Fresh fruit- Apples 5.0 19.3 108.2 482.1 404.5 391.8- Kiwifruit 2.9 171.9 320.8 462.0 539.0- Other fresh fruit 0.6 0.8 28.4 66.0 96.1 86.3

Total fresh fruit 5.6 23.0 308.5 868.9 962.6 1017.1Processed fruit- Juices - fruit 0.1 9.6 34.6 24.7 26.3- Other processed fruit 0.1 1.7 40.3 54.5 47.6 49.6

Total processed fruit 0.1 1.8 49.9 89.1 72.3 75.9Fresh vegetables- Onion 0.2 1.2 17.7 92.6 78.6 100.5- Squash 14.6 57.7 60.3 67.5- Other fresh vegetables 0.7 1.9 11.6 43.9 74.4 80.9

Total fresh vegetables 0.9 3.1 43.9 194.2 213.3 248.9Processed vegetables- Peas (frozen) 0.5 1.5 22.0 34.0 40.6 38.7- Potatoes (frozen) 17.9 55.0- Sweetcorn (frozen/dried) 0.2 0.8 9.5 25.1 39.3 50.3- Vegetables (frozen mixed) 4.6 25.6 29.1 46.7- Other vegetables 0.8 2.4 20.9 66.4 47.5 58.9

Total processed vegetables 1.5 4.7 57.0 151.1 174.4 249.6Wine 0.1 3.0 42.0 169.8 282.8Flowers 0.2 7.6 49.7 46.2 39.4Seeds, plants and foliage 0.1 0.6 11.3 17.6 37.3 63.2Other products 24.1 22.8 23.4Total exports $ 8.2 33.5 481.2 1,436.7 1,698.8 2,000.3Horticultural exportsas % of NZ merchandise exports. 2.0 4.4 7.0 6.5 6.8

Source: a Bollard (1996), b Statistics NZ. (*fob - free on board)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

FlowersPeas (frozen)Vegetables (frozen/mixed)Sweetcorn (frozen/dried)

Other processed vegetablesOther productsSquashProcessed fruit

Other fresh fruitOnions

WineApples

Kiwifruit

Other fresh vegetables

Potatoes (frozen)

Horticultural exports 2003 ($ million, fob)

Horticultural exports ($ million, fob)

Source: Statistics NZ.

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

Fruit - fresh Vegetables - fresh Flowers, seeds & plants

Fruit - processed Vegetables - processed Wine

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2003

Horticultural exports havegrown from $100 millionin 1980 to $2 billionin 2003.

The top five horticultural exports

1 Kiwifruit 27% 2 Apples 20%

5 Total processed/frozen veg 12%4 Total fresh veg 12%

3

• New Zealand horticulture is driven by exports, not domestic sales.

• Horticultural exports were 6.8% of all New Zealand merchandise exports in 2003.

• Horticultural exports have grown steadily from 1970 (1.8% of agriculturalexports) through to 2003 (9.3% of all New Zealand food and fibre exports).

• Kiwifruit and apples each represented 27% and 20%, respectively, of ourhorticultural exports, followed by wine (14%), fresh vegetables (12%) andprocessed/frozen vegetables (12%).

• Domestic sales of horticultural products are estimated at $2.5 billion. The totalrevenue of the horticultural industry exceeds $4.5 billion.

For more information visit www.stats.govt.nz

3 Wine 14%

Export destinations for New Zealand horticultural products- trends since 1990

• Fruit, vegetables and flowers were exported to 105 countries around the globein 2003. This is an increase from 83 countries in 1990.

• Exports to 41 countries exceeded $1 million in 2003, up from 27 in 1990. Ofthese 41 countries, exports to 21 exceeded $10 million, up from 5 in 1990.

• The key export markets for New Zealand fruit and vegetables are the EuropeanUnion, Japan, USA and Australia. All have expanded during the 1990s.

Export destinations

USA$200m [$107m]• Wine ......... $67m• Apples ....... $59m• Kiwifruit .... $21m• Flowers ....... $8m• Apple juice .. $5m• Pears ........... $5m

Canada$23m [$5m]• Wine ..... $15m• Apples ..... $5m

Eastern Europe$1m [$0m]

Central & SouthAmerican countries$3m [$1m]

African countries$6m [$4m]

Countries shown are those defined as the export destinations. Note that thereare exports to the European Union as well as direct exports to countries withinthe EU such as the UK and Germany.

Values following the country name are for 2003 and those in brackets for 1990.Export value for each product ($NZ million, fob) is for year ending 30 June 2003.Entries only included if value to a destination exceeds $NZ5 million.Source: Statistics NZ.

4

Italy $22m [$9m]• Kiwifruit ... $19m

Spain $47m [$3m]• Kiwifruit .... $47m

Netherlands$75m [$5m]• Apples .......... $37m• Onions .......... $14m• Veg seeds ....... $9m• Bulbs/tubers .. $5m• Wine .............. $5m

Scandinavia$12m [$15m]• Wine .... $7m

UK$249m [$85m]• Wine .... $114m• Apples .... $93m• Onions .... $20m• Kiwifruit .. $15m

Belgium$14m [$9m]• Onions ..... $7m

Germany$47m [$7m]• Apples .. $35m• Onions .... $6m

• Exports to UK, EU countries, Malaysia and China have decreased by >15%compared with 2002: whereas exports to Spain, Germany, Korea and Canadahave increased by >15%.

• New Zealand exports to many diverse markets. Also, the diversity of productsexported is notable, especially to Japan and Australia which each receive over 80products. Several Pacific Islands receive a similar range of horticultural products.

• Japan is the dominant market for flowers (> 59%) and UK for wines (> 40%).

• Horticultural exports to Japan and UK exceeded 10%of New Zealand’s total exports to those countries.

Hong Kong$35m [$11m]• Apples ..... $12m• Kiwifruit ...... $8m• Fresh veg ... $6m

Fiji $21m [$10m]• Potatoes ... $8m

European Unioncountries$235m [$327m]• Kiwifruit .. $156m• Apples ....... $83m• Wine ........... $5m

China$15m [

Sector profiles Wine

Source: Statistics NZ.

Wine exports 2003 ($ million, fob) and imports 2003 ($ million, cif)

Grape and wine productionVariety Production area (ha) Production (tonnes)

1993 2003 1993 2003Sauvignon Blanc 819 4,516 5,704 28,266Chardonnay 1,232 3,515 5,301 15,534Riesling 282 653 2,204 3,376Müller Thurgau 1,109 256 10,228 1,685Semillon 147 257 1,125 2,192Pinot Gris na 316 na 1,214Other white vinifera 682 642 9,090 2,758Cabernet Sauvignon 526 741 2,091 3,201Pinot Noir 384 2,624 1,880 9,402Merlot 201 1,249 711 4,957Other red vinifera 172 636 1,171 2,199Undefined 426 282 38Total 5,980 15,405 39,787 74,822 a

Regional CouncilsAuckland/Northland 238 461 1,585 897Waikato/Bay of Plenty 161 142 449 497Gisborne 1,498 1,885 13,169 14,350Hawke’s Bay 1,616 3,702 8,431 10,832Wellington/Wairarapa 171 595 372 1,311Tasman/Nelson 79 485 376 3,149Marlborough 1,997 6,831 15,115 40,537Canterbury/Waipara 184 601 234 1,422Otago 30 703 56 1,825Not assigned to region 6 0 2Total 5,980 15,405 39,787 74,822 a

a Total wine industry crushed 76,400 tonnes of grapes.Sources: NZ Grape & Wine Industry Statistical Annual 2003.

6For more information visit www.nzwine.com

UK

40 0 20140 140

ExportsImports

USAFrance

Canada

Australia

ItalyNetherlandsDenmarkJapan

South AfricaIrelandBelgiumGermany

ChileOther countries

206080100120 40 60 80 100 120

• Wine valued at $283 million (fob) was exported to 72 countries. Exports haveincreased from $48 million in 1993, and were up 15% on 2002.

• UK, USA and Australia are the major markets taking 83% of exports.

• Export of wine has increased from 15% of total industry sales in 1993 to 44% in2003. Sauvignon Blanc comprised 60% of export sales in 2003.

• The grape harvest was 43% below 2002, due to cool spring temperatures andfrost damage that reduced fruit set in many cultivars.

• The production vineyard area is over 2.5 times the 1993 area and up 23% on2002. The planted area is 18,247 ha with the greatest increase in Marlboroughand substantial new plantings in Tasman/Nelson (105%), Otago (114%),Wellington/Wairarapa (52%), and Hawke’s Bay (37%) over 1993.

• During the past decade the plantings of Pinot Noir, Sauvignon Blanc and Merlothave expanded more rapidly than other varieties.

• Sauvignon Blanc constitutes 29% of all plantings, up from 14% in 1993; PinotNoir has increased from 5% to 17% and Chardonnay has remained around 21%.

• Number of wineries has increased to 421, up 18 from 2002. There are 634 growers.

• Wine imports of $161 million were mainly from Australia (73%), France (13.5%)and Italy (5%).

Red varieties(19,797 tonnes)

Merlot 7%Cabernet Sauvignon 4%Other red vinifera 3%

White varieties(55,025 tonnes)

Müller Thurgau 2%Riesling 4%

Other white vinifera 4%Semillon 3%

Pinot Gris 2%

SauvignonBlanc 38%

Chardonnay21%

PinotNoir 12%

Grape production by variety (2003 vintage)

Source: NZ Grape & Wine IndustryStatistical Annual 2003.

7

Sector profiles Apples

Export destination ofNew Zealand apples 2003

Source: Statistics NZ.

• 63% of exported apples were to EU countries (including UK), 16% to NorthAmerica and 18% to Asia. Access of apples to Australia continues to be denied.

• Exports of apple preparations and juice were $31 million.

• New international grade standards allow fruit size to be determined by weight.

• Grower numbers continue to decline after the 1990s.

• World production of apples which increased by almost 4% per annum during the1990s has slowed and the rate of increase has dropped below 1% per year.China produces about 21.0 million tonnes each year, which is 35% of worldproduction.

• New Zealanders ate 17.7 kg per person in 2002, which is comparable with theaverage EU consumption, but only 50% of Turkey’s.

• New Zealand was ranked top equal with Chile among 28 apple producingcountries in 2002, judged on 22 criteria: viz. production efficiency, industryinfrastructure and inputs, financial and market factors. France, Austria, Belgiumand Netherlands were next in line. (World Apple Review 2003).

For more information visit www.nzpipfruit.co.nz

8

Netherlands 9%

Germany 9%

Taiwan 5%

Malaysia 3%

Hong Kong 3%

Singapore 3%

Other 8%EU 21%

UK 24%

USA15%

Industry statisticsSeason 1993 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003Crop volumes (‘000 tonnes)Apples produced 451 529 547 620 486 531a 500Fresh Apples exported 228 292 309 330 280 315 322General StatisticsYield (tonnes/ha) 31.5 35.3 37.6 43.9 34.2 41.5 41.6Area planted (ha) 14,340 14,967a 14,541a 14,114 14,200a 12,799 12,010a

Growers (no.) 1,751 1,500 1,500 1,488 1,200a 1,000a 900Packhouses (no.) 183 150 130 125 125 125

a Estimate only.Sources: Statistics NZ; NZ Pipfruit Inc; Fruit Research Council of NZ.

Annual per capita consumption of apples 2002 (kg/person)

Source: World Apple Review - 2003.

Italy

USA

ChinaNorway

New ZealandPolandNetherlandsGermany

Turkey

0 10 20 30 40

UK

AustraliaJapan

Brazil

99

In 2003, fresh apples valued at $392 millionwere exported to 66 countries. Thirty-fivecompanies exported over 1800 tonnes each(100,000 cartons) accounting for 95% of totalcrop. ENZA Ltd handles about 41% of exports.

Phot

o: Tu

rner

s &

Gro

wer

s Lt

d

c1922 Hayward Wrightlisted Actinidia incatalogue.

c1929 Haywardcultivar selectedby Wright.

Late 1920sChinese gooseberryplants sold bynurserymen BrunoJust, Duncan andDavies, Horton, andHayward Wright.

1910 AlexanderAllison producedfruit in Wanganui.

1904 Isabel Fraserbrought seed toNZ from Yichang,China.

c1930 Fred Walkerestablished world’sfirst commercialorchard in Wanganui.

1933 JimMacLoughlinplanted pair ofChinesegooseberries onTe Puke farm.Up to 2.8 ha bymid 1940s.

c1937 FirstcommercialHayward orchardestablished byE Denzil Forester.

1947 Haywardcultivar launched.

1947 GrahamBayliss planted9.6 ha Chinesegooseberries(Hayward) No 3Road, Te Puke.

1940s Pruning& trainingtechniquesdeveloped byGraham Bayliss.

Sector profiles Kiwifruit

10

Industry statisticsSeason (ends 31 March) 1993 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003Crop volumes (million)Trays submitted 55.3 60.6 63.1 54.2 65.5 70.0 64.1Trays sold 49.2 56.2 59.4 51.8 61.5 64.7 61.3General StatisticsYield (trays/ha) 4,516 5,919 6,305 5,295 6,445 6,933 6,175Area planted (ha) 12,256 10,243 10,015 10,234 10,159 10,100 10,376Growers/suppliers (no.) 2,748 2,723 2,681 2,541 2,506 2,504 2,719Packhouses (no.) 252 126 118 113 102 106 101Coolstores (no.) 146 111 106 103 98 101 99

Sources: Annual Report 98 Kiwifruit NZ; ZESPRI Group Annual Report 2003.

• Italy, New Zealand and Chile dominate international trade in kiwifruit. China hasan estimated 50,000 ha kiwifruit planted.

• Kiwifruit valued at $539 million (fob) was exported to 44 countries during 2002/03.

• The export crop comprised 47.6 million trays ZESPRI™ GREEN (82%), 8.1 milliontrays ZESPRI™ GOLD (14%) and 2.4 million trays ZESPRI™ GREEN ORGANIC (4%).

Source: Kiwifruit: Science and Management.

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 19

Photos: ZESPRI International Ltd

Key Industry events

1952 Trialshipment ofChinesegooseberriesto UK.

1959 “Kiwifruit”name introducedto USA market.

1956 Mouatpublished anevaluation ofHayward, Bruno,Allison,Constricta &Abbott cultivars.

1960s Exportmarkets underdevelopment.

1960s Discoveredthat ethylenehastens kiwifruitripening.

1960sDemonstratedlong term storageability ofHayward.

1983 NZ KiwifruitAuthority.

1988 NZ KiwifruitMarketing Board.

1980 6.2% solublesolids adopted asharvest maturityindex.

1980sDevelopment incanopy manage-ment increasedfruit size & yields.

1970 KiwifruitExport PromotionCommittee.

1977 KiwifruitMarketingLicensingAuthority.

1970 DSIRestablished theresearch orchardat Te Puke.

1970s DSIRstarted breedingprogramme.

1970s Scientistsvisit China tobegin import ofActinidia species.

11

For more information visit www.zespri.com

World annual production(1.21 million tonneson 109,000 ha)

Spain 1%

Japan 4%

USA 2%

France 6%

South Korea 1%

Greece 4%

Others 3%

Chile13%

China16%

NewZealand

21%

Italy 29%

Kiwifruit producing countries 2000-2002

Source: World Kiwifruit Review 2003.

• Kiwifruit producers in Italy, Japan, Korea, France and USA have been licensed togrow ZESPRI™ GOLD. ZESPRI places this fruit in northern hemisphere marketswhen New Zealand fruit is not available.

• ZESPRI had year-round market presence in Europe during 2003, with over 1million trays of counter-seasonal fruit sold.

1997 Kiwifruit NZ &ZESPRI InternationalLtd.

2000 Kiwifruitgrowers issued

shares in ZESPRIGroup Ltd.

Early 1990sKiwigreen programmeintroduced to industry- founded onextensive research.

1990s PostharvestCA storage technologyintroduced.

1990s High speed in-line fruit segregationdeveloped (Compacgraders).

1990s Improvedmanagement of beeshas increased fruitnumbers and size.

1996 Orchardproduction ofZESPRI™ GOLDbegan.

Research and technology highlights

950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Sector profiles Other fruit

12

Other fresh and processed fruit Sales value ($m)Crops as at Growersa,b Planted areaa Crop volumeb Domesticb Export (fob)30 June 2002 (no.) (ha) (tonnes) 2003 2003Avocados 1,150 3,099 13,248 13.0 25.6Berryfruit 285 2,754 13,630 26.2 17.2

- Blackcurrants 50 1,308 2,261 1.7- Boysenberries 45 239 1,500 1.5- Raspberries 65 302 1,500- Blueberries 75 430 850 7.5- Strawberries 125 361 6,500 15.4 8.4- Blackberries 114

Citrus 519 2,093 19,000 16.4 9.8- Grapefruit 82- Lemons 364 5,000 4.2- Mandarins 911 7,000 4.5- Oranges 573 7,000 1.1- Tangelos 163

Feijoa 200 198 950 1.7 0.3Grapes - table 112 0.9Nashi 90 119 1,400 1.2 0.8Nuts 1,841

- Chestnuts 615- Macadamias 358- Walnuts 479- Other nuts 389

Olives 2,590Passionfruit 70 240 0.5Pears 965 7.6Persimmon 88 282 3,000 0.6 8.2Summerfruit 333 2,915 25,720 57.5 14.6

- Apricots 635 7,410 5.9- Cherries 550 1,220 8.3- Nectarines 528 5,030 0.2- Peaches 808 10,030 3.5c

- Plums 394 2,030 0.1Tamarillo 175 270 740 1.4 0.5Other fruit 174 0.4Total fresh fruit 118.0 86.4Processed fruit Fruit used for processing is produced on the orchard areas described aboveApple juice 20.3Other fruit juices 6.0Frozen fruit [boysenberries $3.1m, blueberries $1.0m] 7.2Fruit and nut preparations [apples $11.0m, blackcurrants $4.3m] 30.5Jams, jellies and purees 12.0Olive oil 2.3c 0.4Total processed fruit 76.4

Sources: a Statistics NZ - Agricultural Production Census 2002, b Sector estimates. c Farm gate estimates.Blank entries indicate that the information is not available.

• Exports of avocados, berryfruit, summerfruit, citrus, persimmons and pearsrange from $8 million to $26 million, but all these fruits are important to thedomestic market.

For more information visit www.fruitgrowers.org.nz

• Exports of cut flowers have increased from $8 million in 1985 to $48 million in2002, with a decrease to $39 million in 2003.

• Bulb and vegetable seed exports have steadily expanded since 1995.

• There are significant exports of orchids ($12m), zantedeschias ($4m) andsandersonias ($1m) to Japan.

• There are over 2000 flower growers of whom about 400 are full-time producers.

• The domestic market for cut flowers is estimated at $70 million.

For more information visit www.nzflowers.com

Exports of flowers, plants, seeds and other products ($ million, fob)1985 1990 1995 2000 2002 2003

Cut flowers- Alstroemeria 0.4 0.6 0.4- Chrysanthemums 0.3 0.4 0.6- Lilium 1.5 1.9 1.0 0.9- Nerines 0.6 0.5 0.5- Orchids 2.8 8.2 14.6 22.4 21.0 16.8- Paeonies 0.5 1.1 1.2- Proteaceae 0.3 0.5 1.5 1.4 1.0 0.9- Sandersonia 0.2 5.6 3.1 2.6 1.4- Zantesdeschia 1.9 6.6 7.7 7.2 6.8- Other 4.6 7.8 19.9 7.8 12.5 9.9

Plants- Live plants 6.3 2.5 3.5 5.6 10.6 12.3- Foliage 2.9 0.7 0.2 0.6 1.0 0.4

Seeds, Bulbs- Flower seeds 0.5

Sector profiles Vegetables

14

Processed/frozen

Fresh

Japan

Fiji

Netherlands

Other Asian countries

Other countries

Australia

Other Pacific Islands

UK

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Malaysia

Fresh and processed vegetables Sales value ($ million, fob)Crops Growersc Planted Crop volumec Domesticc Exports 2003

(no.) area (ha) (tonnes) 2002 Fresh Processedb

Asparagus 201 2,015 5,300 6.5 9.1 7.2Beans 216 835 20,000 12.8 32.8Broc/Cabbage/Cauli 277 3,746 40,000 80.3 1.3Capsicums 142 87 11,500 29.3 24.3Carrots 139 1,831 65,000 41.3 15.5 0.5Cucurbits 244 283 1,770 41.3Garlic 32 268 1,427 6.5 1.5Kumara 76 985 17,500 33.8Lettuce 252 1,287 39.1 1.0Melons 387 2.5Mushrooms 10 41.1 3.1Onions 150 5,488 210,000 25.0 100.5Peas 532 8,273 58,000 45.0 39.5Potatoes 321 10,611 470,000 300.0 12.4 57.0Pumpkin 125 1,033 31,000 100.0Silverbeet/Spinach 103 396 4,000 13.4Squash 181 6,560 95,000 9.8 67.5Sweetcorn 326 6,384 96,500 28.0 2.1 51.4Tomatoes - greenhouse 390 167 40,000 107.7 5.0Tomatoes - outdoor 80 609 50,000 5.0 2.0Mixed vegetables Made from combinations 46.7Dried vegetables of the above crops 6.4Other vegetablesa 2,029 3.1 6.1Total 3768 52,887 965.9 248.9 249.6

a Includes taro, celery, parsnips, spring onions, Asian vegetables (excl. Chinese cabbage), yams,witloof, leeks, vegetable shoots, shallots, swedes and some others.b Processing includes freezing, canning, juicing and artificial drying.c Sector estimates.Sources: Statistics NZ - Agricultural Production Census 2002; VegFed 2003.Blank entries indicate that the information is not available.

Destinations of vegetable exports ($ million, fob)

Source: Statistics NZ.

For more information visit www.vegfed.co.nz

More than 50 different types of vegetables are grown in New Zealand forconsuming fresh or for processing. In recent years there has been an increase inthe range and volume of Asian vegetables for local consumption.

• Vegetable exports comprised $246 million of fresh vegetables and $250 millionprocessed vegetables to 63 countries.

• Onions (41%) and squash (27%) dominate fresh vegetable exports. Capsicumexports ($24 million) have increased in recent years.

• Japan (49%) is the major market for fresh vegetables, while Australia (41%) isthe main market for processed vegetables.

• Potatoes, sweetcorn, mixed vegetables, pea, and beans are the major processedand frozen vegetables exported.

• There are 2,300 growers in New Zealand farming over 50,000 ha, employing25,000 people.

• Many growers produce multiple crops each year, and grower numbers and croptypes can vary from year to year. For several crops the barriers to entry are low.

• Data for domestic sales are incomplete but consumption at the retail level isestimated to exceed $1 billion.

15

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Fresh

Processed

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Vegetable exports increased from 1994 to 2003 ($ million, fob)

Source: Statistics NZ.

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17

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Regional resources

18

Investment in the horticultural industriesCrop area On-farm Off-farm

(ha) ($ million) ($ million)Apples, pears and nashi 12,799 576 576Wine grapes 17,359 868 2,604Kiwifruit 11,964 2,512 502Summerfruit 2,915 86 86Avocados 3,099 93 93Citrus 2,093 63 63Berryfruit 2,754 83 83Nuts 1,841 55 55Olives 2,590 78 78Other subtropical fruits 820 25 25Other fruits 286 9 9Total fruit 58,520 4,448 4,174Potatoes 10,611 101 151Peas and beans 9,108 87 173Onions 5,488 52 52Squash 6,560 62 62Sweetcorn 6,384 61 122Broccoli, cabbages and cauliflowers 3,746 36 36Carrots 1,831 17 18Asparagus 2,015 19 38Lettuce 1,287 12 18Other vegetables 5,690 54 81Total vegetables 52,720 501 751Protected - high tech 265 398 119

- low/medium tech 423 296 89Total horticultural 111,928 5,643 5,133

Sources: Statistics NZ - Agricultural Production Census - 2002. MAF Horticulture Monitoring Report 2003.

• Estimated investment in horticulture exceeds $10.6 billion.

• Horticultural enterprises represent a significant capital investment on farms,orchards & greenhouses of about $5.6 billion in land, buildings and equipment.

• The off-farm capital investment to package, process and transport the productsto the nearest port and/or domestic market, at $5.1 billion, is similar to the on-farm investment.

• The ratio of on-farm to off-farm investment varies across the individual sectors.Kiwifruit off-farm investment was set at 20% of on-farm investment, whereaswine was set at 300% of on-farm investment. Other crops range between theselimits.

• Horticultural enterprises operate at many scales. Off-orchard pack houses allowmany small holdings to be economic for growers. This structure encourages newgrower entrants.

Fruit

Vegetables

19

Horticulture activities are distributed throughout New Zealand

Wellington• Olives2,097 ha

Marlborough• Cherries• Garlic• Olives• Sweetcorn• Wine grapes10,368 ha

Canterbury• Blackcurrants• Broccoli• Cabbage• Cauliflower• Carrots• Olives• Walnuts• Onions• Lettuce• Peas• Beans• Potatoes• Pumpkins• Sweetcorn16,479 ha

Otago• Apricots• Cherries,• Nectarines• Peaches• Plums• Walnuts4,095 ha

Southland212 ha

Gisborne• Mandarins• Oranges• Lemons• Squash• Sweetcorn• Wine grapes7,795 haManawatu/Wanganui

• Asparagus • Peas• Broccoli • Beans• Cabbage • Potatoes• Cauliflower • Squash• Carrots • Pumpkins• Parsnips 7,199 ha

Bay of Plenty• Asparagus• Avocados• Citrus• Tamarillos• Kiwifruit11,739 ha

Northland• Avocados• Kumara• Macadamias• Mandarins• Oranges• Lemons• Tamarillos4,279 ha

Crop is named when theregional area exceeds 10% ofthe national crop area. Some4,971 ha of crops could not beassigned to a specific region.

Hawke’s Bay• Apples• Pears• Asparagus• Nectarines• Apricots• Olives• Peaches• Plums• Pumpkin• Squash• Sweetcorn• Tomatoes• Wine grapes19,176 ha

Westland• Sphagnum moss

Tasman/Nelson• Apples• Pears• Blackcurrants• Boysenberries• Raspberries• Hops5,872 ha

Waikato• Asparagus • Onions• Blueberries • Potatoes• Melons 8,516 ha

Taranaki433 ha

Auckland• Asian veg • Lettuce• Broccoli • Mandarins• Cabbage • Onions• Cauliflower • Persimmons• Chestnuts • Silver beet• Olives • Pumpkin8,007 ha

20

Associated sectors

Emergence of organic production

• Organic exports exceed $70 million, primarily as kiwifruit, processedvegetables and apples. The domestic market is smilar in size.

• Approximately 2,800 ha of land is certified for organic production ofhorticultural crops and a further 1,500 ha is in transition to organiccertification as at 30 June 2002.

• About 3% of horticultural exports are organically produced.

New Zealand organic exportsby product

For year ending 30 June 2002.Source: Organic Products Exporters of NZ Inc. www.organicsnewzealand.org.nz.

… and by market

Fresh vegetables 1%

Frozen & canned vegetables 8%

Beverages 2%

Meat & wool 7%

Other products 5%

Fresh fruit77%

Australia 1%

North America 15%

Asia 1%

Other 17%

Europe41%

Japan25%

Bees - a vital contributor to horticulture

• Bees pollinate crops and play a big part in their yield.

• Honey production was almost 40% above the 6-year average production.

• Honey exports exceeded $25 million in 2003. Bees and bee productsearned another $2.9 million. Domestic consumption is about 5,000 tonnes.

• Some 300,000 hives, owned by 3,790 beekeepers.

New Zealand honey crop (12,252 tonnes)

Source: MAF Horticulture Monitoring Report, Statistics NZ.

Waikato, King Country,Taupo 18%

Northland, Auckland,Hauraki Plains 9%

Bay of Plenty, Coromandel,Poverty Bay 17%

Hawke’s Bay, Taranaki,Manawatu, Wairarapa 13%

Otago,Southland 13%

Canterbury 19%

Marlborough,Tasman,

Westland 11%

Amenity Horticulture

Sport and recreational turf is important to the health of New Zealanders.It is a significant part of the domestic economy as well as an attractionfor tourists.

21

The horticultural industries earn further export fundsthrough other activities:

MachineryExports of high technology,high speed, accurate sorting(eg weight, diameter, colour,density, Brix, blemish, andshape) systems for fruit andvegetables are expanding.The export markets include USA,Australia, South Africa, Asia,Europe and South America.

RoyaltiesNew Zealand organisationsreceive royalties for horticulturalcrops grown in other countriesbut bred and developed in NewZealand. These crops may begrown in northern hemispheremarkets under licence to NewZealand organisations.

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Investment in turfArea Capital invested Staff(ha) ($ million)

Bowls 237 108 220Sports fields 8,173 963 224Parks and reserves 23,000Croquet 80 23 43Golf 16,088 375 836Racing 1,860 162 145Schools 11,659 2,416 3,215Other 693 106 70Total 61,790 4,153 4,753

Sources: NZ Turf Management Journal, August 2001.

The world fruit bowl (441 million tonnes)

The world’s fruit bowl is very large and the world’s vegetable bowl is even larger.For both fruit and vegetables only a small percentage of total production is tradedinternationally. New Zealand is a small player and targets niche markets.

New Zealand’s place in the global fruit and vegetable scene

Grapes 14.3% Apples 13.6%

Other citrus 8.9%Other deciduous 10.8%

Oranges 14.9%

Berries1.1%

Other tropical21.2%

Bananas14.9%

Kiwifruit0.3%

• Horticultural imports exceeded $650 million in 2003.

Comparisons of imports and exports ($ million)

Fresh fruit

Processed vegetables

Wine

Seeds, plants, etc

Flowers

Olive oil

0200 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

ExportsImports

400 1400

Processed fruit

Fresh vegetables

New Zealand’shorticultural exportssignificantly exceededour imports for 2003.

22

Source: World Kiwifruit Review - 2003.

Imports/exports

The world vegetable bowl (1545 million tonnes)

The quantities of New Zealand’s fruit and vegetable exports are only a small percentof international trade in each sector. New Zealand kiwifruit exports represent about33% of world trade, sweet corn about 9%, apples and onions 4 to 5%; and apricots,frozen potatoes, avocados and frozen vegetables each exceed 1%.

Australia (wine,processed fruit,tomatoes, frozen veg,nuts, melons, orangejuice, oranges)

Spain (olive oil)Turkey (apricots)

Ecuador (bananas)Italy (olive oil, tomatoes, wine)

USA (oranges, dried fruit, nuts, grapes, summerfruit)

China (nuts)France (wine)

Thailand

Philippines (bananas)

0 50 100 150 200 250

Chile (grapes)

NetherlandBrazil

300

South AfricaOther countries

The origin of fruit and vegetable imports ($ million, cif*)

These countries send us more than$10 million (cif) fruit and vegetables.

Many of these crop types are notgrown in New Zealand……otherscomplement our own seasonalproduction.

Products named when import valueexceeds $5 million.

Source: Statistics NZ. (*cif - cost, insurance, freight included)

23

Cabbages, caulis 5%

Other freshvegetables 27%Other

roots &tubers 4%

Peas, beans,lentils 5%

Cassava 12%

Sweetpotatoes 9%

Melons,cantaloupes

7%

Onions, garlic 4%

Potatoes20%

Tomatoes7%

Source: FAOSTAT Agriculture Data. www.fao.org

Food and nutrition

New Zealanders spend over $1.3 billionon fruit and vegetables each year

New Zealanders spend over $531million on fresh vegetables; over $385million on fresh fruits; and $460 millionon wine each year.

New Zealand consumer spend on fruit and vegetables ($ million)

Source: Statistics NZ. Household Economic Survey for year ended 30 June 2001.

Bananas

Pumpkins etc

Apricots

MushroomsBroccoli

Apples

Strawberries

Peaches

Grapes

Pears

PotatoesTomatoes

OrangesCarrots

LettuceKumara

Peppers

MandarinsOnions

NectarinesCauliflowerCucumber

Kiwifruit

Avocados

Other fruits

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Other vegetables (equals $177 million)

Vita

min C

(mg) Po

tass

ium(m

g)Ener

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min A

equiv

. (µg)

Analysis of typical fruits and vegetables

Constituentscontained within100 gm portions

Apples 1.4 203 0.6 7 7 0.1 72Apricots 0.9 206 0.4 861 7 3.9 242Avocados 4.4 1010 25.6 22 7 0.8 520Bananas 1.5 104 0.4 13 8 0.1 340Blackcurrants 3.0 275 0.4 27 160 0.2 295Broccoli (boiled) 3.2 113 0.6 62 58 2.3 341Carrot (raw) 3.2 75 0.2 1026 7 12.9 340Kiwifruit 1.6 202 0.6 10 93 0.6 236Kumara (baked) 2.8 413 0.2 23 31 0.1-9.2 a 634Lettuce 0.7 36 0.3 45 12 0.2-3.9 a 245Onions (raw) 2.4 40 0.1 2 7 trace 184Oranges 1.0 168 0.3 14 36 0.6 160Pears 2.1 212 0.4 2 3 trace 96Potatoes (fried) 3.3 1190 13.9 trace trace trace 630Squash (steamed) 1.2 345 0.3 431 1 1.0-11.5 a 375Strawberries 1.3 137 0.4 1 46 trace 151Tomatoes (raw) 1.2 68 0.2 92 24 4.4 265

a (lo-hi values) Kumara (white-orange flesh), Lettuce (heart-leafy types), Squash (pale-orange flesh)Source: ‘The Concise NZ Food Composition Tables’, Crop&Food 2003.

Fat

tota

l (g)

Fibre

, (NSP

)to

tal (g

)

Caro

teno

idsto

tal (m

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24

White, tan, and brownContain varying amounts of phytochemicals egallicin, found in the onion familyInclude: Bananas, brown pears, dates, white nectarines,white peaches, cauliflower, garlic, ginger, Jerusalemartichoke, kohlrabi, mushrooms, onions, parsnips, potatoes(white fleshed), shallots, turnips, white corn

A mix of fruit and vegetables add value to daily health

A balanced diet includes deeply coloured fruits and vegetables that provide thevitamins, minerals, fibre, and phytochemicals needed to maintain good health,protect against the effects of aging and reduce the risk of cancer and heart disease.

For good health select fruit and vegetables… with a mix of colours

RedContain phytochemicals such as lycopene andanthocyanins with potential health-promotingpropertiesInclude: Red apples, cherries, cranberries, red grapes, pink/red grapefruit, red pears, raspberries, strawberries,watermelon, beets, red peppers, radishes, red onions, red potatoes, rhubarb, tomatoes

Orange and yellowContain varying amounts of antioxidants such asvitamin C as well as carotenoids and bioflavonoids,which have health promoting potentialInclude: Yellow apples, apricots, cantaloupe, grapefruit, goldkiwifruit, lemon, mangoes, nectarines, oranges, peaches,yellow pears, persimmons, pineapples, tangerines, melon, butternut squash, carrots,yellow peppers, yellow potatoes, pumpkin, sweetcorn, sweet potatoes, yellow squash

GreenContain phytochemicals such as lutein and indoles,which have potential antioxidant, and health-promoting benefitsInclude: Avocados, green apples, green grapes, honeydew,kiwifruit, green pears, artichokes, asparagus, broccoli,brussels sprouts, cabbage, beans, celery, cucumbers, endive, leafy greens, leeks,lettuce, green onions, okra, peas, green pepper, spinach, watercress, zucchini

Blue/PurpleContain phytochemicals such as anthocyanins andphenolics, which have potential antioxidant andanti-aging benefitsInclude: Blackberries, blueberries, blackcurrants, purplegrapes, plums, prunes, raisins, purple cabbage, eggplant,purple Belgian endive, purple peppers, potatoes (purple fleshed)

Blue/Purple

Source: 5aday.co.nz

25

Green

White/Brown

Orange/Yellow

Red

For more information visit www.5aday.co.nz & www.crop.cri.nz

Careers and training

26

• The expanding horticultural sector provides work opportunities for skilled peopleat all levels.

• Areas include fruit, vegetable or flower production, nursery management, viticultureand wine making, business management, domestic and global marketing,engineering, post harvest transport and storage of products, logistics, packaging,biotechnology, plant physiology and plant protection, to name but a few.

• Most polytechnics and universities throughout New Zealand offer tertiaryeducation and training of value to horticulture.

Diverse skills required to keep New Zealand as aleader in horticulture

For more information visit www.massey.ac.nz , www.lincoln.ac.nzwww.hortcareers.co.nz or www.hortito.org.nz

Sector functionsare closely linked

Horticulture requires advanced skill sets

The connected resources are required fora world class Value Chain

Nurseries & seeds

Fruit, grape, vegetable& flower producersPack hous

es, food &

beverage processor

s

Horticultural science Enterprise management Agricultural science

Biological sciences Food technology Food science

Crop production and harvestingon farms, orchards and

vineyards

Distribution, transportand storage

Research and technologydevelopment

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27

Horticultural training statistics- trainees by category (as at 30 September 2003)

Source: Horticultural Industry Training Organisation Inc.

Arboriculture 11%

Landscape 8%

Garden centre retail 3%

Vegetable 3%

Organics 2%

Forest nursery 2%

Floriculture 1%

Management 6%

Other programmes 1%

Fruitproduction

14%

Nurseryproduction

18%

Amenity 31%

Horticultural traineesare increasing - up to1278 trainees in 2003from 763 in 2001.

Graduates in horticultureare in demand. In 2003 jobopportunities exceededgraduate supply.

Distribution transport& storageExport & d

omestic

markets

Biotechnology

Business management

Supply chain managementEngineering

Marketing Information management

Food packaging andprocessing

Market managementand customer service

Financial, engineering andtechnical consultancy

services

The GROWSAFE® training programmes educate farmers and growers in the use ofagrichemicals. Special programmes are provided for agrichemical distributors,ground and aerial applicators. These are administered by the New ZealandAgrichemical Education Trust.

For more information visit www.growsafe.co.nz

MAF Biosecurity Authority oversees the strict border protocols designed to reduceentry of unwanted pests and diseases into New Zealand. Countries to which weexport have their own border controls with which we must comply. These aredesigned either to protect their crops and/or the health of their citizens.

For more information visit www.maf.govt.nz/Biosecurity

The Resource Management Act (1991) brings together laws governing land, air andwater resources. It concentrates on the environmental effects of human activities.The Ministry for the Environment has a key role - though local government hasmuch of the responsibility for day-to-day environmental management.

For more information visit www.mfe.govt.nz

The Environmental Risk Management Authority New Zealand (ERMA New Zealand)controls the introduction of new plants and animals into New Zealand, includinggenetically modified organisms (GMOs) and new and existing hazardoussubstances.

For more information visit www.ermanz.govt.nz

Australia New Zealand Food Authority’s role is to protect the health and safety ofthe people of Australia and New Zealand by maintaining a safe food supply.

For more information visit www.foodstandards.gov.au

Information sources

Today’s horticultural industries take account of community needs andwork to ensure that:

• fresh and processed foods are safe• on-farm production systems are sustainable• on-farm practices are safe• national biosecurity programmes are effective.

Integrated Fruit/Crop Production and Integrated Pest Managementpractices are widely used in fruit and vegetable production. Thesepractices are used to control pests and diseases and minimise the useof agrichemicals. Monitoring and ‘trace-back’ systems provide furtherquality assurance.

Several agencies help in the discharge of these responsibilities.

Sustainable environment and safe foods

28

References used to compile this booklet:

1. Agricultural Production Census. For year ended 30 June 2002.Household Economic Survey. For year ended 30 June 2001.Export Statistics. For year ended 30 June 2003.Statistics New Zealand, PO Box 2922, Wellington.

2. Annual Report ‘98. Kiwifruit New Zealand.Annual Report 2003.Zespri International Ltd. PO Box 4043, Mt Maunganui.

3. Bollard, E.G. 1996. Further prospects for horticulture - the continuing importance of research.New Zealand Fruitgrowers Charitable Trust, Wellington.

4. Fruit Research in New Zealand. Reports prepared by the Fruit Research Council of NewZealand for 1993, 1994 and 1995, 1996.New Zealand Fruitgrowers Federation, PO Box 2175, Wellington.

5. Horticulture Monitoring Report - July 2003.Ministry of Agriculture & Forestry. PO Box 2526, Wellington.

6. Kiwifruit: Science and Management. I J Warrington, and G C Weston. Editors. 1990.NZ Society for Horticultural Science.

7. New Zealand Vegetable & Potato Growers’ Federation Inc. (VegFed), PO Box 10232,Wellington,

8. New Zealand Grape & Wine Industry Statistical Annual 2003.New Zealand Winegrowers, PO Box 90-276, Auckland.

9. Pipfruit Growers New Zealand Inc., PO Box 10704, Wellington.

10.The Concise New Zealand Food Composition Tables. 2003. 6th Edition.New Zealand Institute for Crop & Food Research Ltd, Palmerston North.

11.World Apple Review - 2003 Edition. Belrose Inc., Pullman, Washington, USA.

12.World Kiwifruit Review - 2003 Edition. Belrose Inc., Pullman, Washington, USA.

29

Phot

o: V

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d, N

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n

gratefully acknowledges contributions made by the following organisations:

ISSN 1175-2238ISBN 0-478-06836-0